380:
672:
and is handed down to individuals aged 18 or over convicted of a qualifying violent or sexual offences if it is likely that the offender will re-offend even if given the maximum term of imprisonment otherwise allowed. Such individuals will not receive parole unless they can demonstrate they no longer
575:
The indeterminate sentence(s) commence upon the expiration of any determinate sentence imposed, and are reviewed every three years after that, effectively giving a minimum term of the determinate sentence plus three years. Release is through a
Supreme Court Order or at the discretion of the Governor.
583:
Another paedophile, Christian
Michael Roach, was sentenced to three consecutive indefinite terms with an effective minimum term of 30 years in 2008 (the indefinite sentences to commence on the expiration of 27 years) for drugging and sexually abusing nine young women and girls between 1987 and 1999,
552:
An offender who is at least 17 years of age and has been convicted of at least two violent or sexual offences can be declared a dangerous offender and detained indeterminately. A judge must consider the potential of future harm that could be caused by the offender, the circumstances of the offenses,
607:
In the
Northern Territory, a prisoner serving one or more indefinite sentence(s) has a nominal sentence set at 70% of the sentence that would have been imposed if the prisoner were not declared dangerous, 20 years (25 years in some circumstances) if the sentence imposed would have been one or more
603:
In South
Australia, the indefinite sentence(s) commence upon the expiration of any determinate sentence imposed, and are reviewed every three years after that, effectively giving a minimum term of the determinate sentence plus three years. Release is only by way of an order from the Supreme Court.
579:
The longest effective minimum term imposed is 30 years, being served by paedophile Mark
Pendleton (an indefinite sentence to commence on the expiration of 27 years) for sexual offences committed against girls between 1977 and 1996, possessing child exploitation material in his cell, and being the
808:
By the mid-1970s, indeterminate sentencing was under attack, as arguments were made that racial and other invidious biases influenced officials, that rehabilitative treatment programs were ineffective, and that broad, standardless discretion denied constitutional due process and permitted undue
641:
The longest nominal sentence imposed on one or more sentences of indefinite imprisonment is 30 years, currently being served by serial paedophile
Geoffrey Robert Dobbs (Queensland), who pleaded guilty to 124 sexual offences and one count of attempting to pervert the course of justice committed
634:
An offender can be incarcerated indefinitely if there is a high probability because of the offender's character, nature of their offense, psychiatric evidence as to the danger of the defendant, and any other relevant circumstances that the offender poses a serious threat to the community. The
553:
medical and psychiatric opinion, and any other matters of relevance. The decision passed by the court is not reviewable; the indeterminate sentence(s) commence upon the expiration of any determinate sentence imposed, and release is only by way of an order from the
Supreme Court.
506:
if no decision is made after sentencing to lift the term. In many cases, either a minimum term is imposed or the maximum that can be served is the maximum allowable by law in the jurisdiction for the particular offense.
521:
The main reason for imposing indefinite (as opposed to fixed) sentences is to protect the community. An offender can then be kept behind bars until it is determined the offender would not pose any danger to society.
789:
The US federal prison system does not allow parole for any crimes committed after 1987: therefore, a sentence of life imprisonment means that the prisoner will be incarcerated for the remainder of their life.
676:
Preventive detention has a minimum period of imprisonment of five years, but the sentencing judge can extend that if the nature of the prisoner's offending or the prisoner's criminal history warrants it.
638:
The minimum nominal sentence that can be imposed is ten years, but the sentencing judge can extend that if the prisoner's criminal history or the nature of the prisoner's offending warrants it.
499:(CAT). The length of an indefinite imprisonment was determined during imprisonment based on the inmate's conduct. The inmate could have been returned to society or be kept in prison for life.
464:
642:
against 63 girls aged between one month and 15 years, including five family members and girls under his care as a teacher and youth leader, between 1972 and 2000.
1053:
Huge numbers of offenders are being given the jail term, driving upwards the overall number of those in the prison system on indefinite sentences, including life.
1151:
496:
457:
600:(SA) allow for the indefinite incarceration of a person who is determined to be a habitual criminal and/or incapable of controlling sexual urges.
941:
707:
689:
276:
270:
1009:
865:
759:
774:. Should an offender be released from prison or detention they will be subject to more intensive supervision, treatment, and monitoring.
710:. The imprisonment for public protection sentence was abolished in 2012, but offenders already serving that sentence remained in prison.
1179:
525:
In some places, indefinite sentences have been around for a long time. In other jurisdictions, they have been introduced more recently.
450:
920:
Prison methods in New York state, a contribution to the study of the theory and practice of correctional institutions in New York State
829:
703:
727:
495:
with no definite period of time set during sentencing. It was imposed by certain nations in the past, before the drafting of the
611:
The indeterminate sentence must be reviewed by the court when the nominal sentence has expired and every three years afterward.
918:
680:
The longest minimum period of imprisonment on a sentence of preventive detention is one of 28 years, which was given in 1984.
786:
have various forms of indefinite sentencing, and many have effective indeterminate sentencing with evaluation-based parole.
719:
693:
326:
635:
indeterminate sentence must be reviewed by the court when the nominal sentence has expired and every three years afterward.
723:
706:
was a form of indefinite sentence that was used in
England and Wales from 2005 until 2012, in addition to the traditional
824:
660:
can be given an indefinite prison sentence. That means the offender is at risk for causing a "serious personal injury."
572:
1992 (WA) contain provisions for the indeterminate incarceration of youths and adults convicted of particular offenses.
436:
219:
1184:
407:
399:
1066:
984:
556:
Seven
Tasmanian offenders are serving one or more consecutive sentences of indefinite imprisonment as of July 2012.
1194:
812:
349:
1189:
516:
311:
731:
75:
839:
584:
and the manslaughter of one of them, but Roach hanged himself in his cell ten days after being sentenced.
544:
who had served their term of imprisonment. The other
Australian states followed with similar legislation.
296:
321:
180:
50:
948:
669:
175:
155:
1037:
972:
798:
316:
657:
651:
415:
206:
198:
193:
170:
165:
160:
85:
30:
1102:
869:
1199:
834:
802:
747:
477:
Imposition of a sentence by imprisonment with no definite period of time set during sentencing
291:
242:
232:
211:
80:
879:
794:
428:
281:
135:
70:
793:
Indeterminate sentencing existed in every U.S. state from the 1930s to the mid-1970s. The
755:
751:
344:
90:
608:
consecutive sentences of life imprisonment, or any other term as is fixed by the court.
896:
735:
488:
359:
145:
859:
17:
1173:
1084:
739:
503:
973:
Paedophile Mark Pendleton sentenced to more jail time for sexually abusing two girls
743:
541:
492:
354:
227:
60:
580:
ringleader of a conspiracy with fellow paedophiles to abuse children in Thailand.
1129:
942:"Balancing Rights: Arguments for indefinite detention of dangerous sex offenders"
379:
286:
185:
897:"Can criminal justice decision-makers be relied on to get it right every time?"
797:, developed in the 1950s, focused on offenders' treatment needs rather than on
502:
In theory, an indefinite prison sentence could be very short, or it could be a
861:
The social welfare forum: Official proceedings [of the] annual meeting
533:
384:
306:
130:
120:
65:
783:
265:
125:
55:
1152:"Indeterminate Sentencing Returns: The Invention of Supervised Release"
110:
1017:. Topic Series. Wellington: Department of Corrections. 2014. p. 5
771:
767:
301:
260:
100:
1067:"Indeterminate sentences: a 'stain' on the criminal justice system"
815:
is also sometimes cited as an example of indeterminate sentencing.
1038:"Indefinite jail terms forecast to treble in the next five years"
95:
766:, which includes ways to manage the risks from the offender in
809:
leniency that undermined the deterrent effects of sanctions.
750:
of the offender. The offender is subject to a process of
1130:"Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing"
1103:"RMA Scotland | Order for Lifelong Restriction | FAQs"
1137:
Sentencing and Correction Issues for the 21st Century
615:
Australian Capital Territory, Queensland and Victoria
668:In New Zealand, indefinite imprisonment is called
770:and, where allowed by risk assessment, through
625:Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003
538:Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003
458:
8:
985:"Controversial criminal sent back to prison"
465:
451:
26:
570:Crimes (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Act
497:United Nations Convention against Torture
1091:. The National Archives. 26 March 2003.
940:Ronken, Carol; Johnston, Hetty (2012).
851:
805:could be awarded by prison officials.
368:
335:
251:
144:
109:
41:
29:
1085:"Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003"
690:Life imprisonment in England and Wales
588:Northern Territory and South Australia
540:authorised the continued detention of
656:In Canada, an inmate classified as a
7:
1011:Offenders on Indeterminate Sentences
866:National Conference on Social Welfar
724:Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003
899:. On Line Opinion. 8 September 2003
830:Indefinite detention without trial
704:Imprisonment for public protection
631:(Vic) concern habitual offenders.
25:
1128:Tonry, Michael (September 1999).
1109:. Risk Management Authority. 2005
947:. Bravehearts Inc. Archived from
673:pose a threat to the community.
652:Dangerous Offender § Canada
378:
37:Criminal trials and convictions
1156:New York University Law Review
748:life imprisonment or detention
720:Order for Lifelong Restriction
694:Order for Lifelong Restriction
327:Sexually violent predator laws
1:
1065:Barnes, Sophie (2012-09-18).
1036:Ford, Richard (May 8, 2007).
1150:Doherty, Fiona (June 2013).
220:Cruel and unusual punishment
884:Indefinite prison sentence.
1216:
1180:Imprisonment and detention
813:Federal supervised release
687:
649:
514:
485:indeterminate imprisonment
422: English/Welsh courts
825:At His Majesty's pleasure
760:Risk Management Authority
517:Incapacitation (penology)
732:High Court of Justiciary
76:Presumption of innocence
722:was implemented by the
487:is the imposition of a
481:Indefinite imprisonment
238:Indefinite imprisonment
1107:www.rmascotland.gov.uk
1089:www.legislation.gov.uk
917:Klein, Philip (1920).
840:Involuntary commitment
801:: generous amounts of
734:the power to impose a
594:Criminal Code Act 1983
566:Criminal Code Act 1913
297:Miscarriage of justice
18:Indeterminate sentence
688:Further information:
650:Further information:
322:Sex offender registry
42:Rights of the accused
764:Risk Management Plan
746:, that includes the
670:preventive detention
408:English/Welsh courts
336:Related areas of law
629:Sentencing Act 1991
621:Sentencing Act 2005
598:Sentencing Act 2017
317:Restorative justice
1185:Penal imprisonment
772:release on licence
658:dangerous offender
207:Capital punishment
199:Dangerous offender
86:Self-incrimination
31:Criminal procedure
1195:Life imprisonment
835:Three-strikes law
803:good conduct time
718:In Scotland, the
699:England and Wales
560:Western Australia
475:
474:
350:Criminal defenses
292:Habitual offender
243:Three-strikes law
233:Life imprisonment
212:Execution warrant
81:Exclusionary rule
16:(Redirected from
1207:
1190:Sentencing (law)
1164:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1056:
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1050:
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1033:
1027:
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1024:
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1016:
1006:
1000:
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996:
981:
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964:
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914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
893:
887:
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880:Internet Archive
877:
876:
868:. 1886. p.
856:
795:Model Penal Code
726:, which gives a
467:
460:
453:
439:
431:
423:
418:
410:
402:
383:
382:
282:Criminal justice
136:Directed verdict
27:
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1210:
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1206:
1205:
1204:
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954:on 4 March 2016
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894:
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848:
821:
780:
756:risk management
752:risk assessment
744:sexual offences
716:
701:
696:
686:
666:
654:
648:
627:(Qld), and the
617:
590:
562:
550:
531:
519:
513:
478:
471:
442:
434:
429:Canadian courts
426:
421:
416:Scottish courts
413:
405:
397:
389:
377:
364:
345:Civil procedure
331:
252:Post-sentencing
247:
216:
190:
140:
105:
91:Double jeopardy
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1213:
1211:
1203:
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1120:
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1001:
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909:
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847:
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700:
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685:
684:United Kingdom
682:
665:
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647:
644:
616:
613:
589:
586:
561:
558:
549:
546:
530:
527:
512:
509:
476:
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472:
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469:
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444:
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385:Law portal
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314:
312:Rehabilitation
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1054:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
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1005:
1002:
990:
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980:
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950:
943:
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823:
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791:
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778:United States
777:
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761:
757:
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745:
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709:
708:life sentence
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614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
599:
596:(NT) and the
595:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
568:(WA) and the
567:
559:
557:
554:
547:
545:
543:
542:sex offenders
539:
535:
528:
526:
523:
518:
510:
508:
505:
504:life sentence
500:
498:
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490:
486:
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463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
448:
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417:
412:
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406: Not in
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1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
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1079:
1071:The Guardian
1070:
1060:
1052:
1046:. Retrieved
1041:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1010:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
991:. 2004-07-07
988:
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968:
956:. Retrieved
949:the original
935:
924:. Retrieved
919:
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901:. Retrieved
891:
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878:– via
873:. Retrieved
860:
854:
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738:for serious
717:
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675:
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624:
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610:
606:
602:
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591:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
563:
555:
551:
537:
532:
524:
520:
501:
493:imprisonment
484:
480:
479:
355:Criminal law
277:Life licence
237:
228:Imprisonment
61:Speedy trial
799:retribution
664:New Zealand
623:(ACT), the
287:Exoneration
1174:Categories
1048:2010-01-26
995:2015-05-01
926:2010-01-26
903:2010-01-26
875:2010-01-26
846:References
762:through a
534:Queensland
515:See also:
307:Recidivism
181:Guidelines
146:Sentencing
131:Not proven
121:Conviction
66:Jury trial
51:Fair trial
1073:. London.
1042:The Times
784:US states
529:Australia
511:Rationale
437:UK courts
400:US courts
266:Probation
176:Discharge
166:Custodial
161:Suspended
156:Mandatory
126:Acquittal
56:Pre-trial
1200:Duration
1113:13 April
1044:. London
989:CBC News
819:See also
736:sentence
714:Scotland
548:Tasmania
489:sentence
360:Evidence
194:Totality
171:Periodic
758:by the
740:violent
730:of the
369:Portals
111:Verdict
71:Counsel
1021:26 May
768:prison
646:Canada
435:
427:
414:
398:
302:Pardon
273:
271:Tariff
261:Parole
101:Appeal
1133:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
958:2 May
952:(PDF)
945:(PDF)
782:Some
728:judge
186:Guilt
1162:(3).
1115:2017
1023:2016
960:2015
754:and
742:and
692:and
619:The
592:The
564:The
96:Bail
536:'s
491:of
483:or
1176::
1160:88
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1154:.
1135:.
1105:.
1087:.
1069:.
1051:.
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987:.
882:.
870:94
864:.
1139:.
1117:.
1025:.
998:.
962:.
929:.
906:.
466:e
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452:v
20:)
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