143:(MedPAC), a body with no regulatory power that solely advises Congress, but cannot enact regulations in and of itself. Since 1997, MedPAC had recommended cuts totaling "hundreds of billions of dollars" to Medicare that were ignored by Congress. Congress has pressured Medicare administrators to cover "ineffective or needlessly costly methods of care," while Medicare's founding legislation says "Nothing in this title shall be construed to authorize any Federal officer or employee to exercise any supervision or control over the practice of medicine." Henry Aaron, a health care expert at the
271:
or related fields to provide a mix of professionals, a broad geographic representation, and a balance between urban and rural areas. IPAB members were to include (but will not be limited to) physicians and other health professionals, experts in the area of pharmaco-economics or prescription drug benefit programs, employers, third-party payers, individuals skilled in the conduct and interpretation of biomedical, health services, and
370:
431:, who directed the CBO and OMB in the Obama administration, said the IPAB may have been the most important aspect of the Affordable Care Act. He said the board was "created to help address our long-term fiscal imbalance while boosting quality in health care". "It's a very promising structure," said Orszag, but he cautioned that "whether it realizes its potential depends on how it's implemented."
217:
proposal under special rules. Congress could not consider any amendment to the proposal that would not achieve similar cost reductions unless both houses of
Congress, including a three-fifths super majority in the Senate, voted to waive this requirement. If Congress failed to adopt a substitute provision by August 15, HHS was to implement the proposal as originally submitted to Congress.
104:
year by a specified amount. If it was required to develop a proposal, the Board was to submit that proposal in
January of the year before the implementation year; thus, the first proposal could have been submitted in January 2014 to take effect in 2015. If the Board failed to submit a proposal that the Chief Actuary certifies would achieve the savings target, the
610:
to Senate confirmation. Congress isn't bound by its proposals if lawmakers can come up with what they think is a better approach. Getting costs under control is going to require difficult choices – including, in the case of
Medicare, difficult political choices. This unwise bill is not a good sign about Washington's willingness to make them."
192:(R-Wyoming), met for more than sixty hours, and their discussions established the principles upon which the health care reform legislation that later passed was based. The Finance Committee included a provision establishing an independent Medicare advisory board in its health reform legislation, which passed the Senate on December 24, 2009.
673:, issued a report on reducing the federal deficit and voted 11 to 7 to strengthen the IPAB. It wished to bring forward the time by which health care providers would be affected by IPAB decisions. The recommendations "would hit hospitals the hardest, which gained an exemption from the group's decisions for several years."
483:, the former Senate Democratic leader who was Obama's first choice for health secretary, argued that IPAB should have been expanded to cover all forms of health insurance in order to prevent doctors from shifting costs onto patients with private medical insurance. After voting for the 2010 health care reform,
147:, said that many observers saw that some in Congress are "in thrall to campaign contributors and producers and suppliers of medical services" and most are not well enough informed to wisely use Medicare's buying power to reform health care. The idea behind the IPAB was to take power away from Congress (and
609:
wrote, "The political system failed when it came to controlling health-care costs. The 15-member panel that Mr. Cornyn et al. deride as 'beltway bureaucrats' would be a group of experts in the field, nominated by the president, chosen in part by congressional leaders of the opposing party and subject
275:
research, and expertise in outcomes and effectiveness research and technology assessment. Members also were to include individuals representing consumers and the elderly. Individuals who were directly involved in providing or managing the delivery of
Medicare items and services were not to constitute
270:
Appointed members of the IPAB were to include individuals with national recognition for their expertise in health finance and economics, actuarial science, health facility management, health plans and integrated delivery systems, health facilities reimbursement, and other providers of health services
266:
The first members appointed to the Board were to be divided into three staggered classes in order to ensure that their terms would not expire simultaneously. Five were to be appointed for a term of one year, five were to be appointed for a term of three years, and five were to be appointed for a term
103:
determined in particular years the projected per capita growth rate for
Medicare for a multi-year period ending in the second year thereafter (the "implementation year"). If the projection exceeded a target growth rate, IPAB was to develop a proposal to reduce Medicare spending in the implementation
1517:
But this inside the-trenches view conflicts with the more general impressions of the many doubters on the prospects for curve bending, including
Douglas Holtz-Eakin and Michael J. Ramlet, who rightly invoke past instances when Congress squeezed the health system and later retrenched under political
163:
introduced the
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission Reform Act of 2009, which would have changed MedPAC into an executive branch agency. On July 17, 2009, the Obama administration submitted to Congress a similar proposal called the Independent Medicare Advisory Council Act, which would have created
130:
On
February 9, 2018, the United States Congress voted to repeal the Independent Payment Advisory Board as a part of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, by a vote of 71−28 in the US Senate and by a vote of 240−186 in US House of Representatives. Shortly thereafter that day, President Trump signed the
695:
reported that "while the suit illustrates conservative frustration with the federal government, the courts rarely strike down advisory boards created by
Congress." The suit was dismissed in 2012. The Ninth Circuit found for the government on appeal, and the Supreme Court declined to hear a further
541:
and the
American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, along with seventy two other healthcare groups, urged Congress to reject IPAB. They argued that the board would have had too much control over Medicare and would affect the ability of healthcare providers to lobby for changes in how
325:
would likely see benefits from an "independent Medicare commission because the panel would be more likely to increase their fees and lower specialists' rates." While payment cuts to hospitals and hospices were to be off-limits until 2020, and clinical laboratories were to be off limits until 2016,
526:
stated, "We are also very concerned about the power of the IPAB to cut payments to physicians. The sole function of the IPAB is to cut spending with little guarantee of maintaining quality, access, and scientifically proven care. There may be no physician representation on the board either. These
514:(ACP), expressed support for the idea behind the IPAB, saying "making complex Medicare payment and budgetary decisions is very difficult within a political process with substantial lobbying pressures," but the group wanted to see significant changes. The ACP supported creating a position for a
204:
With regard to IPAB's recommendations, the law said: "The proposal shall not include any recommendation to ration health care, raise revenues or Medicare beneficiary premiums under section 1818, 1818A, or 1839, increase Medicare beneficiary cost sharing (including deductibles, coinsurance, and
420:, not a health policy. And his reasoning explains why, year in year out, Congress has rejected economically sensible proposals to attain greater efficiency in the Medicare program." Reinhardt compares the IPAB to a similar board in Germany, which he says is efficient, effective and civilized.
216:
Every year, on September 1, IPAB was to submit a draft proposal to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. On January 15 of the next year, IPAB was to submit a proposal to Congress. If IPAB failed to meet this deadline, the HHS was to create its own proposal. Congress was to consider this
416:, Thomas said, "I'm not wild about a payment system that involves telling a bunch of innovative entrepreneurs that they can't be in the business anymore". Reinhardt criticized this, saying Thomas "seemed uninterested in what made more clinical and economic sense. His was purely an
645:
Former OMB Director Orszag responded: "I think it's only in Washington, D.C., that a board created to help address our long-term fiscal imbalance while boosting quality in health care and that is specifically by law prohibited from rationing care could be called a death panel".
549:
made IPAB a focus of their advocacy work. Hospital exemptions from 2015 to 2020 as well as the lack of practicing physicians on the board itself were major concerns. Lobbying efforts in April 2011 focused on making these modifications if not fully eliminating the board.
507:(AMA) have spoken out against the board. The AMA wanted to change the IPAB requirement that members have no outside employment so working physicians could be considered. The AMA also opposed any independent commission which could cut physician payment rates.
441:, thought that despite "requirements that would force Congress to adopt the recommendations or find comparable savings," "cuts will be politically infeasible, as Congress is likely to continue regularly to override scheduled reductions." In the words of
91:
but require an act of Congress to take effect. The system creating IPAB granted IPAB the authority to make changes to the Medicare program with the Congress being given the power to overrule the agency's decisions through supermajority vote. The
518:
on IPAB, additional protections to ensure that cost reductions would not lead to lower quality of care, authority for Congress to reject proposals made by IPAB via a simple majority vote, and equal treatment of all healthcare providers.
200:
IPAB was tasked with developing specific proposals to bring the net growth in Medicare spending back to target levels if the Medicare Actuary determines that net spending was forecast to exceed target levels, beginning in 2015.
768:
American Medical Association. "By Jan 1, 2015, and at least every other year thereafter, the IPAB will submit recommendations to slow the growth in national health care expenditures while preserving or enhancing quality of
86:
which was to have the explicit task of achieving specified savings in Medicare without affecting coverage or quality. Under previous and current law, changes to Medicare payment rates and program rules are recommended by
2196:
1791:
661:
In March 2011, the CBO estimated the Medicare baseline level of spending would not exceed targets throughout the years of 2015 to 2021; thus, the IPAB was not expected to affect any Medicare spending.
561:
co-lead a coalition of 26 medical specialties and patient organizations representing more than 350,000 physicians and their patients dedicated to repealing IPAB. The coalition endorsed efforts in the
2191:
260:
658:(CBO) estimated that IPAB would achieve Medicare spending reductions of $ 28 billion through 2019—amounting to 0.4 percent of the projected Medicare spending of ~$ 7 trillion for the period.
487:(D-Calif.), said that the IPAB "sets up for unsustainable cuts" that will endanger the health of patients, and that he would "work tirelessly to mitigate the damage" the panel would cause.
409:
720:
670:
627:
116:
2024:
252:
496:
234:
105:
2080:
349:
Critics of IPAB charged that the board's cost-cutting mandate would inevitably bring about a reduction in care, despite the anti-rationing language in the bill. Congressman
408:
of which we all are victims now," an independent Medicare commission was the U.S.'s only hope to restrain Medicare spending. Reinhardt criticized former chairman of the
342:, durable medical equipment, ambulance services, and services of ambulatory surgical centers". According to the New England Journal of Medicine, holding off creation of
209:(HHS) was to implement these proposals unless Congress adopted equally effective alternatives. The board was also to be required to submit to Congress annual reports on
982:
2186:
634:
reported some Obama administration officials feared the Independent Payment Advisory Board could be "target for attacks of the 'death panel' sort"; An October 2010
1706:
2201:
2041:
1518:
pressure. From their perspective, no Independent Payment Advisory Board would ever succeed in saving lawmakers from their own self-preserving instincts to pander.
687:
As part of legal challenges from conservative organizations and state attorneys general in about twenty states to the Affordable Care Act, Arizona's conservative
164:
an independent five-member executive council to make recommendations to the president. From June 17 to September 14, 2009, three Democratic and three Republican
558:
238:
287:
by IPAB members of any financial and other potential conflicts of interest. No IPAB member was to be engaged in any other business, vocation or employment.
780:
100:
83:
213:, access, quality, and utilization. IPAB was to submit to Congress recommendations on how to slow the growth in total private health care expenditures.
256:
248:
165:
546:
210:
206:
76:
1747:
710:
595:
that it was "a health-care rationing body" and that "rate setting—the essential mechanism of the IPAB—has a 40-year track record of failure."
2003:
554:
405:
2019:
715:
534:, advised Democrats against being divided and conquered by supporting repeal of specific portions of the health care reform, such as IPAB.
140:
302:
Congress appropriated $ 15 million for IPAB in 2012. Future funding for the agency was to be based on this figure adjusted for inflation.
810:
267:
of six years. All subsequent appointments were to be made for six years. A member was not to serve more than two full consecutive terms.
2077:
1956:
1241:
1123:
912:
878:
1615:
1575:
Dr. Roe Introduces Legislation to Eliminate the Independent Payment Advisory Board: HR 452 – The Medicare Decisions Accountability Act
1214:
1190:
1166:
1094:
168:
members met for a series of thirty-one meetings to discuss the development of a health care reform bill. During this period, Senators
2131:
477:. Roe charged that IPAB would deny care. However, the legislation governing IPAB bared "any recommendation to ration health care."
1888:
635:
583:
538:
2154:
1069:
112:
enacted resolutions to override the Board's (or the Secretary's) decisions under a fast-track procedure that the law set forth.
1346:
1206:
1182:
1158:
1086:
951:
861:
2161:
511:
473:(R-TN) twice sponsored House bills to eliminate the IPAB, which was partially why he was regarded as a "kindred soul" by the
226:
108:
was to submit a proposal that would achieve that amount of savings. The Secretary was then to implement the proposal unless
2106:
357:
charged that the bill gave IPAB "unprecedented, dangerous authority to cut Medicare pay rates and strangle access to care."
412:
William Thomas' 1995 comment as emblematic of the spurious reasoning found in Congress. Of a payment system that resembled
992:
523:
500:
451:, Holtz-Eakin thought no IPAB "will ever succeed in saving lawmakers from their own self-preserving instincts to pander."
343:
93:
589:, believed the IPAB would fail to control costs and should be abolished. He opposed the premise of the board, writing in
2059:
1559:
1533:
1318:
504:
124:
630:"implicitly endorses the use of "death panel"-like rationing by way of the new Independent Payments Advisory Board."
338:
plans, Medicare's Part D prescription-drug program, or spending on skilled-nursing facilities, home-based health care,
1682:"Letter to the Honorable Harry Reid & Sen. Baucus, Harkin and Dodd; Rep. Pelosi, Hoyer, Miller, Rangel and Waxman"
1681:
1231:
655:
1634:
1262:
Kocher, Robert; Sahni, Nikhil R. (2010). "Physicians versus Hospitals as Leaders of Accountable Care Organizations".
691:, along with three Republican congressman from Arizona, filed a suit challenging the constitutionality of the IPAB.
738:
579:
1822:
827:
765:
127:, also advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures, according to news reports.
1373:
1593:
591:
438:
1902:
1839:
1805:
1448:"Analysis & commentary. Health care reform is likely to widen federal budget deficits, not reduce them"
1025:
750:
515:
284:
109:
1534:"Wrong way on health care; A Republican proposal to eliminate a cost control board is a bad prescription"
542:
they are reimbursed. The groups also argued that IPAB would have only been accountable to the president.
1491:
1452:
705:
470:
354:
350:
144:
682:
1588:
1923:
1393:
882:
2063:
1297:
987:
688:
605:
586:
465:
434:
322:
1574:
747:
638:
article wrote the IPAB was "a good candidate for the title of 'death panel,'" and a December 2010
294:
that determines pay for senior executive branch officials. As of 2010, this was $ 165,300 a year.
1236:
1098:
956:
335:
334:
rate formula made those cuts off limits. Other "savings would have to have been found in private
331:
317:
291:
230:
1013:
463:, a Republican from Texas, introduced a bill in the Senate to prevent the creation of the IPAB.
1857:
1421:
1973:
1947:
1876:
1508:
1471:
1279:
1140:
929:
417:
148:
79:
1194:
1170:
2088:
1965:
1500:
1461:
1323:
1271:
1132:
1048:
921:
572:
474:
272:
2028:
1990:
1732:
Mary Ellen Schneider (March 1, 2011). "Physicians Offer Rx for Fixing Health Reform Law".
1351:
1218:
1073:
947:
499:
said that elimination of the payment board was its top priority in the 2011 Congress. The
413:
339:
280:
160:
52:
247:
as nonvoting members. In making the appointments, the President was to consult with the
903:
785:
562:
447:
173:
369:
2180:
2084:
1063:
576:
442:
401:
353:
from Tennessee, a doctor, warned that IPAB would ration care through payment policy.
185:
181:
56:
2168:
1065:
An Overview of Proposals to Establish an Independent Commission or Board in Medicare
2045:
531:
428:
205:
co-payments), or otherwise restrict benefits or modify eligibility criteria." The
1951:
1046:
Ronald Brownstein (November 13, 2009). "GOP Faces Choice If Health Bill Passes".
907:
1919:
1801:
1389:
1118:
619:
568:
480:
460:
177:
1665:"SPECIALTY DOCTORS TO VISIT CONGRESS JUNE 23 TO DISCUSS DOC FIX, IPAB, CODES".
530:
Ron Pollack, the founding executive director of the health care advocacy group
1504:
1489:
Dentzer S (June 2010). "The risks and rewards of implementing health reform".
1466:
1447:
978:
844:
781:"Federal Investigators Fault Medicare's Reliance on Doctors for Pay Standards"
484:
243:
237:, the Administrator of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and the
169:
189:
120:
1977:
1512:
1475:
1283:
1144:
933:
2136:
1969:
1928:
1398:
1275:
1136:
925:
1210:
1186:
1162:
1090:
2042:"The Plan to Balance the Budget: The Fiscal Commission's Final Report."
437:, a former CBO director and an economist who is currently president of
327:
1707:"Implementing Health Reform On the Independent Payment Advisory Board"
860:
Kamisar, Ben; Zanona, Melanie; Marcos, Cristina (February 9, 2018). "
88:
151:) in order to give it to those knowledgeable in health care policy.
522:
Dr. Elaine C. Jones, government relations committee cochair of the
2004:“Rep. Ryan says deficit reduction plan would ‘entrench ObamaCare’”
553:
Medical specialty groups spearheaded efforts to repeal IPAB. The
908:"The Independent Payment Advisory Board – Congress's 'Good Deed'"
346:(ACOs) was likely to be a bad long term strategy for physicians.
239:
Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration
1748:
Dems prepare defense of healthcare law in face of repeal threats
290:
Members were to be paid at a rate described in Level III of the
622:" was used in conjunction with IPAB. Sarah Palin wrote in the
364:
2018:
The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform.
1560:
Health-related money continues to flow to members of Congress
225:
IPAB was to be composed of fifteen members appointed by the
2132:"Supreme Court won't hear case on Obamacare Medicare board"
1858:"After Health Care Passage, Obama Pushes to Get It Rolling"
1765:
McKnights Long Term Care News and McKnights Assisted Living
1422:"After Health Care Passage, Obama Pushes to Get It Rolling"
603:
In an editorial opposing Sen. Cornyn's bill to repeal IPAB
2197:
Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
1778:
1763:"Providers try to quash Medicare payment board proposal".
1616:“GOP staffer: Look to healthcare debate for repeal clues.”
879:“GOP leaders push to repeal Medicare cost-cutting panel.”
1232:"Most health industry players would win under overhaul"
1076:
Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2010.
828:
Senate passes bill to end shutdown, sending it to House
721:
Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee
671:
National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform
628:
National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform
381:
139:
Congress created IPAB as a strengthened version of the
119:(or Relative Value Update Committee; RUC), composed of
117:
Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee
2078:“Deficit Panel Offers Partial Answer on Health Care.”
1026:"Health Care Reform from Conception to Final Passage"
259:
concerning the appointment of three members, and the
2192:
Independent agencies of the United States government
497:
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
2100:
2098:
642:editorial associated 'death panels' with the IPAB.
45:
37:
29:
21:
739:
131:budget bill into law, thereby repealing the IPAB.
82:created in 2010 by sections 3403 and 10320 of the
1806:The Affordable Care Act's Rate-Setting Won't Work
952:"Rockefeller: The Economists' Man in the Senate?"
255:concerning the appointment of three members, the
251:concerning the appointment of three members; the
1629:
1627:
469:reported that Congressman and retired physician
261:Minority Leader of the House of Representatives
2107:"Ariz. congressmen join health reform lawsuit"
1650:"Live Health Chat: Health care law changes".
1589:"It's Alive! GOPers Resurrect 'Death Panels'"
1317:Marilyn Werber Serafini (December 21, 2009).
559:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
263:concerning the appointment of three members.
8:
1952:"Reforming Medicare by reforming incentives"
1877:"Are ObamaCare "Death Panels" Truly a Myth?"
326:physician fees could have been cut unless a
99:Beginning in 2013, the Chief Actuary of the
16:
1528:
1526:
527:elements are concerning and unacceptable."
410:House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health
96:repealed IPAB before it could take effect.
1901:Rivkin, David and Foley, Elizabeth Price,
1312:
1310:
510:Dr. J. Fred Ralston Jr., president of the
279:The President of the United States was to
101:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
84:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
15:
1465:
1415:
1413:
537:Two major nursing home associations, the
404:thought that given the "dubious style of
1347:"Medicare Payment Board Draws Brickbats"
1119:"The Independent Payment Advisory Board"
983:"Can we control costs without Congress?"
2173:New England Journal of Medicine, 2011.
2170:The Independent Payment Advisory Board.
2153:David Newman and Christopher M. Davis.
2060:“The best and worst of Simpson-Bowles.”
1298:"Medicare IPAB: Rational or rationing?"
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
898:
896:
894:
892:
862:Trump signs budget deal ending shutdown
731:
547:American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
253:Speaker of the House of Representatives
207:Department of Health and Human Services
2187:Healthcare reform in the United States
2156:The Independent Payment Advisory Board
1993:CBO. p. 2. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
1446:Holtz-Eakin D, Ramlet MJ (June 2010).
849:United States House of Representatives
805:
803:
711:Healthcare reform in the United States
669:The 2010 presidential commission, the
235:Secretary of Health and Human Services
106:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2202:Medicare and Medicaid (United States)
1680:Michael D. Maves (January 13, 2010).
1117:Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus (July 2010).
826:Carney, Jordain (February 9, 2018). "
761:
759:
555:American Society of Anesthesiologists
439:a conservative political organization
7:
716:Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
141:Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
1957:The New England Journal of Medicine
1242:McClatchy Washington DC News Bureau
1124:The New England Journal of Medicine
913:The New England Journal of Medicine
845:Final Vote Results for Roll Call 69
650:Congressional Budget Office scoring
766:Independent Payment Advisory Board
744:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
69:Independent Payment Advisory Board
17:Independent Payment Advisory Board
14:
2105:Elise Viebeck (August 13, 2010).
1635:"Industry Aims at Medicare Board"
1230:Phil Galewitz (August 16, 2009).
276:a majority of IPAB's membership.
1903:'Death Panels' Come Back to Life
1889:National Right to Life Committee
1856:Jackie Calmes (April 17, 2010).
1823:The Epistemology of Death Panels
1577:Press Release. January 26, 2011.
1420:Jackie Calmes (April 18, 2010).
539:American Health Care Association
368:
1875:Burke J. Balch (October 2010).
1587:Suzy Khimm (January 27, 2011).
1264:New England Journal of Medicine
2162:Congressional Research Service
1840:Why I Support the Ryan Roadmap
1687:. American Medical Association
1345:Julie Rovner (July 12, 2011).
1319:"Helping Or Hurting Medicare?"
512:American College of Physicians
344:accountable care organizations
1:
1374:"Meet the Real Death Panels."
811:Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018
779:Pear, Robert (May 31, 2015).
524:American Academy of Neurology
501:American Hospital Association
257:Minority Leader of the Senate
249:Majority Leader of the Senate
221:Membership and term of office
94:Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018
75:) was to be a fifteen-member
1991:March 2011 Medicare baseline
1924:"In Search of a Fiscal Cure"
1394:"In Search of a Fiscal Cure"
505:American Medical Association
125:American Medical Association
1881:National Right to Life News
817:. February 7, 2018. p. 610.
656:Congressional Budget Office
2218:
2027:December 14, 2012, at the
1099:§ 1899A(c)(2)(A)(ii).
680:
580:McKenna, Long and Aldridge
159:On June 25, 2009, Senator
1505:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0518
1467:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0446
665:Fiscal commission report
166:Senate Finance Committee
77:United States government
1810:The Wall Street Journal
1072:August 7, 2011, at the
614:Death panel controversy
592:The Wall Street Journal
1734:Internal Medicine News
1711:Internal Medicine News
1195:§ 1899A(g)(1)(E).
1171:§ 1899A(g)(1)(A).
636:National Right to Life
516:primary care physician
2092:. (December 1, 2010).
2083:January 29, 2013, at
2067:. (December 3, 2010).
2049:. (December 1, 2010).
2009:. (December 2, 2010).
1621:. (October 19, 2010).
1492:Health Aff (Millwood)
1453:Health Aff (Millwood)
1379:. (July/August 2010).
1302:American Medical News
706:Health care rationing
355:American Medical News
145:Brookings Institution
115:A related group, the
1970:10.1056/NEJMp1104427
1846:, December 10, 2010.
1829:, December 31, 2010.
1753:. December 21, 2010.
1654:. February 17, 2011.
1276:10.1056/NEJMp1011712
1213:; to be codified at
1189:; to be codified at
1165:; to be codified at
1137:10.1056/NEJMp1005402
1093:; to be codified at
950:(December 8, 2009).
926:10.1056/NEJMp1105144
815:United States Senate
424:Former CBO directors
323:primary care doctors
188:(D-New Mexico), and
123:associated with the
2064:The Washington Post
2031:, at 41. Dec. 2010.
2021:The Moment of Truth
1909:, December 30, 2010
1907:Wall Street Journal
1844:Wall Street Journal
1767:. January 13, 2010.
1640:. November 4, 2010.
1565:. February 6, 2011.
1563:The Washington Post
1538:The Washington Post
1219:§ 1899A(g)(2).
995:on January 23, 2012
988:The Washington Post
851:. February 9, 2018.
689:Goldwater Institute
640:Wall Street Journal
624:Wall Street Journal
606:The Washington Post
587:Governor of Vermont
571:, a consultant for
466:The Washington Post
435:Douglas Holtz-Eakin
231:Senate confirmation
155:Legislative history
18:
2167:Henry Aaron, PhD.
2160:Washington, D.C.:
1862:The New York Times
1804:(July 28, 2013). "
1638:The New York Times
1426:The New York Times
1304:, October 15, 2012
1237:Kaiser Health News
981:(March 26, 2010).
957:The New York Times
886:. (July 28, 2010).
632:The New York Times
406:campaign financing
380:. You can help by
336:Medicare Advantage
332:sustainable growth
321:article predicted
318:Kaiser Health News
311:Predicted outcomes
292:Executive Schedule
281:establish a system
180:(D-North Dakota),
1948:Alain C. Enthoven
1652:Los Angeles Times
1558:R. Jeffery Smith
1540:. August 16, 2010
1270:(27): 2579–2582.
1062:Holly Stockdale.
683:Coons v. Geithner
418:industrial policy
400:Health economist
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149:special interests
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1675:
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1633:Duff Wilson
1618:
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1594:Mother Jones
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1964:(21): e44.
1920:Jon Meacham
1821:Roy, Avik,
1717:October 27,
1600:February 8,
1499:(6): 1092.
1390:Jon Meacham
753:sec. 52001.
620:death panel
582:and former
569:Howard Dean
481:Tom Daschle
461:John Cornyn
455:Politicians
184:(R-Maine),
178:Kent Conrad
2181:Categories
1667:Inside CMS
979:Ezra Klein
727:References
618:The term "
599:Editorials
584:Democratic
485:Pete Stark
244:ex officio
176:(R-Iowa),
170:Max Baucus
135:Background
121:physicians
1891:: 10, 18.
1544:March 17,
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389:July 2011
306:Reception
227:President
190:Mike Enzi
30:Formation
2137:Politico
2116:March 9,
2111:The Hill
2081:Archived
2025:Archived
2007:The Hill
1978:21561341
1929:Newsweek
1751:The Hill
1619:The Hill
1513:20530334
1476:20530343
1399:Newsweek
1358:July 31,
1330:July 31,
1284:21067374
1247:July 20,
1145:20505171
1070:Archived
999:June 18,
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883:The Hill
866:The Hill
832:The Hill
700:See also
696:appeal.
693:The Hill
503:and the
471:Phil Roe
351:Phil Roe
340:dialysis
110:Congress
46:Location
41:Medicare
2164:, 2010.
1691:May 26,
963:July 5,
792:June 1,
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677:Lawsuit
575:-based
361:Experts
328:doc fix
315:A 2009
298:Funding
196:Mission
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459:Sen.
2118:2011
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1249:2011
1141:PMID
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1001:2011
965:2011
930:PMID
794:2015
654:The
557:and
545:The
495:The
283:for
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