2205:
2412:
1946:
2224:
179:
2765:
2182:
2021:
2347:
1442:
2320:
2270:
2297:
885:
875:
371:
361:
2393:
1632:
842:
829:
328:
315:
2370:
5468:
1889:
2247:
3348:
1770:
64:
905:
895:
391:
381:
1535:
2913:
1718:
865:
855:
351:
341:
1576:
80:
1841:
1802:(or outlet mall in North America) is a type of shopping centre in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet centres are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet centre,
285:
According to author
Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner
2806:
Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applies to a collection of retail businesses. A city's
Downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in the design and
1687:
as their anchors (although newer urban power centers have adopted enclosed and/or vertical formats while retaining the strong big-box emphasis). They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m) and a primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km).
1566:
for certain centres. These offer a wider range of goods and has two anchor supermarkets or discount department stores. They may also follow a parallel configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m)
3179:
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to
1695:, in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is "
1656:
Convenience-scale centers, independent of other centers are known as strip malls or as shopping parades. These centers are less than 30,000 square feet (2,800 m) of gross leasable space and commonly serve villages or as parts of larger centers commonly called small squares, plazas or indoor
3049:. They each consisted of one core open-air center and surrounding retail properties with various other owners, which would later hasten their decline as there wasn't a single owner, but rather a merchants' association, which was unable to react quickly to competition in later decades.
190:
is a type of shopping center, a North
American term originally meaning a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s began to be used as a generic term for large shopping centers anchored by department stores, especially enclosed centers. Many malls in the
4148:
2976:(opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers.
3108:, which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in
1783:
have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m).
154:
were built across Europe in the 19th century. In the United States, the widespread use of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that included parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by
281:
In the U.K. a "centre for shopping" is commonly the centre for a settlement. More recent shopping dedicated areas outside the main centre are known as "shopping centres" (with understanding of the synonym shopping mall) "shopping villages" or "retail parks".
1876:. In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a main shopping street (usually several blocks of one street only) to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls (i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade"), but now referred to as
3183:
Over the next five decades, the United States embarked on a wild shopping center construction spree. American commercial real estate developers built far more shopping centers and malls than could be justified by the country's population, retail sales, or
1956:
Historic and/or monumental buildings are sometimes converted into shopping centers, often forming part of a larger city center shopping district that otherwise consists mostly of on-street stores. Examples are the former main post office of
Amsterdam, now
3061:
opened as on
October 10, 1955, and would grow until the mid-1960s, it claimed to be the first shopping center with four major department store anchors, even though the "center" was in fact a marketing association for multiple adjacent properties.
1925:, centuries-old shopping centres the size of regional malls still operate, consisting of multiple arcades. They developed from previous so-called "trading rows", which were essentially markets where traders could obtain space to sell their goods.
2927:
In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the
2160:
opened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its
European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of
2088:. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels. Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'.
1699:"/superstores), 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield. This would be considered in North America either a power center or a
2411:
3255:. The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent.
2098:, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m (570,000 sq ft).
3214:
Since the 1990s, the shopping mall has been in decline because of competition from discount stores and other shopping center formats, from e-commerce and most recently from closures and economic effects of the
2059:
was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century
286:— at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix.
2181:
3975:
2144:, Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the
2204:
1604:
Local-scale shopping centres usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (5 km) radius. They typically have a
3145:, United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by
1243:
Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
2346:
3192:
decided to get out of the United States in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).
1906:
is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor
3188:
other economic indicator. The number of
American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. By the time shopping mall operator
3251:
In the 1970s in Canada, the
Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such as
2269:
2319:
4440:"Fall" in "The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Valley Plaza" (archived), Sirinya Tritipeskul for UCLA course "Urban Planning 253: Sprawl", Professor Randy Crane, Fall Quarter 2007
4815:
4924:
3626:
112:
4313:
2223:
3949:
5506:
4168:
2807:
business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking.
5011:
4875:
3026:
opened a four-story, 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m) branch there on May 12, 1930. A much larger example would be the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m)
2296:
254:
shopping malls/centers continue to grow and thrive. In the region distinction is made between shopping centers (shops under one roof), shopping precincts (
4717:
4063:
3014:
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first was a center in
2369:
3337:
3776:
2853:
of 30 shops built along
Grandview Avenue, with parking in the back for 400 cars. Uniquely for the time, it had multiple national grocery store tenants
5054:
2246:
1463:
290:
5496:
5021:
4941:
3081:
2957:
1511:) that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional centres have tourist attractions, education and hospitality areas.
5238:
3986:
3271:
was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great
Britain was built in
1163:, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs.
1657:
markets. They are also called strip centers or convenience centers. Strip Malls, despite the name, are not considered "malls" in North America.
4917:
3927:
1744:
108:
4764:
4577:
3570:
3523:
3480:
2823:
2540:
1877:
1857:
1835:
228:
4357:
3129:
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant
5399:
4508:
3180:
abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.
2751:
Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930
4840:
4676:
4340:
4394:
4344:
2888:
Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, include
1918:
in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still functioning as shopping centres, while many others have been demolished.
3856:
1776:, a 40,000-square-metre (430,000 sq ft) shopping centre in Bangkok. Each floor has a theme of a different major world city.
505:
Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/leisure
4910:
4791:
4644:
4607:
3553:
3153:
3287:
Shopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the centre point for the
2136:
introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country. The
1159:
Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors,
4327:
4491:
3895:
2870:
2866:
1615:
Car-dependent centres in the U.K. and Europe, if larger than 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) can be termed a small
5359:
3054:
1864:
shops" such as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth. They may be part of a larger city-centre
4133:
4097:
3701:
3672:
2392:
1997:
1466:
it is over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m) of gross leasable area. These have three or more anchors, mass and varied
3653:
3627:"Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries"
3442:
4037:
3953:
3743:
3058:
2375:
2137:
1915:
4176:
3716:
3244:
by John Graham, Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking which opened in downtown
4439:
3732:
2999:
2102:
1989:
1945:
1700:
1620:
1595:
1580:
1445:
740:
730:
685:
220:
35:
4208:
3601:
3101:
3085:
2647:
2502:
1588:
4867:
1473:
Note that ICSC defines indoor centers above 800,000 square feet (74,000 m) net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as
4011:
178:
5044:
3495:
2897:
2229:
2052:
236:
4466:
4258:
4230:
3299:, which was opened in March 1976. In the current era, shopping centres are found commonly all across the country.
2764:
5501:
4422:
4363:
4287:
4244:
3189:
3117:
3023:
1860:(U.S. term) is an area of city centre streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of "
1747:), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a
1721:
457:
147:
4538:
4725:
3449:
3027:
2628:
2488:
2356:
2133:
2035:
Shopping centers are not a recent innovation. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from
4452:
2081:
1507:
and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these tend to have higher-end stores (
1499:) is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m)
5491:
5142:
5137:
4933:
4691:
4273:
3769:
3401:
2842:
2587:
2582:
2417:
2166:
2084:
also has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the
2048:
1933:
in its present buildings dates back to the 1760s. With a total area of 800,000 square feet (74,000 m),
1441:
3642:
5297:
5266:
5218:
5092:
3871:
3276:
3035:
2945:
2795:, opened July 1916, was a collection of stores under one roof aimed at the workers in the company town of
2717:
2402:
2162:
2009:
1934:
159:
were built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosed
4868:"Q1 2012 GDP Details: Office and Mall Investment falls to record low, Single Family investment increases"
5187:
5132:
5117:
5102:
4986:
4964:
3391:
3280:
3015:
2889:
2835:
2827:
2610:
2568:
2302:
2275:
2153:
2110:
1807:
1680:
1671:
928:
204:
151:
47:
1683:, in North America, are open-air single-level shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several
1470:
trade and serves as the dominant venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.
5256:
5172:
3268:
3138:
2987:
2796:
2656:
1780:
1764:
1584:
1523:
1083:
1074:
216:
68:
55:
3923:
3100:
The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the
1962:
5419:
5316:
5147:
5034:
3717:"Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023
3311:
3307:
3121:
3105:
3042:
2878:
2850:
2652:
2526:
2025:
2020:
1873:
1815:
1725:
1500:
278:
Most English-speakers follow a mix of the United Kingdom's and United States's naming conventions.
199:") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added
30:"Shopping centre" and "Shopping arcade" redirect here. For specific types of shopping centers, see
1422:
5192:
4153:
4085:
3828:
3233:
2831:
2769:
2693:
2563:
2483:
2352:
2252:
2129:
2091:
1926:
1819:
293:
classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:
4756:
4748:
4504:
2982:
The term "mall" is used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such as
2187:
2044:
4569:
4561:
3733:"Asia Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed July 15, 2020
5434:
5394:
5276:
5271:
5152:
4844:
4787:
4760:
4640:
4603:
4597:
4573:
4390:
4129:
4093:
3697:
3549:
3519:
3476:
3240:. The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for
3216:
3209:
3053:
opened August 12, 1951. In the mid-1950s, it claimed to be the largest shopping center on the
2949:
2937:
2916:
2800:
2325:
2125:
2077:
2061:
1981:
1911:
1845:
1651:
1640:
1631:
1609:
1508:
815:
208:
4781:
4408:
3156:. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from
2791:
in more sanitary conditions, but which added retail clothing and household goods stores. The
5223:
5167:
5122:
5082:
5029:
4634:
3173:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3065:
2735:
2675:
2670:
2462:
2157:
2145:
2121:
2005:
1930:
1892:
1811:
1736:
1712:
1684:
991:
445:
298:
Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area
232:
168:
156:
100:
84:
51:
2047:
in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100–110 AD by
5379:
5349:
5107:
5039:
4969:
4959:
4668:
3860:
3852:
3245:
3169:
3089:
3019:
2792:
2777:
2740:
2712:
2605:
2545:
2473:
2425:
2001:
1896:
1865:
1831:
723:
255:
2080:, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered
1769:
63:
5472:
5444:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5157:
5112:
5097:
5072:
5067:
4898:
American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community
4198:"Bank Block", GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS/MARBLE CLIFF HISTORICAL SOCIETY, accessed July 27, 2020
4112:
3411:
3295:, Britain's first out-of-town shopping centre and located on the northern outskirts of
3264:
3161:
2929:
2591:
2337:
2287:
2214:
2095:
2073:
1033:
982:
864:
854:
715:
350:
340:
267:
247:
240:
212:
3901:
3347:
3248:, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.
3133:. This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed
3092:
were the others) At launch, Northland Center was the world's largest shopping center.
1534:
17:
5485:
5429:
5389:
5261:
5197:
5182:
5177:
5005:
4954:
3421:
3416:
3201:
3165:
2923:, opened 1965, lined with shops, outdoor restaurant seating, fountains and sculptures
2882:
2858:
2780:
2360:
2256:
2040:
1993:
1967:
1748:
1696:
1490:
1452:, at 109,000 square metres (1,170,000 sq ft) a super-regional shopping mall
1371:
Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. convenience + regional
841:
828:
512:
467:
424:
327:
314:
200:
192:
187:
160:
31:
2912:
2072:, might also be considered as precursors to the present-day large shopping centers.
2043:
where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is
1888:
5439:
5364:
5251:
5228:
5087:
3331:
3252:
3130:
3073:
3050:
3031:
2961:
2933:
2818:
culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from
2784:
2614:
2210:
2085:
2036:
1799:
1793:
1717:
1504:
1418:
1414:
1160:
1067:
847:
453:
449:
333:
164:
1575:
262:(street – pedestrianized or not – with a high concentration of retail shops), and
4490:
Hardwick, Jeffrey M. "Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream."
3755:"Performance", Zhongcheng Lianhang (formerly Lixin) official website (in Chinese)
3691:
3543:
3513:
75:, a 201,320-square-metre (2,167,000 sq ft) super-regional shopping mall
5328:
4991:
4979:
3327:
3292:
3077:
3046:
3003:
2973:
2941:
2920:
2788:
2721:
2679:
2633:
1958:
1861:
1773:
1692:
1675:
1616:
1605:
1599:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1496:
1486:
1462:
A superregional-scale center is commonly called a city centre. According to the
1457:
935:
834:
771:
320:
263:
259:
172:
135:
43:
4041:
2979:
The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers is not used in the U.K.
1201:
Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
79:
5424:
5323:
5281:
5077:
4996:
3882:
3406:
3323:
3284:
3272:
3241:
3152:
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's
2874:
2846:
2815:
1869:
1840:
1647:
1636:
787:
780:
224:
196:
39:
4479:
4015:
679:
Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
5306:
5127:
3205:
2507:
2429:
2029:
1539:
719:
4902:
4816:"Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers"
3754:
4387:
Category killers: the retail revolution and its impact on consumer culture
4064:"Owner of Providence's historic Arcade to offer units for sale to tenants"
5354:
5293:
5246:
5062:
3744:"Europe Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC
3288:
3109:
2819:
2698:
2233:
2065:
2056:
1849:
1803:
1467:
1449:
4197:
1379:
900,000 square feet retail, 1.25M square feet office, 1.59M square feet
5414:
5162:
4949:
4216:
3237:
3126:; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.
3069:
2991:
2901:
2549:
2521:
2333:
2283:
1985:
1973:
1950:
1752:
1543:
1408:
1380:
139:
72:
1281:
Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
266:(usually out of the city centre, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored by
5454:
5213:
4530:
4288:"Shopping Centre/Retail Property Classification Consultation (Draft)"
3396:
3296:
3283:), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is the
3113:
2998:, "Mall" is found in the names of many small centers that qualify as
2995:
2953:
2893:
2854:
2811:
2421:
2398:
2329:
2310:
2279:
2260:
2237:
2149:
2114:
1922:
1907:
884:
874:
370:
360:
300:, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America
251:
231:
have been less common and less successful than in Europe. In Canada,
3897:Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–1893
2862:
2776:
Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-building
1612:
and commonly serve large villages or as secondary centres to towns.
138:, dating back to ancient times, and Middle Eastern covered markets,
1949:
The Stadsfeestzaal, an exhibition palace-turned-shopping centre in
150:
were built between the late 18th century and 1850, and a wealth of
5449:
5404:
5333:
5311:
3802:
3602:"ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types"
3386:
2983:
2911:
2763:
2467:
2383:
2379:
2306:
2195:
2141:
2106:
2069:
2051:, and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center. The
1977:
1944:
1887:
1839:
1768:
1716:
1630:
1574:
1533:
1440:
1117:
Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
904:
894:
390:
380:
177:
143:
88:
78:
62:
4897:
3041:
Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in the
5409:
4974:
4169:"The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space"
2191:
131:, is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof.
4906:
4602:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144.
2597:
First shopping center with more than 1 major chain supermarket
2169:, opened in 1898, was also an ambitious architectural project.
4209:
Jacob Kaplan, "They Paved Paradise and Put Up a Park and Shop"
3872:"Jean Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe", Encyclopedia Britannica
3341:
1619:, while in the U.S. and some other countries it is known as a
219:. Smaller types of shopping centers in North America include
182:
The exterior of Rio Mar Shopping in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
2822:. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include
258:
of a town or city where many retail stores are located), the
3057:
and the third-largest in the country. The first part of the
1814:
opened the first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, in
1567:
and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km).
134:
The first known collections of retailers under one roof are
985:, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
605:
Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores
3775:. International Council of Shopping Centers. August 2015.
2960:, converted from a city street, was enclosed, designed by
2532:
First downtown department store to open a suburban branch
1413:
Wegmans, Mircosoft Campus, stores from Europe & Asia,
4113:"Arcade", Dayton History Project, retrieved June 27, 2020
2639:
First regional shopping center* with department store(s)
1937:
in Moscow, opened in its present buildings in the 1890s.
4599:
Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream
3900:(in Russian). Russian Educational Portal. Archived from
3764:
3762:
2772:, opened 1923, one of the first planned shopping centers
2685:
Second enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades
229:
Pedestrian malls (shopping streets) in the United States
4892:
4786:(4th ed.). New York: Fairchild Books. p. 64.
3770:"US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics"
3360:
3030:
in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story
2662:
First enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades
2513:
First suburban shopping center of any size (six shops)
3629:. European Council of Shopping Places. April 11, 2023.
1495:
A regional-scale shopping centre (commonly known as a
4358:"The Philadelphia Inquirer 04 Dec 1930, page Page 13"
1550:
Community-scale shopping centres are commonly called
4292:
Revo, Formerly 'British Council of Shopping Centres'
3545:
The American Department Store Transformed, 1920–1960
1976:, Belgium, a former exhibition "palace"; the former
5342:
5292:
5237:
5206:
5053:
5020:
4940:
4314:"Most mall owners agree to retailers' rental terms"
3515:
The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing
2198:. Thought to be the world's oldest shopping centre.
642:Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
4692:"Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle"
4356:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
2968:Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers
2028:, an early Victorian arcade ca.1883 - ca. 1903 in
1562:in wider centres or in English-speaking Europe as
3160:, significant early enclosed shopping malls were
270:or supermarkets, rather than department stores).
4893:International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)
4747:Bathroom Reader's Institute (November 1, 2010).
4560:Bathroom Reader's Institute (November 1, 2010).
4453:"Survey of Sales Reveals Record by Valley Plaza"
4328:"UAE's malls will need a full-scale repurposing"
3571:"Shopping Malls Aren't Dying – They're Evolving"
2908:Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall"
2012:, formerly the city's wholesale produce market.
4841:"Celebrate 150 – City of London Ontario Canada"
2117:, England opened in 1774 and still runs today.
203:as anchor tenants, or are specialized formats:
4219:(PBS Washington, D.C.), accessed June 27, 2020
3202:Shopping mall § Decline of shopping malls
3072:, built 1954, was the first of 4 centers that
2881:with parking in the front. It was anchored by
2810:In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the
2620:First shopping center with a department store
2173:Shopping Centers built before the 20th century
1755:amenities oriented towards upscale consumers.
4918:
4423:"Broadway's New Crenshaw Store to Open Today"
3496:"Shopping centre", Oxford Learners Dictionary
3291:'s development. Another early example is the
2932:(the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in
8:
4480:Ohrbach's advertisement in Valley News, 1964
4259:"Shopping Mall Scheme Gaining Favor in U.S."
3728:
3726:
3724:
3537:
3535:
3471:Gössel, Peter; Leuthäuser, Gabriele (2022).
3223:History of shopping centres outside the U.S.
2787:(1902–1904), primarily built to rehouse the
243:link large adjacent downtown retail spaces.
4591:
4589:
4274:"Urbana Offers Model for Muncie's Downtown"
4261:Calgary Herald. August 26, 1959. p. 1.
3643:"Shopping precinct", Cambridge Dictionaries
3607:. International Council of Shopping Centers
553:Small & medium general-purpose centers
4925:
4911:
4903:
4749:"A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III"
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3638:
3636:
3338:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3310:started trading to the public in 1957, in
2838:, 55 acres (220,000 m), opened 1923.
1910:. Many early shopping arcades such as the
4628:
4626:
3022:, when the Philadelphia department store
2109:opened in 1628 and still runs today. The
1464:International Council of Shopping Centers
291:International Council of Shopping Centers
4843:. Celebrate150.london.ca. Archived from
4690:Walker, Andrea K. (September 13, 2007).
4467:"'Copter Takes Group To Broadway-Valley"
3507:
3505:
3503:
2990:. In other developing countries such as
2441:
2019:
305:
4753:Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader
4566:Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader
4507:. Mall Hall of Fame. November 1, 2006.
4231:"Shopping Mall Is Beautifier of Cities"
3803:""The Mall Goes Undercover", Slate.com"
3434:
2177:
5507:Urban studies and planning terminology
4537:. Nordic Council of Shopping Centers.
4245:"Ottawa Trying Out Shopping Mall Idea"
2760:Early 20th century centers in the U.S.
1027:Large-format upscale specialty stores
460:, major entertainment/leisure
91:, by Francois Jean Delannoy, 1823-1826
4455:. Valley Times (North Hollywood, CA).
4066:. Providence Journal. January 3, 2020
3930:from the original on October 25, 2012
3883:"Red Square", Encyclopedia Britannica
2745:Largest mall in the world since 2005
2541:Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)
1836:Pedestrian malls in the United States
696:
7:
4718:"Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall"
4667:Gladwell, Malcolm (March 15, 2004).
4568:. Bathroom Reader's Press. pp.
3673:"European Retail Parks: What's Next"
3176:(1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
2727:Largest mall in the U.S. since 1992
2704:Largest mall in the world 1986–2004
2555:First neighborhood shopping center*
4814:Pimentel, Joseph (April 11, 2022).
4755:. Bathroom Reader's Press. p.
4639:. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 5.
4541:from the original on August 4, 2017
4341:List of shopping centres in Namibia
4247:. Nanaimo Daily News. May 26, 1960.
3827:Chapman, Nora (December 10, 2011).
1856:A shopping precinct (U.K. term) or
1826:Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall
1514:Indoor centres are commonly called
1383:, 20,000,000 acre Mircosoft Campus
4679:from the original on July 9, 2014.
4511:from the original on March 3, 2016
4345:List of shopping centres in Zambia
3782:from the original on March 3, 2016
3654:"High street", Oxford Dictionaries
3308:Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre
3232:Don Mills Convenience Centre (now
2494:First shopping arcade in the U.S.
1323:Speciality retail and restaurants
1206:Single category SC
195:are currently in severe decline ("
25:
4878:from the original on May 2, 2015.
4783:Merchandise Buying and Management
4469:. Valley Times. October 10, 1955.
4409:What makes shopping centers tick?
4229:Raktis, Ted (September 9, 1961).
4040:. Brightridge.com. Archived from
3976:"Archaeology Data Service: myADS"
3279:. Known as Bull Ring Centre (now
3164:(1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,
2438:Modern shopping center milestones
2156:, which opened in 1890. When the
2124:was opened in Paris in 1798. The
5466:
4866:McBride, Bill (April 30, 2012).
4716:Dery, Mark (November 11, 2009).
4492:University of Pennsylvania Press
4272:Shores, Larry (April 25, 1965).
3473:Architecture in the 20th Century
3443:"Canadian Shopping Centre Study"
3346:
3172:(1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and
2871:Cleveland Park, Washington, D.C.
2574:First regional shopping center*
2410:
2391:
2368:
2345:
2318:
2295:
2268:
2245:
2222:
2203:
2180:
1386:190,900 square feet supermarket
1212:Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)
903:
893:
883:
873:
863:
853:
840:
827:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
326:
313:
5497:Planned commercial developments
5360:Residential cluster development
4505:"Appleton's Valley Fair Center"
4451:Esquivel, Ralph (May 1, 1956).
3853:University of San Diego webpage
3196:Decline of the mall in the U.S.
3055:West Coast of the United States
2167:Queen Victoria Markets Building
1538:A community shopping centre in
648:Small convenience-based SC (EU)
5012:Shopping streets and districts
4367:. December 4, 1930. p. 13
4312:Sarkar, John (June 18, 2020).
4149:Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade
4014:. Insecula.com. Archived from
3801:Blum, Andrew (April 6, 2005).
2958:downtown Urbana, Illinois mall
2128:in London was opened in 1819.
1666:Power centers and retail parks
611:Small comparison-based SC (EU)
559:/ traditional shopping centres
413:/ traditional shopping centres
407:Large general-purpose centers
1:
4596:Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2015).
4412:(Fairchild Publications 1960)
3569:Petro, Greg (April 5, 2019).
3059:Panorama City Shopping Center
3000:neighborhood shopping centers
2376:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
2138:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
1916:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
1122:Leisure/entertainment centre
221:neighborhood shopping centers
5138:Model dwellings for the poor
4126:City Center to Regional Mall
4124:Longstreth, Richard (1997).
4090:City Center to Regional Mall
3983:archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
3950:"Ministry of tourism, Syria"
3693:City Center to Regional Mall
3690:Longstreth, Richard (1997).
3542:Longstreth, Richard (2010).
3096:Enclosed "malls" in the U.S.
3010:Open-air centers in the U.S.
1701:neighborhood shopping center
1621:neighborhood shopping center
1596:Neighborhood shopping center
1581:neighborhood shopping center
1446:Bailian Xijiao Shopping Mall
1248:Major transportation hub SC
921:Specialized shopping centers
741:Neighborhood shopping center
731:neighborhood shopping center
36:Neighborhood shopping center
4375:– via Newspapers.com.
4330:. Gulf News. July 14, 2020.
4038:"The Arcade, Providence RI"
3855:. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
3833:CBRE Thailand Property News
3829:"Terminal 21 is now opened"
3168:(1959) in Mesquite, Texas,
3102:Valley Fair Shopping Center
2503:Roland Park Shopping Center
1810:, did not open until 1974.
1589:Little Saigon, Philadelphia
774:, in Asia also hypermarket
5523:
4128:. MIT Press. p. 102.
3924:"shopping in ancient Rome"
3696:. MIT Press. p. 102.
3335:
3321:
3199:
3024:Strawbridge & Clothier
2898:River Oaks Shopping Center
1829:
1791:
1762:
1710:
1669:
1645:
1593:
1484:
1455:
1327:
1285:
1066:Manufacturers' and retail
962:100,000–1,000,000
919:
496:800,000–1,499,999
405:
29:
27:Commercial trading complex
5463:
4722:The Design Observer Group
4364:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4092:. MIT Press. p. 86.
3859:January 31, 2010, at the
3548:. Yale University Press.
3190:Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield
2952:and in Canada's capital,
2885:and built in an L shape.
2103:Marché des Enfants Rouges
1781:Theme or festival centers
1703:, depending on the size.
957:M:110,000–219,999
686:Community shopping center
551:
504:
432:
4934:Real estate developments
4780:Donnellan, John (2014).
4633:Newton, Matthew (2017).
3896:
3518:. Taylor & Francis.
3450:Retail Council of Canada
3028:Broadway-Crenshaw Center
2629:Broadway-Crenshaw Center
2357:Providence, Rhode Island
2134:Providence, Rhode Island
1608:as an anchor or a large
1425:, entertainment/leisure
1287:Limited-purpose property
1012:150,000–500,000
1000:150,000–500,000
955:S:54,000–109,999
942:250,000–600,000
700:100,000–400,000
691:125,000–400,000
596:200,000–500,000
587:220,000–429,999
541:500,000–800,000
535:300,000–799,999
532:430,000–859,999
523:400,000–800,000
302:does not apply to Europe
73:Toronto, Ontario, Canada
5143:Multifamily residential
3894:Pomeratzev, Alexander.
3475:. TASCHEN. p. 22.
3402:Lists of shopping malls
3006:according to the ICSC.
2843:Grandview Heights, Ohio
2418:Queen Victoria Building
2049:Apollodorus of Damascus
1941:In historical buildings
1392:<20,000 square feet
1389:>25,000 square feet
1329:Shopping centre hybrids
1296:75,000–300,000
1090:80,000–250,000
1051:50,000–400,000
1039:50,000–400,000
950:M:10,000–19,999
758:20,000–200,000
746:30,000–125,000
661:54,000–219,999
624:54,000–219,999
499:74,000–139,999
5093:Conservation community
3677:Cusman & Wakefield
3512:Howard, Vicki (2008).
3137:, which opened in the
3036:May Company California
2924:
2773:
2163:Victorian architecture
2032:
2010:Abasto de Buenos Aires
1953:
1899:
1853:
1777:
1728:
1643:
1591:
1547:
1453:
1395:>1,500 square feet
1015:14,000–46,000
1003:14,000–46,000
945:23,000–56,000
800:10,000–39,000
752:40,000–99,000
694:11,600–37,000
599:19,000–46,000
584:20,000–39,999
544:46,000–74,000
538:28,000–73,999
529:40,000–79,999
526:37,000–74,000
183:
146:. In Paris, about 150
92:
76:
18:Indoor shopping center
5188:Single-room occupancy
5133:Mixed-use development
5118:Intentional community
5103:Golf course community
4965:Mixed-use development
4669:"The Terrazzo Jungle"
4562:"The Mall: A History"
3336:Further information:
3281:Bull Ring, Birmingham
3236:) opened in 1955, in
3045:, a suburban area of
3016:Ardmore, Pennsylvania
2948:(1965), and malls in
2915:
2890:Highland Park Village
2836:Kansas City, Missouri
2828:Lake Forest, Illinois
2767:
2588:Grandview Heights, OH
2303:Passage des Panoramas
2276:Oxford Covered Market
2111:Oxford Covered Market
2082:Tehran's Grand Bazaar
2023:
1948:
1891:
1844:A pedestrian area in
1843:
1808:Reading, Pennsylvania
1772:
1759:Theme/festival center
1720:
1672:Power center (retail)
1646:Further information:
1634:
1594:Further information:
1578:
1537:
1485:Further information:
1444:
1299:7,000–28,000
1128:Leisure-based SC (EU)
1093:7,400–23,000
1054:4,600–37,000
1042:4,600–37,000
965:9,300–93,000
948:S:5,000–9,999
818:anchor or anchorless
761:1,900–19,000
749:2,800–11,600
703:9,300–37,000
658:5,000–19,999
621:5,000–19,999
217:festival marketplaces
181:
82:
66:
5257:Garden city movement
5173:Retirement community
4872:Calculated Risk Blog
4531:"Basic facts – NCSC"
4429:. November 21, 1947.
4276:. Muncie Star-Press.
3956:on December 15, 2007
3269:Chrisp Street Market
2988:United Arab Emirates
2845:(1928) was an early
2217:. Opened circa 1350.
1998:San Francisco Centre
1992:department store in
1765:Festival marketplace
1745:Commonwealth English
1585:Vietnamese Americans
1524:Commonwealth English
1084:Festival marketplace
755:3,700–9,200
256:pedestrianized zones
233:underground passages
223:, and even smaller,
113:spelling differences
109:Commonwealth English
69:Toronto Eaton Centre
67:The interior of the
56:Festival marketplace
5420:Planning permission
5163:Residential airpark
5148:Penthouse apartment
5035:Industrial district
4086:Longstreth, Richard
4018:on October 26, 2004
3992:on December 3, 2015
3926:. Mariamilani.com.
3312:Brisbane, Australia
3106:Appleton, Wisconsin
3043:San Fernando Valley
2879:neighborhood center
2851:neighborhood center
2789:public food markets
1874:Copenhagen, Denmark
1816:Lakeland, Tennessee
1726:Woodbury, Minnesota
1501:gross leasable area
1398:23,500 square feet
5473:Housing portal
5045:Technology centers
4406:Feinberg, Samuel.
4154:Cleveland Magazine
4044:on August 27, 2009
4012:"Passage du Caire"
3359:. You can help by
3318:Indoor air quality
3293:Brent Cross Centre
3234:Shops at Don Mills
2925:
2841:The Bank Block in
2832:Country Club Plaza
2774:
2770:Country Club Plaza
2694:West Edmonton Mall
2564:Country Club Plaza
2484:Westminster Arcade
2353:Westminster Arcade
2253:Great Gostiny Dvor
2190:ruins, located in
2033:
2026:Cole's Book Arcade
1954:
1927:Great Gostiny Dvor
1900:
1854:
1778:
1729:
1644:
1592:
1548:
1503:with at least two
1454:
1034:Outlet mall/center
981:Category killers,
803:930–3,600
781:Convenience center
184:
93:
77:
5479:
5478:
5435:Regional planning
5395:Land-use planning
5277:Urban green space
5272:Planned community
5207:Science/education
5153:Private community
4847:on April 30, 2010
4766:978-1-60710-183-3
4696:The Baltimore Sun
4579:978-1-60710-183-3
4427:Los Angeles Times
4385:Spector, Robert.
4316:. Times of India.
4179:on March 13, 2013
4173:The International
3525:978-1-138-67508-7
3482:978-3-8365-7090-9
3377:
3376:
3217:COVID-19 pandemic
3210:Retail apocalypse
2946:Santa Monica Mall
2938:Lincoln Road Mall
2917:Lincoln Road Mall
2865:Tea Company. The
2801:Duluth, Minnesota
2749:
2748:
2432:. Opened in 1898.
2405:. Opened in 1893.
2363:. Opened in 1828.
2340:. Opened in 1819.
2326:Burlington Arcade
2313:. Opened in 1800.
2290:. Opened in 1774.
2263:. Opened in 1785.
2240:. Opened in 1455.
2126:Burlington Arcade
2062:Al-Hamidiyah Souq
1982:Ponce City Market
1912:Burlington Arcade
1685:big-box retailers
1652:convenience store
1641:Cornelius, Oregon
1509:department stores
1429:
1428:
1376:Multi-leveled SC
1341:
1333:
1251:
1213:
1209:
1171:
1129:
1125:
1087:
1079:
997:
978:
939:
816:Convenience store
791:
768:
649:
612:
575:
574:Europe: Medium SC
571:
563:
557:
520:
475:
474:EU: Very large SC
446:Department stores
430:
417:
411:
303:
209:lifestyle centers
157:department stores
16:(Redirected from
5514:
5502:Retail buildings
5471:
5470:
5469:
5224:Satellite campus
5168:Residential area
5123:Luxury apartment
5083:Closed community
5030:Business cluster
4927:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4880:
4879:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4728:on July 24, 2011
4724:. Archived from
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4501:
4495:
4488:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4175:. Archived from
4164:
4158:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3985:. Archived from
3980:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3952:. Archived from
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3904:on March 4, 2016
3891:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3730:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3509:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3439:
3372:
3369:
3350:
3342:
3238:Toronto, Ontario
3174:Randhurst Center
3158:Southdale Center
3147:Malcolm Gladwell
3143:Edina, Minnesota
3135:Southdale Center
3120:) and was named
3086:Southland Center
3066:Northland Center
2736:South China Mall
2671:Southdale Center
2648:Valley Fair Mall
2463:Passage du Caire
2442:
2414:
2395:
2386:. Opened in 1870
2372:
2349:
2322:
2299:
2272:
2249:
2226:
2207:
2184:
2158:Cleveland Arcade
2146:Cleveland Arcade
2122:Passage du Caire
2006:Washington, D.C.
1990:Emporium-Capwell
1971:
1951:Antwerp, Belgium
1931:Saint Petersburg
1893:Cleveland Arcade
1878:pedestrian malls
1812:Belz Enterprises
1741:lifestyle centre
1737:American English
1733:lifestyle center
1722:Lifestyle center
1713:Lifestyle center
1707:Lifestyle center
1610:convenience shop
1520:Shopping Centres
1339:
1331:
1249:
1211:
1207:
1169:
1127:
1123:
1081:
1077:
995:
992:Lifestyle center
974:
933:
915:Typical anchors
908:
907:
898:
897:
888:
887:
878:
877:
868:
867:
858:
857:
845:
844:
832:
831:
785:
767:0–2 (AP)
764:
647:
610:
573:
569:
568:Sub-regional SC
561:
555:
518:
473:
428:
415:
409:
401:Typical anchors
394:
393:
384:
383:
374:
373:
364:
363:
354:
353:
344:
343:
331:
330:
318:
317:
306:
296:
169:Southdale Center
152:shopping arcades
148:covered passages
117:shopping complex
101:American English
85:Galerie Vivienne
83:Interior of the
52:Lifestyle center
21:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5459:
5380:Greenfield land
5350:Brownfield land
5338:
5288:
5233:
5202:
5108:Gated community
5049:
5040:Industrial park
5016:
5002:Shopping center
4970:Office building
4960:Commercial area
4936:
4931:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4820:Spectrum News 1
4813:
4812:
4808:
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4779:
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4257:
4256:
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4243:
4242:
4238:
4233:. Deseret News.
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:Boundary Stones
4207:
4203:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4167:Moore, Robbie.
4166:
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3917:
3907:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3888:
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3877:
3870:
3866:
3861:Wayback Machine
3851:
3847:
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3526:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3452:. December 2016
3445:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3357:needs expansion
3351:
3340:
3334:
3320:
3305:
3261:
3246:London, Ontario
3230:
3225:
3212:
3198:
3170:Chris-Town Mall
3098:
3090:Westland Center
3082:Eastland Center
3020:Suburban Square
3012:
2970:
2910:
2793:Lake View Store
2778:shopping arcade
2762:
2757:
2741:Dongguan, China
2718:Bloomington, MN
2713:Mall of America
2606:Suburban Square
2569:Kansas City, MO
2546:Lake Forest, IL
2474:shopping arcade
2440:
2433:
2426:New South Wales
2415:
2406:
2396:
2387:
2373:
2364:
2350:
2341:
2323:
2314:
2300:
2291:
2273:
2264:
2250:
2241:
2227:
2218:
2208:
2199:
2188:Trajan's Market
2185:
2045:Trajan's Market
2018:
2002:Georgetown Park
1980:warehouse, now
1965:
1943:
1914:in London, the
1904:shopping arcade
1897:Cleveland, Ohio
1886:
1884:Shopping arcade
1866:pedestrian zone
1858:pedestrian mall
1838:
1832:Pedestrian zone
1828:
1796:
1790:
1767:
1761:
1715:
1709:
1678:
1670:Main articles:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1629:
1602:
1573:
1532:
1518:in the U.S. or
1493:
1483:
1460:
1439:
1434:
1432:General-purpose
1293:Airport retail
1210:
1126:
1080:
1060:"no max. size"
1057:"no max. size"
983:warehouse clubs
976:
958:
956:
951:
949:
932:
902:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
839:
826:
784:
766:
727:
724:category killer
718:, supermarket,
572:
517:
472:
466:Super-regional
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
325:
312:
301:
276:
121:shopping arcade
105:shopping centre
97:shopping center
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5492:Shopping malls
5484:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Urban planning
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5385:Greyfield land
5382:
5377:
5375:Eminent domain
5372:
5370:Context theory
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5269:
5267:Planned cities
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
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5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5158:Public housing
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5113:Housing estate
5110:
5105:
5100:
5098:Executive home
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Bungalow court
5070:
5068:Boarding house
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5018:
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4937:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4887:External links
4885:
4882:
4881:
4858:
4832:
4806:
4792:
4772:
4765:
4739:
4708:
4682:
4673:The New Yorker
4659:
4645:
4622:
4608:
4585:
4578:
4552:
4522:
4496:
4483:
4472:
4458:
4443:
4432:
4414:
4399:
4395:978-1578519606
4378:
4348:
4333:
4319:
4304:
4279:
4264:
4250:
4236:
4221:
4201:
4190:
4159:
4157:, August 2009.
4141:
4134:
4116:
4105:
4098:
4077:
4055:
4029:
4003:
3967:
3941:
3915:
3886:
3875:
3864:
3845:
3819:
3793:
3758:
3747:
3736:
3720:
3709:
3702:
3682:
3679:. Summer 2019.
3657:
3646:
3632:
3618:
3580:
3561:
3554:
3531:
3524:
3499:
3488:
3481:
3463:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Market (place)
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3368:September 2024
3354:
3352:
3345:
3319:
3316:
3304:
3301:
3260:
3259:United Kingdom
3257:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3197:
3194:
3162:Harundale Mall
3112:, in northern
3097:
3094:
3011:
3008:
2969:
2966:
2930:Kalamazoo Mall
2909:
2906:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2715:
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2416:
2409:
2407:
2397:
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2374:
2367:
2365:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:United Kingdom
2324:
2317:
2315:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2288:United Kingdom
2274:
2267:
2265:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2215:United Kingdom
2209:
2202:
2200:
2186:
2179:
2096:St. Petersburg
2017:
2014:
1963:Stadsfeestzaal
1942:
1939:
1885:
1882:
1827:
1824:
1818:, a suburb of
1792:Main article:
1789:
1786:
1763:Main article:
1760:
1757:
1711:Main article:
1708:
1705:
1697:big-box stores
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Sector-focused
1659:
1628:
1625:
1572:
1569:
1531:
1528:
1516:Shopping Malls
1482:
1479:
1456:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1411:
1407:+15 including
1405:
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1399:
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1199:
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1118:
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1109:
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1103:
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1097:
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1075:Theme/Festival
1071:
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795:
792:
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769:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
736:
735:
716:Discount store
713:
710:
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689:
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418:
403:
402:
399:
396:
386:
376:
366:
356:
346:
336:
323:
310:
275:
272:
268:big-box stores
248:United Kingdom
213:factory outlet
201:big-box stores
163:starting with
161:shopping malls
136:public markets
125:shopping plaza
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5519:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5474:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Redevelopment
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Groundscraper
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:Miscellaneous
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5262:Model village
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Research park
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5198:Tract housing
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:Rooming house
5181:
5179:
5178:Revenue house
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
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5119:
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5109:
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5101:
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5056:
5052:
5046:
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5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:Shopping mall
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Business park
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4795:
4793:9781609014902
4789:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4648:
4646:9781501314827
4642:
4638:
4637:
4636:Shopping Mall
4629:
4627:
4623:
4611:
4609:9780812292992
4605:
4601:
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3555:9780300149388
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3484:
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3467:
3464:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3422:Shopping mall
3420:
3418:
3417:Retail format
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3355:This section
3353:
3349:
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3333:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3302:
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3258:
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3211:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:Big Town Mall
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3118:Ralph Erskine
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
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3017:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
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2931:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2883:Piggly Wiggly
2880:
2876:
2873:was an early
2872:
2868:
2867:Park and Shop
2864:
2860:
2859:Piggly Wiggly
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:Market Square
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:Dayton Arcade
2779:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2755:United States
2754:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
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2700:
2697:
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2654:
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2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:St, Louis, MO
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
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2512:
2509:
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2498:
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2458:
2457:
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2444:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:, located in
2419:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:, located in
2377:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:United States
2358:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:, located in
2327:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:, located in
2304:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:, located in
2277:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:St.Petersburg
2255:, located in
2254:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
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2178:
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2164:
2159:
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2131:
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2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:San Francisco
1991:
1988:; the former
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:, located in
1805:
1801:
1800:outlet centre
1795:
1788:Outlet centre
1787:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:shopping mall
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:Power centers
1677:
1673:
1665:
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1541:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:anchor stores
1502:
1498:
1492:
1491:Shopping mall
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:Multiregional
1436:
1431:
1424:
1421:, 30+ screen
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
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1385:
1382:
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1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
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1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:(Canada only)
1330:
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1307:
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1298:
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1204:
1200:
1197:
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1191:
1188:
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1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1168:Specialty SC
1167:
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1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
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1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:outlet stores
1065:
1062:
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1038:
1036:
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822:
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802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
786:US/Can also "
783:
782:
778:
777:
773:
770:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
742:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:a.k.a. large
725:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
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702:
699:
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683:
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329:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
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244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:centers, and
214:
210:
206:
205:power centers
202:
198:
194:
193:United States
189:
188:shopping mall
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
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126:
122:
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114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
86:
81:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Shopping mall
19:
5440:Urban design
5365:Construction
5252:Civic center
5229:Science park
5088:Company town
5001:
4987:Power center
4871:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4845:the original
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4819:
4809:
4799:February 27,
4797:. Retrieved
4782:
4775:
4752:
4742:
4732:February 14,
4730:. Retrieved
4726:the original
4721:
4711:
4699:. Retrieved
4695:
4685:
4672:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4635:
4613:. Retrieved
4598:
4565:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4534:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4499:
4486:
4475:
4461:
4446:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4407:
4402:
4389:p.87 (2005)(
4386:
4381:
4369:. Retrieved
4362:
4351:
4336:
4322:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4291:
4282:
4267:
4253:
4239:
4224:
4212:
4204:
4193:
4183:February 26,
4181:. Retrieved
4177:the original
4172:
4162:
4152:
4144:
4125:
4119:
4108:
4089:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4042:the original
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4006:
3996:December 17,
3994:. Retrieved
3987:the original
3982:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:the original
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3902:the original
3889:
3878:
3867:
3848:
3838:February 10,
3836:. Retrieved
3832:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:
3796:
3786:November 13,
3784:. Retrieved
3750:
3739:
3712:
3692:
3685:
3676:
3649:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3574:
3564:
3544:
3514:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3437:
3365:
3361:adding to it
3356:
3332:Particulates
3306:
3262:
3253:Eaton Centre
3250:
3231:
3213:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3151:
3131:Victor Gruen
3128:
3122:
3116:(architect:
3099:
3074:Victor Gruen
3064:
3051:Valley Plaza
3040:
3018:later named
3013:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2962:Victor Gruen
2926:
2887:
2840:
2830:(1916), and
2809:
2805:
2785:Dayton, Ohio
2775:
2750:
2615:Philadelphia
2472:First Paris
2230:Grand Bazaar
2211:Chester Rows
2172:
2171:
2119:
2100:
2092:Gostiny Dvor
2090:
2086:Chester Rows
2078:Grand Bazaar
2053:Grand Bazaar
2037:ancient Rome
2034:
1955:
1920:
1903:
1901:
1855:
1797:
1794:Outlet store
1779:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1690:
1679:
1655:
1614:
1603:
1583:catering to
1564:retail parks
1560:town squares
1556:High Streets
1552:Main Streets
1549:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1494:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1423:multicinemas
1419:hypermarkets
1415:supermarkets
1328:
1286:
1192:<500,000
1161:fast fashion
1150:<500,000
1032:
1024:0–2
990:
934:EU: a.k.a. "
929:Power center
927:
920:
812:0–1
779:
739:
728:
684:
602:0–3
558:
552:
519:EU: Large SC
510:
465:
458:multicinemas
454:hypermarkets
450:supermarkets
422:
412:
406:
297:
295:
288:
284:
280:
277:
264:retail parks
245:
185:
165:Victor Gruen
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
104:
96:
94:
60:
48:Power center
5400:Nonbuilding
5329:Tower block
5193:Subdivision
5055:Residential
4992:Retail park
4515:October 21,
4022:November 9,
3934:November 9,
3456:January 18,
3328:Power tools
3277:city centre
3154:Bergen Mall
3139:Twin Cities
3047:Los Angeles
3004:strip malls
2974:Bergen Mall
2942:Miami Beach
2921:Miami Beach
2797:Morgan Park
2722:Minneapolis
2680:Minneapolis
2634:Los Angeles
2611:Ardmore, PA
2355:located in
2165:. Sydney's
1966: [
1959:Magna Plaza
1862:high street
1804:Vanity Fair
1774:Terminal 21
1724:located in
1693:retail park
1676:Retail park
1627:Convenience
1617:retail park
1606:supermarket
1600:supermarket
1497:town centre
1487:Town centre
1458:City centre
1272:>50,000
1195:<46,000
1153:<46,000
975:3+ (US/Can)
968:>50,000
959:L:220,000+
936:Retail park
879:Can GLA ft
794:<30,000
772:Supermarket
765:1+ (US/Can)
733:in US, Can
436:1,500,000+
365:Can GLA ft
260:High Street
225:strip malls
173:Minneapolis
44:Retail park
5486:Categories
5425:Playground
5324:Skyscraper
5078:City block
5022:Industrial
4997:Riverfront
4942:Commercial
4701:August 29,
4135:0262122006
4099:0262122006
3908:January 9,
3703:0262122006
3429:References
3407:Mall kiosk
3324:Renovation
3322:See also:
3285:Halton Lea
3273:Birmingham
3200:See also:
3141:suburb of
3076:built for
2950:Fort Worth
2900:(1937) in
2892:(1931) in
2875:strip mall
2869:(1930) in
2861:, and the
2847:strip mall
2816:automobile
2678:, MN near
2655:, WI near
2583:Bank Block
2489:Providence
2454:Milestone
2130:The Arcade
2008:, and the
1830:See also:
1648:Strip mall
1637:strip mall
1475:mega-malls
1338:Hybrid SC
1275:>4,600
971:>4,600
952:L:20,000+
912:# anchors
899:AP NLA ft
889:Can GLA m
869:EU GLA ft
797:<2,800
788:Strip mall
398:# anchors
385:AP NLA ft
375:Can GLA m
355:EU GLA ft
197:dead malls
40:Strip mall
5307:Apartment
5294:Buildings
5239:Municipal
5128:McMansion
4851:August 1,
4371:March 16,
3303:Australia
3206:Dead mall
2972:Although
2768:Shops at
2701:, Canada
2657:Green Bay
2636:, CA, US
2510:, MD, US
2508:Baltimore
2491:, RI, US
2451:Location
2430:Australia
2030:Melbourne
1852:, Finland
1546:, Finland
1540:Klaukkala
1530:Community
1356:250,000+
909:AP NLA m
859:EU GLA m
720:drugstore
511:Regional
490:800,000+
487:860,000+
478:800,000+
439:140,000+
395:AP NLA m
345:EU GLA m
175:in 1956.
5355:Cemetery
5247:Arcology
5063:Agrihood
4876:Archived
4825:March 3,
4677:Archived
4652:July 14,
4615:July 14,
4539:Archived
4509:Archived
4297:July 15,
4088:(1997).
4070:July 19,
4048:July 17,
3960:April 6,
3928:Archived
3857:Archived
3777:Archived
3611:July 15,
3380:See also
3289:new town
3123:Shopping
3078:Hudson's
3032:Broadway
2986:and the
2820:downtown
2699:Edmonton
2653:Appleton
2592:Columbus
2234:Istanbul
2066:Damascus
2057:Istanbul
1868:, as is
1850:Helsinki
1481:Regional
1468:merchant
1450:Shanghai
1359:23,000+
1225:54,000+
1141:54,000+
1048:54,000+
977:n/a (AP)
562:(EU/Can)
493:74,000+
484:80,000+
481:74,000+
416:(EU/Can)
237:Montreal
129:galleria
5415:Parking
4950:Airport
4545:May 29,
4494:, 2004.
3812:May 26,
3263:In the
3242:Eaton's
3070:Detroit
2992:Namibia
2902:Houston
2863:A&P
2613:, near
2602:1930**
2590:, near
2550:Chicago
2548:, near
2522:Nugents
2334:England
2284:England
2074:Isfahan
2016:History
1986:Atlanta
1974:Antwerp
1870:Strøget
1846:Kontula
1820:Memphis
1753:leisure
1544:Uusimaa
1409:Wegmans
1381:Wegmans
1368:varies
1222:5,000+
1138:5,000+
1045:5,000+
846:US GLA
833:US GLA
556:(US/AP)
515:/center
470:/center
410:(US/AP)
332:US GLA
319:US GLA
246:In the
241:Toronto
140:bazaars
5455:Zoning
5214:Campus
4980:inland
4790:
4763:
4643:
4606:
4576:
4570:99–101
4393:
4132:
4096:
3700:
3575:Forbes
3552:
3522:
3479:
3397:Bazaar
3392:Arcade
3330:, and
3297:London
3228:Canada
3208:, and
3114:Sweden
3088:, and
3034:and a
2996:Zambia
2956:. The
2954:Ottawa
2934:Toledo
2896:; and
2894:Dallas
2855:Kroger
2812:suburb
2422:Sydney
2399:Moscow
2330:London
2311:France
2280:Oxford
2261:Russia
2238:Turkey
2150:Moscow
2148:, and
2115:Oxford
2041:forums
1996:, now
1961:; the
1923:Russia
1908:loggia
1739:), or
252:Europe
5450:YIMBY
5405:NIMBY
5334:Villa
5317:types
5312:House
5298:types
5282:parks
3990:(PDF)
3979:(PDF)
3807:Slate
3780:(PDF)
3773:(PDF)
3605:(PDF)
3446:(PDF)
3387:Alley
3110:Luleå
3068:near
2984:India
2799:, in
2732:2005
2724:, US
2720:near
2709:1992
2690:1986
2682:, US
2676:Edina
2667:1956
2659:, US
2644:1954
2625:1947
2617:, US
2594:, US
2579:1928
2571:, US
2560:1923
2552:, US
2537:1916
2529:, US
2518:1913
2499:1907
2480:1828
2468:Paris
2459:1798
2448:Name
2445:Year
2384:Italy
2380:Milan
2307:Paris
2196:Italy
2142:Milan
2107:Paris
2070:Syria
2039:, in
1978:Sears
1970:]
1751:with
1571:Local
1340:(Can)
823:Type
423:Mega-
309:Type
274:Types
171:near
144:souqs
127:, or
111:(see
89:Paris
5410:Park
4975:Port
4853:2011
4827:2023
4801:2023
4788:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4734:2010
4703:2020
4654:2020
4641:ISBN
4617:2020
4604:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4547:2017
4535:NCSC
4517:2015
4391:ISBN
4373:2022
4299:2020
4217:WETA
4185:2013
4130:ISBN
4094:ISBN
4072:2020
4050:2009
4024:2012
3998:2015
3962:2011
3936:2012
3910:2023
3840:2020
3814:2006
3788:2015
3698:ISBN
3613:2020
3550:ISBN
3520:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3458:2017
2994:and
2814:and
2192:Rome
2120:The
2101:The
2024:The
1834:and
1674:and
1650:and
1598:and
1489:and
1365:n/a
1362:n/a
1353:n/a
1350:n/a
1347:n/a
1344:n/a
1317:n/a
1314:n/a
1311:n/a
1308:n/a
1305:n/a
1302:n/a
1278:n/a
1269:n/a
1266:n/a
1263:n/a
1260:n/a
1257:n/a
1254:n/a
1250:(AP)
1240:n/a
1237:n/a
1234:n/a
1231:n/a
1228:n/a
1219:n/a
1216:n/a
1208:(AP)
1189:n/a
1186:n/a
1183:n/a
1180:n/a
1177:n/a
1174:n/a
1170:(AP)
1156:N/A
1147:n/a
1144:n/a
1135:n/a
1132:n/a
1124:(AP)
1114:n/a
1111:n/a
1108:n/a
1105:n/a
1102:n/a
1099:n/a
1096:n/a
1078:(US)
1063:n/a
1021:n/a
1018:n/a
1009:n/a
1006:n/a
996:(US)
809:n/a
806:n/a
709:n/a
706:n/a
697:n/a
676:n/a
673:n/a
670:n/a
667:n/a
664:n/a
655:n/a
652:n/a
639:n/a
636:n/a
633:n/a
630:n/a
627:n/a
618:n/a
615:n/a
593:n/a
590:n/a
581:n/a
578:n/a
570:(AP)
513:mall
468:mall
433:n/a
429:(AP)
425:mall
289:The
250:and
239:and
142:and
115:),
54:and
4757:401
3363:.
3275:'s
3186:any
3104:in
3002:or
2940:in
2919:in
2877:or
2849:or
2783:in
2403:GUM
2401:'s
2232:of
2154:GUM
2152:'s
2140:in
2132:in
2113:in
2105:in
2094:in
2076:'s
2064:in
2055:of
2004:in
1984:in
1972:in
1935:GUM
1929:in
1921:In
1895:in
1872:in
1798:An
1639:in
1587:in
1558:or
1522:in
1448:in
712:2+
547:2+
502:3+
442:3+
235:in
167:'s
107:in
99:in
87:in
71:in
5488::
4874:.
4870:.
4818:.
4759:.
4751:.
4720:.
4694:.
4675:.
4671:.
4625:^
4588:^
4572:.
4564:.
4533:.
4425:.
4361:.
4343:,
4290:.
4215:,
4211:,
4171:.
4151:.
3981:.
3831:.
3805:.
3761:^
3723:^
3675:.
3660:^
3635:^
3583:^
3573:.
3534:^
3502:^
3448:.
3326:,
3314:.
3267:,
3265:UK
3219:.
3204:,
3149:.
3084:,
3038:.
2964:.
2944:,
2936:,
2904:.
2857:,
2834:,
2826:,
2803:.
2428:,
2424:,
2382:,
2359:,
2336:,
2332:,
2309:,
2286:,
2282:,
2259:,
2236:,
2213:,
2194:,
2175:;
2068:,
2000:;
1968:nl
1902:A
1880:.
1848:,
1822:.
1731:A
1691:A
1635:A
1623:.
1579:A
1554:,
1542:,
1526:.
1477:.
1417:,
1404:—
1401:—
1320:0
1198:0
835:ft
722:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
321:ft
227:.
211:,
207:,
186:A
123:,
119:,
103:,
95:A
50:,
46:,
42:,
38:,
34:,
5300:)
5296:(
5008:)
5004:(
4926:e
4919:t
4912:v
4855:.
4829:.
4803:.
4769:.
4736:.
4705:.
4656:.
4619:.
4582:.
4549:.
4519:.
4397:)
4301:.
4187:.
4138:.
4102:.
4074:.
4052:.
4026:.
4000:.
3964:.
3938:.
3912:.
3842:.
3816:.
3790:.
3706:.
3615:.
3577:.
3558:.
3528:.
3485:.
3460:.
3370:)
3366:(
3080:(
1743:(
1735:(
1086:)
1082:(
938:"
848:m
790:"
726:.
334:m
58:.
20:)
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