941:. Patrolling points are not the limits of Indian claim, because Indian claim extends beyond these patrolling points. These patrolling points were set by India as the patrolling limits for the Indian Army to patrol and avoid confrontation with the PLA to maintain peace on LAC with China, which had proved to be a superior military power in 1962 border war. According to a 2020 report by an Indian police officer, India lost access to 26 of 65 patrolling points (PP 5–17 in Depsang Plains & Depsang Bulge including Samar Lungpa & Galwan, 24-32 in Changchenmo basin, 37 in
891:, the patrolling points are said to remain well inside in LAC, despite having been revised a number of times. Former Army officers have said that patrolling points provide a better on-the-ground picture of India's limits of control. Based on location, the periodicity of visiting patrolling points can vary greatly from a few weeks to a couple of months. In some cases, the patrolling points are well-known landmarks such as mountain peaks or passes. In other cases, the pattrolling points are numbered, PP-1, PP-2 etc. There are over 65 patrolling points stretching from the
271:
322:
64:
52:
286:
341:, the Chinese premier Zhou Enlai wrote to the heads of ten African and Asian nations outlining his proposals for peace, a fundamental tenet of which was that both sides should undertake not to cross the "line of actual control". This letter was accompanied by certain maps which again identified the "line of actual control as of 7 November 1959". Margaret Fisher calls it the "line of actual control as of 7 November 1959"
1358:: "By the end of the month, Indian and Chinese media had focused attention on several points along the Indian territory of Ladakh in the western sector of the disputed border, known as the Line of Actual Control. In this sector, that official name for the boundary is a misnomer: There is no agreement on where any "line" is, nor is there a clear mutual delineation of the territory under "actual control" of either party."
675:
411:
682:
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231:
Chinese offer to withdraw twenty kilometers from what they call 'line of actual control'. What is this 'line of control'? Is this the line they have created by aggression since the beginning of
September? Advancing forty or sixty kilometers by blatant military aggression and offering to withdraw twenty kilometers provided both sides do this is a deceptive device which can fool nobody."
1792:, p. 225: 'Furthermore, the Chinese claim line differed greatly from any line held by them on 7 November 1959 and reflected their efforts to establish claims to Indian territory by force, both before and after their massive attack on Indian outposts and forces on 20 October 1962. In some places the line still went beyond the territory that the invading Chinese army had reached.'
2003:, Introduction: "While the Indian Army asked the PLA to withdraw to its original positions as per the 1976 border patrolling agreement, the PLA produced a map, which was part of the annexure to a letter written by Zhou to Nehru and the Conference of African-Asian leaders in November 1959 , to buttress its case that the new position was well within the Chinese side of the LAC."
689:
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1405:, 13 June 2020: "In contrast, the alignment of the LAC has never been agreed upon, and it has neither been delineated nor demarcated. There is no official map in the public domain that depicts the LAC. It can best be thought of as an idea, reflecting the territories that are, at present, under the control of each side, pending a resolution of the boundary dispute."
487:
595:
1780:, pp. 137–138: 'In fact, the Chinese claim that their 1956 and 1960 maps were "equally valid" was soon used to define the 1959 "line of actual control" as essentially the border shown on the 1960 map—thus incorporating several thousand additional square miles, some of which had not been seized until after the hostilities had broken out in October, 1962.'
763:
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1768:, p. 738: 'For India, the determination of the line from which the Chinese were to withdraw was of crucial importance since in this sector Chinese maps over the years had shown steadily advancing claims, with quite different lines each identified as "the line of actual control as of 7 November 1959".'
345:. Scholar Stephen Hoffmann states that the line represented not any position held by the Chinese on 7 November 1959, but rather incorporated the gains made by the Chinese army before and after the massive attack on 20 October 1962. In some cases, it went beyond the territory the Chinese army had reached.
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at a time when border infrastructure was weak. Instead of patrolling the entire border which was more than 3000 km long, troops would just be required to patrol up to the patrolling points. Over time, as infrastructure, resources and troop capability improved and increased, the patrolling points
351:
Even though the
Chinese-claimed line was not acceptable to India as the depiction of an actual position, it was apparently acceptable as the line from which the Chinese would undertake to withdraw 20 kilometres. Despite the non-acceptance by India of the Chinese proposals, the Chinese did withdraw 20
1421:
drawn the segments making up the LAC. I write "notionally" because the resulting line has not been mutually demarcated on the ground; on the contrary, in some sectors the militaries of the nation notionally claiming that area as part of the territory under their actual control have never set foot on
333:
alluded to the concept of "line of actual control", achieved a certain sanctity in
Chinese nomenclature. But there was no line defined in 1959. Scholars state that Chinese maps had shown a steadily advancing line in the western sector of the Sino-Indian boundary, each of which was identified as "the
389:
Political relations following the 1962 war only saw signs of improvement towards the later 1970s and 80s. Ties had remained strained until then also because of
Chinese attraction to Pakistan during India Pakistan wars in 1965 and 1971. Restored ambassadorial relations in 1976, a visit of the Indian
234:
Zhou responded that the LAC was "basically still the line of actual control as existed between the
Chinese and Indian sides on 7 November 1959. To put it concretely, in the eastern sector it coincides in the main with the so-called McMahon Line, and in the western and middle sectors it coincides in
393:
The 1993 agreement, signed on 7 September, was the first bilateral agreement between China and India to contain the phrase Line of Actual
Control. The agreement covered force level, consultations as a way forward and the role of a Joint Working Group. The agreement made it clear that there was an
238:
The term "LAC" gained legal recognition in Sino-Indian agreements signed in 1993 and 1996. The 1996 agreement states, "No activities of either side shall overstep the line of actual control." However, clause number 6 of the 1993 Agreement on the
Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the
230:
Scholar
Stephen Hoffmann states that Nehru was determined not to grant legitimacy to a concept that had no historical validity nor represented the situation on the ground. During the Sino-Indian War (1962), Nehru again refused to recognise the line of control: "There is no sense or meaning in the
858:
stated that China was not in favour of clarifying the LAC anymore as it would create new disputes. Similar viewpoints have been aired in India that China will keep the boundary dispute alive for as long as it can be used against India. On the other hand, there have been voices which say that
846:
In article 10 of the 1996 border agreement, both sides agreed to the exchange of maps to help clarify the alignment of the LAC. It was only in 2001 when the first in-depth discussion would take place with regard to the central/middle sectors. Maps of Sikkim were exchanged, resulting in the
390:
Prime
Minister to China in 1988, a visit of the Chinese Premier to India in 1992 and then a visit of Indian President to China in 1992 preceded the 1993 agreement. Prior to the 1993 agreement, a trade agreement was signed in 1984, followed by a cultural cooperation agreement in 1988.
871:
identified patrol points to which Indian forces would patrol. This was a better representation of how far India could patrol towards its perceived LAC and delimited India's limits of actual control. These periodic patrols were performed by both sides, and often crisscrossed.
1385:: "The entire length of the 4,056 km Sino-Indian border is disputed by China and exists today as a notional Line of Actual Control. This line is not marked on the ground, and the two countries do not share a common perception of where the line runs."
359:
to develop peace proposals for India and China. Their proposals formalised the
Chinese pledge of 20-kilometre withdrawal and the same line was used, labelled as "the line from which the Chinese forces will withdraw 20 km."
1327:
The claimed line in this location is "new" in that it is well beyond the 1956 and 1960 claim lines of China, the latter having been called the "traditional customary boundary". It is said to be 19 km beyond it, in Indian
239:
Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas mentions, "The two sides agree that references to the line of actual control in this Agreement do not prejudice their respective positions on the boundary question".
1688:
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were revised. The concept of patrol points came about well before India officially accepted the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Patrolling points give a more realistic on–ground guide of India's limits of actual control.
213:
in the east and "the line up to which each side exercises actual control in the west". Nehru rejected the proposal stating that there was complete disagreement between the two governments over the facts of possession:
1417:, p. 384: "An unending source of friction and tension between China and India has been the undefined nature of the LAC... Connecting the points effectively held by either China or India, the two governments have
1545:
394:"ultimate solution to the boundary question between the two countries" which remained pending. It was also agreed that "the two sides agree that references to the line of actual control in this Agreement do not
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The "line between two states that marks the limits of sovereign jurisdiction" or "a line agreed upon by both states and normally delineated on maps and demarcated on the ground by both sides" as explained by
1398:
242:
The Indian government claims that Chinese troops continue to illegally enter the area hundreds of times every year, including aerial sightings and intrusions. In 2013, there was a three-week standoff (
2603:
2138:
2940:
1224:"A zone between the two states, nations, or civilizations. It is frequently also an area where peoples, nations, and cultures intermingle and are in contact with one another" as explained by
851:
writes that a drawback of the process of exchanging maps as a starting point to clarify the LAC was that it gave both sides an "incentive to exaggerate their claims of where the LAC lay".
325:
Map 2: This Indian map shows various lines, including the red line, representing India's view of the position in 1959, and the blue line, representing the position prior to the 1962 war.
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1685:
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The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is a notional demarcation line that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory in the Sino-Indian border dispute.
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as the "line up to which each side exercises actual control", but rejected by Nehru as being incoherent. Subsequently, the term came to refer to the line formed after the
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250:. It was resolved and both Chinese and Indian troops withdrew in exchange for an Indian agreement to destroy some military structures over 250 km to the south near
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1887:
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1058:. There have been several incursions by the China in this area. Due to the different perception of the border India and China and continuing Chinese incursions in
2674:
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pasture, 51 & 52 in Demchok & Chardhing Nala, 62 in Chumar) in Ladakh due to being restricted by China. India's opposition party Congress claims that the
1395:
257:
In October 2013, India and China signed a border defence cooperation agreement to ensure that patrolling along the LAC does not escalate into armed conflict.
384:
192:
2660:
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It is obvious that there is complete disagreement between the two Governments even about the facts of possession. An agreement about the observance of the
2179:"Agreement between India and China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas"
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209:
In a letter dated 7 November 1959, Zhou proposed to Nehru that the armed forces of the two sides should withdraw 20 kilometres from the so-called
2520:
1980:
1726:
847:"Memorandum on Expanding Border Trade". However the process of exchange of maps soon collapsed in 2002–2003 when other sectors were brought up.
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206:. In 1993, India and China agreed to respect of the 'Line of Actual Control' in a bilateral agreement, without demarcating the line itself.
2693:
2537:
1910:, The Indian Express, 17 October 2011. "Nehru also rejected emphatically China's definition of the LAC as it existed on November 7, 1959."
1939:
1512:
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3311:
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At the end of the 1962 war, India demanded that the Chinese withdraw to their positions on 8 September 1962 (the blue line in Map 2).
114:
The LAC is different from the borders claimed by each country in the Sino-Indian border dispute. The Indian claims include the entire
43:
2031:
1655:
1672:
1368:
Joshi, Manoj (2015), "The Media in the Making of Indian Foreign Policy", in David Malone; C. Raja Mohan; Srinath Raghavan (eds.),
1829:
Karackattu, Joe Thomas (2020). "The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan".
3301:
918:
146:
2095:"PA-X: Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas"
348:
India's understanding of the 1959 line passed through Haji Langar, Shamal Lungpa and Kongka La (the red line shown on Map 2).
3321:
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1271:
1198:
1643:
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that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. The concept was introduced by Chinese premier
1884:
1203:
BPMs are locations the LAC where the armies of both countries hold meetings to resolve border issues and improve relations.
2971:
1614:
243:
3076:
3031:
2484:"LAC standoff | 10 patrolling points in eastern Ladakh blocked by Chinese People's Liberation Army, says senior official"
925:
wrote that "since April, Indian troops have been denied access to PPs numbered 9, 10, 11, 12, 12A, 13, 14, 15, 17, 17A."
2116:
1989:
Ligne au dela de la quelle les forces Chinoises se retirent de 20 km. selon les propositions de la Conférence de Colombo
1669:"Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas"
3191:
3091:
3051:
3046:
3296:
921:, the patrolling points under dispute included PPs 10 to 13, 14, 15, 17, and 17A. On 18 September 2020, an article in
657:
275:
56:
35:
2957:, marked on OpenStreetMap represents the Line of Actual Control in the east and south (including the Demchok sector).
2977:
2743:, p. 3–4 (ebook), Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. The 1993 Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement with China.
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92:
3216:
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in the 1970s to optimize patrolling effectiveness and resource utilization along the disputed and non-demarcarted
270:
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1991:(Line beyond which the Chinese forces will withdraw 20 km. according to the proposals of the Colombo Conference)"
1244:
3206:
3096:
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2014:
3316:
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2836:
3196:
3086:
3036:
2208:
1039:, a sub range of Karakoram Range, runs from Chushul along southern shore of Panggong Tso on India-China LAC.
3238:
3115:
2840:
138:
3071:
179:
The term "line of actual control" originally referred only to the boundary in the western sector after the
2249:"Documents signed between India and China during Prime Minister Vajpayee's visit to China (June 23, 2003)"
1723:
1315:
395:
364:
352:
kilometres from this line, and henceforth continued to depict it as the "line of actual control of 1959".
171:
on the Indian side and the Tibet autonomous region on the Chinese side. This sector generally follows the
3056:
1907:
1482:
2885:
2362:
2076:
1610:
1281:
1120:
681:
417:
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This line was essentially forgotten by both sides till 2013, when the Chinese PLA revived it during its
51:
2117:"De-escalation process underway: 2 LAC flashpoints are not in list of identified areas still contested"
1747:
1248:, where volunteer martial artists from India and China fight to move the line in skirmishes covered on
674:
410:
2446:, p. Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. The 1993 Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement with China.
2230:
1975:
321:
3120:
2954:
2204:
3127:
2636:
934:
2675:"Galwan Valley clash with China shows that India has discarded the 'differing perceptions' theory"
1546:"Agreement On The Maintenance Of Peace Along The Line Of Actual Control In The India-China Border"
3211:
2774:
1854:
1553:
880:
633:
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1709:
1177:
Limits of actual control is determined by patrolling points and the limits of actual patrolling.
1028:
PP18 to PP23 — southeast of Gogra, from the Silung Barma (Chang Chenmo River tributary) towards
1000:, a mutually agreed before zone has been created due to which India is unable to access this PP.
235:
the main with the traditional customary line which has consistently been pointed out by China."
993:
from Y-Junction to Raki Nala (PP10), Y-Junction to Jivan Nala (PP13), and in between these two.
63:
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1932:
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1213:
970:
876:
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168:
123:
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Both sides agree the location is disputed; as compared to just one side disputing a location.
967:: two important subranges in disputed area are Changchenmo Range and Pangong Range as below.
202:. The boundary existed only as an informal cease-fire line between India and China after the
3221:
3169:
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1838:
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157:
104:
96:
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1984:
1891:
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1692:
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1402:
1239:
1185:
The various patrol routes to the limits of patrolling are called the limits of patrolling.
1153:
PPs within the LAC and the patrol routes that join them are known as limits of patrolling.
1075:
964:
338:
247:
203:
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108:
39:
31:
2601:
India, China’s stand on Hot Springs has 2 sticking points — Chang Chenmo, 1959 Claim Line
2139:"Indian Army focussing on locations along LAC where Doklam-like flashpoints could happen"
1495:"Line Of Actual Control: China And India Again Squabbling Over Disputed Himalayan Border"
1668:
902:
The patrolling points within the LAC and the patrol routes that join them are known as '
3259:
2231:"The India-China Border Question: An Analysis of International Law and State Practices"
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76:
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1437:"Line of Actual Control (LAC): Where it is located, and where India and China differ"
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946:
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2462:"India-China LAC Standoff: Know what are patrolling points and what do they signify"
798:
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Points along LAC to which troops patrol; as compared to patrolling the entire area.
1008:
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210:
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68:
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17:
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1885:
Chinese Aggression in Maps: Ten maps, with an introduction and explanatory notes
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1977:
ILLUSTRATION DES PROPOSITIONS DE LA CONFERENCE DE COLOMBO - SECTEUR OCCIDENTAL
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72:
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Line of Actual Control: Where it is located, and where India and China differ
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2555:
If India loses grip on Kailash Range, PLA will make sure we never get it back
2538:
Ladakh: Local Herders Clash With Chinese Soldiers Over Access to Grazing Land
2495:
2335:
1850:
1686:"Chinese Troops Had Dismantled Bunkers on Indian Side of LoAC in August 2011"
892:
145:
autonomous regions on the Chinese side. This sector was the location of the
2094:
1526:
Wheeler, Travis (2019). "Clarify and Respect the Line of Actual Control".
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In December 1962, representatives of six African and Asian nations met in
337:
On 24 October 1962, after the initial thrust of the Chinese forces in the
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1055:
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The 1956 and 1960 claim lines of China in the western sector, map by the
142:
2588:
5 maps that tell you all you want to know about India vs China in Ladakh
2571:"India deploys troops and tanks in Ladakh to counter Chinese deployment"
1351:"India'S Pangong Pickle: New Delhi's options after its clash with China"
910:. The various patrol routes to the limits of patrolling are called the '
2778:
1801:
1079:
1059:
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on the Indian side and the Tibet autonomous region on the Chinese side.
2757:
Fisher, Margaret W. (March 1964), "India in 1963: A Year of Travail",
2161:"Defence forces on toes in six areas along LAC in Arunachal Pradesht"
1933:"Premier Zhou Letter to Prime Minister Nehru dated November 07, 1959"
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1963:
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in this area, while the ruling government has denied the charges as
183:, but during the 1990s came to refer to the entire de facto border.
126:. These claims are not included in the concept of "actual control".
3138:
2983:
2509:
Patrolling points do not define the Indian claim in East Ladakh LAC
808:
616:
2293:"Indo-China row signals breakdown of confidence building measures"
1513:"Why Chinese PLA troops target Yangtse, one of 25 contested areas"
1291:
1054:
PP35 to PP37 — in Skakjung pasture & near China-administered
269:
67:
The western portion of the Line of Actual Control, separating the
2785:
Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963),
2395:"Month before standoff, China blocked 5 patrol points in Depsang"
2980:: maps showing the Indian and Pakistani positions on the border.
2799:
The Himalayan Face-Off: Chinese Assertion and the Indian Riposte
1396:
Line of Actual Control | India-China: the line of actual contest
906:'. Some army officers call this the "LAC within the LAC" or the
3142:
2987:
1922:, Map 6: "India's forward policy, a Chinese view", p. 105.
191:
The term "line of actual control" is said to have been used by
2521:
Has India lost 26 of 65 patrolling points to China in Ladakh?
2427:"Patrolling Points: What do these markers on the LAC signify?"
280:
2000:
887:
Most patrolling points are close to the LAC. However, in the
222:
would, therefore, be meaningless as the facts concerning the
2393:
Subramanian, Nirupama; Kaushik, Krishn (20 September 2020).
1778:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1479:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
246:) between Indian and Chinese troops 30 km southeast of
2974:
by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, 13 May 2007
2721:"India-China Standoff : Contracting Options in Ladakh"
2081:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China
859:
clarifying the LAC would be beneficial for both countries.
55:
Line of Actual Control between China and India (map by the
2477:
2475:
2016:
China-India Relations: Strategic Engagement and Challenges
1894:, Publications Division, Government of India, 1963. Map 2.
1748:
China, India sign deal aimed at soothing Himalayan tension
1125:
Different views related to where the LAC lies. Similarly,
329:
The date of 7 November 1959, on which the Chinese premier
2324:"Clarifying LAC could create new disputes: Chinese envoy"
1724:"India Destroyed Bunkers in Chumar to Resolve Ladakh Row"
1422:
it, or have done so only temporarily, or only recently."
2899:
The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina
2456:
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and Tibet is an agreed border, dating back to the 1890
816:, on the LAC and tri-junction areas— Locations include
297:
2274:"India, China exchange maps to resolve border dispute"
398:
their respective positions on the boundary question".
2874:"India 2020: Confronting China, Aligning with the US"
2788:
Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh
2619:
1816:
1765:
1630:, p. Chapter 1(section: The India-China Border).
1238:
The Line of Actual Control is one of the settings in
2855:
Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy
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for different views related to areas along the LAC.
812:sensitive and disputed locations, and locations of
620:sensitive and disputed locations, and locations of
2661:Chinese troops make 2 incursion attempts in Ladakh
2055:Embassy of the People's Republic Of China in India
371:Line separating the forces before 8 September 1962
79:, only two claim lines are shown (map by the CIA).
1414:
1349:Clary, Christopher; Narang, Vipin (2 July 2020),
854:On 30 July 2020, the Chinese Ambassador to India
129:The LAC is generally divided into three sectors:
2694:"What explains the India-China border flare-up?"
2363:"Clarify and Respect the Line of Actual Control"
1902:
1900:
2101:. 1993 – via The University of Edinburgh.
2024:Institut français des relations internationales
334:line of actual control as of 7 November 1959".
216:
118:region and the Chinese claims include Zangnan (
2740:
2443:
2348:
2309:
1802:Whiting, Chinese calculus of deterrence (1975)
1710:"India: Army 'mistook planets for spy drones'"
1627:
3154:
2999:
1987:, claudearpi.net, retrieved 1 October 2020. "
1528:Off Ramps from Confrontation in Southern Asia
875:Patrolling Points were identified by India's
8:
2137:Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (21 January 2018).
1371:The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy
385:Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
1964:Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990)
1920:Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990)
1873:Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990)
1790:Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990)
1574:Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990)
1459:Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990)
254:that the Chinese perceived as threatening.
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3147:
3139:
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2984:
2972:Why China is playing hardball in Arunachal
1454:
1452:
1450:
949:-ruled government of India is covering up
2550:
2548:
2546:
2224:
2222:
1812:
1810:
1078:has adversely affected the life of local
27:Disputed boundary between China and India
2841:"Eastern Ladakh, the Longer Perspective"
1374:, Oxford University Press, p. 274,
320:
198:in a 1959 note to Indian Prime Minister
62:
50:
2719:Bedi, Lt Gen (Retd.) AS (4 June 2020).
2533:
2531:
2529:
2051:"The Relations between China and India"
1699:. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
1341:
1303:
2045:
2043:
989:PP10 to PP13 including PP11A — in the
1945:from the original on 9 September 2022
7:
2937:India-China Relations A New Paradigm
2482:Singh, Vijaita (18 September 2020).
2229:Pandey, Utkarsh (16 December 2020).
2159:Kalita, Prabin (19 September 2020).
2077:"Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique"
2001:Gupta, The Himalayan Face-off (2014)
1737:. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
1671:. United Nations. 7 September 1993.
1430:
1428:
163:the eastern sector between Zangnan (
1161:Limits of patrolling also known as
804:Eastern sector (Sikkim not shown).
2822:, University of California Press,
2673:Srivastava, Niraj (24 June 2020).
1675:from the original on 10 June 2017.
1115:Glossary of border related terms:
933:India has 65 patrolling points in
44:Line of Contact (Nagorno-Karabakh)
25:
2923:Unnithan, Sandeep (30 May 2020).
2791:, Praeger – via archive.org
2322:Krishnan, Ananth (30 July 2020).
973:- a subrange of Karakoram range.
3327:Politics of the Kashmir conflict
3307:History of the Republic of India
2902:, University of Michigan Press,
2692:Krishnan, Ananth (24 May 2020).
2511:, Hindustan Times, 26 Sept 2022.
1003:PP15 — on the watershed between
807:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
687:
680:
673:
615:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
423:
416:
409:
284:
3292:1962 in international relations
2872:Torri, Michelguglielmo (2020),
2858:, Brookings Institution Press,
2663:, Hindustan Times, 26 Jul 2014.
2425:Singh, Sushant (13 July 2020).
2361:Wheeler, Travis (10 May 2019).
960:Listed by the mountain ranges.
2847:, Observer Research Foundation
2557:, The Print, 12 November 2020.
2115:Singh, Sushant (4 June 2020).
1435:Singh, Sushant (1 June 2020).
1272:Border Personnel Meeting point
1199:Border Personnel Meeting point
1190:Mutually agreed disputed spots
1127:areas of differing perceptions
929:List of numbered patrol points
1:
2896:Whiting, Allen Suess (1975),
1843:10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726
1615:Blinken Open Society Archives
1104:PP 62 to 65 in Chumar sector.
1090:: Demchok and Chardhing Nala
343:as published in November 1962
244:2013 Daulat Beg Oldi incident
3287:1962 establishments in India
3282:1962 establishments in China
2925:"Standing up to a stand-off"
2816:Hoffmann, Steven A. (1990),
2620:Joshi, Eastern Ladakh (2021)
2291:Joshi, Manoj (8 June 2020).
2026:: Center for Asian Studies.
2013:Li, Zhang (September 2010).
1863:See Fig. 1, p. 592
1817:Fisher, India in 1963 (1964)
1766:Fisher, India in 1963 (1964)
1613:on 17 July 2011 – via
1499:International Business Times
1142:Line of Actual Control (LAC)
612:Northern and middle sector.
2935:Rup Narayan Das (May 2013)
2852:Menon, Shivshankar (2016),
2610:, The Print, 14 April 2022.
919:2020 China–India skirmishes
147:2020 China–India skirmishes
137:on the Indian side and the
133:the western sector between
36:Actual Ground Position Line
3343:
2819:India and the China Crisis
2590:, The Print, 23 Sept 2020.
2209:"Talks Know No Boundaries"
1641:India-China border dispute
1287:Sino-Indian border dispute
382:
152:the middle sector between
93:Sino-Indian border dispute
29:
2641:archive.indianexpress.com
2099:Peace Agreements Database
2036:– via www.ifri.org.
1890:27 September 2020 at the
1753:24 September 2015 at the
1607:"Chou's Latest Proposals"
1586:Maxwell, Neville (1999).
937:, from Karakoram Pass to
266:1956 and 1960 claim lines
91:), in the context of the
3246:Macartney-MacDonald Line
2929:India Today, 30 May 2020
2540:, The Wire, 30 Jan 2024.
2280:. PTI. 29 November 2002.
1908:The Colombo ‘compromise’
1415:Torri, India 2020 (2020)
1174:Limits of actual control
402:Clarification of the LAC
226:are themselves disputed.
30:Not to be confused with
2796:Gupta, Shishir (2014),
2523:, The Week, 25 Jan 2023
1983:12 October 2020 at the
1646:28 October 2022 at the
1401:9 February 2021 at the
1018:PP16, PP17 and PP17A —
976:PP1 to PP3 — near the
955:"politically motivated"
367:as a new border claim.
2599:Lt. Gen. H. S. Panag,
1316:Convention of Calcutta
951:"territorial setbacks"
867:In the 1970s, India's
624:, on the LAC— such as
589:North of Kugrang River
326:
317:LAC of 7 November 1959
278:
228:
85:Line of Actual Control
80:
60:
3322:International borders
3312:China–India relations
3177:International borders
2741:Menon, Choices (2016)
2577:. ANI. 4 August 2020.
2466:The Financial Express
2444:Menon, Choices (2016)
2349:Menon, Choices (2016)
2312:, p. 21 (ebook).
2310:Menon, Choices (2016)
1691:30 April 2013 at the
1628:Menon, Choices (2016)
1560:on 24 September 2015.
1282:Sino-Indian relations
1121:Differing perceptions
1101:PP61? in Nilung Nala.
814:differing perceptions
622:differing perceptions
324:
273:
103:in a 1959 letter to
66:
54:
3121:Frontier Closed Area
1729:24 July 2013 at the
1712:. BBC. 25 July 2013.
1150:Limits of patrolling
1020:Kugrang River Valley
904:limits of patrolling
261:Evolution of the LAC
204:1962 Sino-Indian War
181:1962 Sino-Indian War
109:1962 Sino-Indian War
2978:Two maps of Kashmir
2606:2 July 2022 at the
2083:. 23 December 1988.
1804:, pp. 123–124.
1639:Sali, M.L., (2008)
1588:"India's China War"
1534:. pp. 113–114.
1515:. 14 December 2022.
1310:The border between
1182:Lines of patrolling
912:lines of patrolling
806:Red dots represent
614:Red dots represent
577:N&S Pangong Tso
3302:China–India border
3297:Geography of India
2966:The Indian Express
2802:, Hachette India,
2637:"The Ladakh drift"
2431:The Indian Express
2399:The Indian Express
2278:The Times of India
2165:The Times of India
2121:The Indian Express
1819:, pp. 738–739
1594:on 22 August 2008.
1554:The Stimson Center
1441:The Indian Express
1163:LAC within the LAC
1111:Border terminology
881:China-India border
636:, north and south
493:East of Point 6556
445:North Samar Lungpa
327:
296:. You can help by
279:
81:
75:. In the southern
61:
18:India–China border
3269:
3268:
3231:Demarcation lines
3136:
3135:
3124:
2955:Borders of Ladakh
2909:978-0-472-96900-5
2865:978-0-8157-2911-2
2829:978-0-520-06537-6
2809:978-93-5009-606-2
2635:(26 April 2013).
2183:peacemaker.un.org
2057:. 2 February 2002
1605:J. C. K. (1962).
1394:Ananth Krishnan,
1381:978-0-19-874353-8
1267:Arunachal Pradesh
1245:Termination Shock
1226:Shivshankar Menon
971:Changchenmo Range
877:China Study Group
869:China Study Group
849:Shivshankar Menon
841:
665:
601:Area of Kongka La
541:opposite Dumchele
365:Depsang incursion
314:
313:
169:Arunachal Pradesh
124:Arunachal Pradesh
16:(Redirected from
3334:
3170:Borders of India
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3118:
3015:Borders of China
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2932:
2912:
2892:
2868:
2848:
2832:
2812:
2792:
2781:
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2738:
2729:
2728:
2725:www.vifindia.org
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2575:Deccan Chronicle
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2207:(17 July 2001).
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1618:
1609:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
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1590:. Archived from
1583:
1577:
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1556:. Archived from
1542:
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1357:
1355:War on the Rocks
1346:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1158:Actual LAC (ALC)
1093:PP 38 to ?.
1082:nomadic herders.
1022:, the last near
982:PP4 to PP9 — in
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200:Jawaharlal Nehru
158:Himachal Pradesh
105:Jawaharlal Nehru
97:demarcation line
95:, is a notional
21:
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2960:Sushant Singh,
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2917:Further reading
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1011:basins (called
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40:Line of Contact
32:Line of Control
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2468:. 9 July 2020.
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2253:www.mea.gov.in
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2143:Economic Times
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1966:, p. 226.
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1837:(3): 590–604.
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312:
311:
305:September 2020
291:
289:
267:
264:
262:
259:
188:
185:
177:
176:
161:
150:
77:Demchok region
69:Eastern Ladakh
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3339:
3328:
3325:
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2279:
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2250:
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2241:
2236:
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2225:
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2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
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2171:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
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2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:9782865927746
2029:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Asian Affairs
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
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1762:
1759:
1756:
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1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:1-4343-6971-4
1653:
1649:
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1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1576:, p. 80.
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1501:. 3 May 2013.
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
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1364:
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1356:
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1335:
1324:
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1307:
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1233:
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1223:
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1219:
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1207:
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1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
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1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
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1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:Kailash Range
1048:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:Pangong Range
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:Galwan Valley
995:
992:
991:Depsang Bulge
988:
985:
981:
979:
975:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
952:
948:
947:Narendra Modi
944:
940:
936:
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
882:
878:
873:
870:
863:Patrol points
862:
860:
857:
852:
850:
839:
835:
831:
830:Sumdorong Chu
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
799:
769:Sumdorong Chu
733:Fish-Tail -II
683:
676:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:Kugrang River
631:
627:
623:
618:
607:
419:
412:
401:
399:
397:
391:
386:
378:
376:
370:
368:
366:
361:
358:
353:
349:
346:
344:
340:
335:
332:
323:
316:
308:
299:
295:
292:This section
290:
287:
283:
282:
277:
272:
265:
260:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
215:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
194:
186:
184:
182:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:
130:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
70:
65:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3258:
3253:McMahon Line
3251:
3244:
3239:Johnson Line
3237:
3201:
3183:
3106:
3041:
3022:
2965:
2941:
2928:
2898:
2881:
2877:
2854:
2844:
2837:Joshi, Manoj
2818:
2798:
2787:
2762:
2759:Asian Survey
2758:
2751:Bibliography
2724:
2714:
2697:
2687:
2678:
2668:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2640:
2627:
2615:
2595:
2583:
2574:
2516:
2504:
2487:
2465:
2439:
2430:
2398:
2366:
2356:
2344:
2327:
2317:
2305:
2296:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2234:
2212:
2205:Dixit, J. N.
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2164:
2142:
2120:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2054:
2015:
2008:
1996:
1988:
1976:
1971:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:
1880:
1868:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1742:
1735:Defense News
1734:
1718:
1704:
1696:
1681:
1663:
1635:
1623:
1611:the original
1600:
1592:the original
1581:
1558:the original
1549:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1440:
1418:
1410:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1323:
1306:
1277:McMahon Line
1250:social media
1243:
1237:
1166:
1162:
1134:Patrol Point
1126:
1114:
959:
954:
950:
932:
922:
916:
911:
907:
903:
901:
886:
874:
866:
853:
845:
745:Fish-Tail -I
642:Spanggur Gap
565:Spanggur Gap
505:Trig Heights
392:
388:
374:
362:
354:
350:
347:
342:
336:
328:
302:
298:adding to it
293:
256:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
219:
217:
211:McMahon Line
208:
190:
178:
173:McMahon Line
128:
113:
88:
84:
82:
48:
3185:Afghanistan
3077:North Korea
3032:Afghanistan
2633:Stobdan, P.
2258:27 February
2189:27 February
2061:16 February
1949:9 September
1697:India Today
1550:stimson.org
1328:estimation.
1042:PP24 to PP?
1030:Pangong Tso
1013:Jianan Pass
917:During the
856:Sun Weidong
644:, opposite
638:Pangong Tso
632:, north of
630:Kongka Pass
165:South Tibet
154:Uttarakhand
120:South Tibet
3276:Categories
3192:Bangladesh
3092:Tajikistan
3052:Kyrgyzstan
3047:Kazakhstan
2890:2562568306
2878:Asia Major
2646:30 October
1650:, p. 185,
1419:notionally
1336:References
1262:Aksai Chin
1234:In fiction
1167:actual LAC
1015:by China).
996:PP14 — in
908:actual LAC
834:Dichu area
757:Dichu area
628:, area of
331:Zhou Enlai
224:status quo
220:status quo
196:Zhou Enlai
116:Aksai Chin
101:Zhou Enlai
73:Aksai Chin
3222:Sri Lanka
3187:(claimed)
3116:Hong Kong
2706:0971-751X
2698:The Hindu
2679:Scroll.in
2496:0971-751X
2488:The Hindu
2336:0971-751X
2328:The Hindu
1859:222093756
1851:0306-8374
1746:Reuters.
1242:'s novel
923:The Hindu
893:Karakoram
658:Tashigang
469:Tashigang
396:prejudice
3217:Pakistan
3107:Internal
3082:Pakistan
3062:Mongolia
2886:ProQuest
2839:(2021),
2604:Archived
1981:Archived
1940:Archived
1888:Archived
1751:Archived
1727:Archived
1689:Archived
1673:Archived
1644:Archived
1399:Archived
1256:See also
1208:Boundary
1072:Phobrang
1056:Dumchele
943:Skakjung
818:Asaphila
793:Asaphila
697:200miles
662:Barahoti
646:Dumchele
481:Barahoti
433:200miles
187:Overview
143:Xinjiang
3207:Myanmar
3097:Vietnam
3067:Myanmar
2779:3023561
1214:S Menon
1080:Changpa
1076:Demchok
1060:Chushul
1005:Kugrang
626:Depsang
517:Demchok
357:Colombo
3197:Bhutan
3087:Russia
3037:Bhutan
2906:
2888:
2862:
2826:
2806:
2777:
2704:
2494:
2334:
2185:. 1996
2030:
1857:
1849:
1654:
1378:
1312:Sikkim
1221:Border
1074:, and
1068:Dungti
1064:Chumur
1009:Galwan
939:Chumar
897:Chumar
838:Doklam
826:Longju
822:Doklam
781:Longju
721:Lamang
709:Dibang
654:Kaurik
529:Chumar
457:Kaurik
252:Chumar
135:Ladakh
3212:Nepal
3202:China
3128:Macau
3072:Nepal
3042:India
2775:JSTOR
2020:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1855:S2CID
1481:, p.
1461:, p.
1298:Notes
1292:Tibet
1024:Gogra
695:300km
431:300km
139:Tibet
42:, or
3057:Laos
2942:IDSA
2904:ISBN
2882:XXXI
2860:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2702:ISSN
2648:2020
2492:ISSN
2332:ISSN
2260:2021
2191:2021
2063:2021
2028:ISBN
1951:2022
1847:ISSN
1652:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1007:and
156:and
141:and
83:The
71:and
2845:Orf
2767:doi
2297:ORF
2235:ORF
1839:doi
1483:137
1165:or
914:'.
895:to
300:.
276:CIA
89:LAC
57:CIA
3278::
2964:,
2939:.
2927:.
2884:,
2880:,
2876:,
2843:,
2773:,
2761:,
2733:^
2723:.
2700:.
2696:.
2677:.
2639:.
2573:.
2562:^
2545:^
2528:^
2490:.
2486:.
2474:^
2464:.
2451:^
2429:.
2407:^
2397:.
2375:^
2365:.
2330:.
2326:.
2295:.
2276:.
2251:.
2233:.
2221:^
2211:.
2181:.
2163:.
2151:^
2141:.
2129:^
2119:.
2107:^
2097:.
2079:.
2053:.
2042:^
2022:.
1938:.
1899:^
1853:.
1845:.
1835:51
1833:.
1809:^
1733:.
1695:.
1566:^
1552:.
1548:.
1530:.
1497:.
1469:^
1463:80
1449:^
1439:.
1427:^
1353:,
1252:.
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
957:.
899:.
836:,
832:,
828:,
824:,
820:,
664:..
660:,
656:,
652:,
648:,
640:,
167:)/
122:)/
111:.
38:,
34:,
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3123:)
3119:(
3109::
3025::
3007:e
3000:t
2993:v
2931:.
2769::
2763:4
2727:.
2708:.
2681:.
2650:.
2498:.
2433:.
2401:.
2369:.
2338:.
2299:.
2262:.
2237:.
2215:.
2193:.
2167:.
2145:.
2123:.
2065:.
1953:.
1861:.
1841::
1658:.
1617:.
1443:.
1318:.
1228:.
1216:.
1169:.
986:.
840:.
307:)
303:(
175:.
149:.
87:(
59:)
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
