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It was a long road for the Indian wine industry to recover from the devastation at the end of the 19th century. Unfavorable religious and public opinion on alcohol developed and culminated in the 1950s when
596:
is the most widely planted grape in India, cover more than half of the 148,000 acres (60,000 ha) planted in the country. In addition to the imported French varieties that
Chateau Indage planted,
168:
of the 2nd and 1st millennia, the tribes of the region were known for their indulgence in intoxicating drink and it seems probable that wine was a current beverage. The religious text of the
447:. Summertime temperature can get as hot as 45 °C and wintertime lows can fall to 8 °C. During the peak growing season between June and August, rainfall averages 625-1,500 mm.
561:
normally takes place in
February and is usually done by hand. In the very warm wine regions of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, grapevines can produce a crop twice a year.
23:
The major wine regions of India highlighted. To the north is
Kashmir and Punjab. To the south (clockwise from top) is Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Goa.
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along slopes and hillsides to benefit from cooler air and some protection from wind. The altitude of India's vineyards typically range from around 200 m in
203:. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as
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271:, viticulture and winemaking was strongly encouraged as a domestic source for the British colonists. Vineyards were planted extensively through the
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The heat and humidity of India's wine region dictate many of the viticultural choices that are made in the vineyards. Vines are often trained on
368:. Other wineries soon followed as the emergence of India's growing middle class fueled the growth and development of the Indian wine industry.
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started increasing demand for the beverage. By the turn of the 21st century, demand was increasing at a rate of 20-30% a year. The city of
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production. In the 1980s and 1990s, a revival in the Indian wine industry took place as international influences and the growing
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and highly alcoholic. The turning point of the modern Indian wine industry occurred in the early 1980s with the founding of
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549:. The canopy protects the grapes against sunburn and rows are spaced wide to help with aeration between the vines.
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315:. Vineyards were either uprooted or encouraged to convert to table grape and raisin production. Some areas, like
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has existed throughout most of India's history but was particularly encouraged during the time of the
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508:. The high heat and humidity of the far eastern half of the country limits viticultural activity.
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to increase canopy cover and to get the grapes off the ground where they would be more prone to
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for winemaking to thrive. The summer growing season in India tends to be very hot and prone to
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is essential for the vines given the hot weather. The tropical conditions often promote high
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of India, historians believe that these early plantings were used mostly for table grapes or
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192:. The first known mention of grape-based wines was in the late 4th century BC writings of
472:. Some of India's larger wine producing areas are located in Maharashtra, Karnataka near
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The average Indian wine drinker can’t tell a
Cabernet Sauvignon from a Sauvignon blanc
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39:. The main reason for this can be attributed to the fact that Indians preference for
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for example, who were fond of wine. In the 16th century, Portuguese colonists at
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40:
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1941:
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being the most common. Popular non-native grapes include the
Bangalore Blue (
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in India range from the more temperate climate of the northwestern state of
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In the centuries that would follow, wine became the privileged drink of the
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mentions at least one alcoholic drink that may have been wine related -
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in the country is a mere 9 millilitres, approximately 1/8000th that of
19:
243:. However, there are written reports about at least one Mughal ruler,
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table grape varieties that can also be used in wine production with
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have started to establish a presence in the Indian wine industry.
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rather than the production of an alcoholic beverage. During the
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2013:
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epidemic made its way to country and devastated its vineyards.
328:
319:, continued to produce wine but the product was normally very
316:
252:
31:
market is small but growing; annual per capita consumption of
2009:
90:
louse take its toll on the Indian wine industry, followed by
484:. Within the Maharashtra region, vineyards are found on the
55:
in India has a long history, dating back to the time of the
47:
boasts nearly 98% of market share whereas wine with low
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717:
Third
Edition pg 355-356 Oxford University Press 2006
557:
which requires frequent pruning throughout the year.
423:. Many of India's wine regions also fall within the
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734:Month-long wine festival in Maharastra’s Nashik
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8:
335:winemakers, The Tonia Group began to import
239:, alcohol was prohibited in accordance with
63:were believed to have been introduced from
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2018:
2010:
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313:many of India's states prohibited alcohol
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2210:Clarification and stabilization of wine
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427:. Vineyards are then planted at higher
130:is called the "Wine Capital of India".
216:or dominant class while the oppressed
86:. The end of the 19th century saw the
7:
263:soon spread to other regions. Under
688:Indians love hard liquor, shun wine
180:which seems to have been a type of
148:A 19th century reproduction of the
110:encouraged vineyards to convert to
564:Southern India is home to several
220:typically drank alcohol made from
14:
1294:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
285:Calcutta International Exhibition
2710:
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2273:
1981:
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439:, 800 m along the slopes of the
196:, who was the chief minister of
715:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
468:down to the southern state of
51:only has 2% market share. The
1:
2236:Glossary of viticulture terms
405:While a large portion of the
364:and started making still and
2241:Glossary of winemaking terms
92:religious and public opinion
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2161:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
518:Category:Wineries of India
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454:
375:
137:
98:. Following the country's
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2251:History of the wine press
2141:Sparkling wine production
1975:
1244:
331:. With the assistance of
57:Indus Valley civilization
2246:Wine tasting descriptors
1967:Wine tasting descriptors
1896:Phenolic content in wine
1788:Alternative wine closure
1372:Great French Wine Blight
648:List of Indian beverages
283:regions. In 1883 at the
232:. Under the rule of the
2136:Malolactic fermentation
2693:Category:Indian drinks
964:Bosnia and Herzegovina
534:
402:
307:
259:and the production of
153:
24:
2335:List of Indian drinks
1937:Wine and food pairing
525:
455:Further information:
425:tropical climate band
393:
372:Climate and geography
297:
147:
22:
2758:Agriculture in India
1588:Muscat of Alexandria
638:Agriculture in India
512:Viticulture and wine
241:Islamic dietary laws
156:Regarding the first
16:Wine making in India
2422:Jil jil jigarthanda
2166:Yeast in winemaking
2118:Carbonic maceration
407:Indian subcontinent
201:Chandragupta Maurya
94:moving towards the
2156:Traditional method
1957:Wine personalities
1661:Cabernet Sauvignon
535:
526:Tasting cellar at
457:Nashik valley wine
403:
382:Geography of India
346:Cabernet Sauvignon
308:
298:Indian variant of
154:
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2057:Late harvest wine
2007:
2006:
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1641:Alicante Bouschet
1389:Judgment of Paris
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713:J. Robinson (ed)
610:Clairette Blanche
409:is not ideal for
108:Indian government
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1901:Proteins in wine
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140:History of India
126:in the state of
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643:History of wine
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547:fungal diseases
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366:sparkling wines
342:grape varieties
325:The Tonia Group
261:fortified wines
257:port-style wine
198:Mauryan Emperor
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614:
584:) and Gulabi (
541:and wire in a
528:Sula Vineyards
513:
510:
486:Deccan Plateau
452:
449:
396:Chateau Indage
373:
370:
338:Vitis vinifera
305:sparkling wine
135:
132:
104:British Empire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2770:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Indian drinks
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Indian whisky
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Filter coffee
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Coconut water
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2326:Indian drinks
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Acids in wine
1889:
1887:
1886:Aroma of wine
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:Major regions
1747:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Montepulciano
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:South America
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:United States
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:North America
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Liechtenstein
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
940:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
778:
774:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
747:
744:
735:
730:
727:
724:
723:0-19-860990-6
720:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
692:
689:
684:
681:
678:
673:
670:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
625:
620:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
529:
524:
519:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
450:
448:
446:
443:to 1000 m in
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
401:
397:
394:Vineyards of
392:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
303:
302:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Victorian era
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Mughal Empire
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
208:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
151:
146:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2674:
2660:Thaati Kallu
2333:
2271:
2128:Fermentation
1979:
1962:Wine tasting
1583:Muscat blanc
1553:Chenin blanc
1350:Ancient Rome
862:
812:South Africa
729:
714:
683:
672:
606:Chenin blanc
586:Black Muscat
563:
536:
460:
451:Wine regions
414:
404:
336:
309:
299:
265:British rule
211:
209:
204:
175:
169:
166:Vedic period
155:
120:middle class
100:independence
84:subcontinent
80:colonization
28:
26:
2738:Indian wine
2675:Indian wine
2552:Nilgiri tea
2547:Masala chai
2527:Berinag tea
2231:Wine bottle
2203:Other steps
2194:Wine cellar
2151:Süssreserve
1843:Wine cellar
1833:Wine bottle
1774:accessories
1772:Packaging,
1731:Tempranillo
1360:Noah's wine
1340:Phoenicians
1286:Viticulture
1171:New Zealand
1114:Switzerland
1059:Netherlands
908:Philippines
630:Wine portal
488:and around
437:Maharashtra
435:, 300 m in
411:viticulture
354:Pinot blanc
267:during the
255:introduced
162:grape juice
128:Maharashtra
112:table grape
96:prohibition
53:viticulture
41:hard liquor
29:Indian Wine
27:The modern
2732:Categories
2542:Kangra tea
2453:Nimbu pani
2412:Irani café
2377:Buttermilk
2357:Badam milk
2110:Maceration
2100:Wine press
2090:Destemming
2041:Winemaking
1947:Wine fraud
1942:Wine fault
1927:Oenophilia
1863:Wine label
1858:Wine glass
1823:Port tongs
1721:Sangiovese
1716:Pinot noir
1676:Douce noir
1603:Rkatsiteli
1548:Chardonnay
1538:Catarratto
1512:by acreage
1486:Biodynamic
1449:Aromatized
1238:winemaking
1084:San Marino
1049:Montenegro
1034:Luxembourg
888:Kazakhstan
848:Azerbaijan
664:References
658:Winemaking
570:Anabeshahi
566:indigenous
551:Irrigation
516:See also:
470:Tamil Nadu
376:See also:
362:Ugni blanc
358:Pinot noir
350:Chardonnay
301:Chardonnay
289:phylloxera
138:See also:
88:phylloxera
73:Portuguese
69:Winemaking
61:grapevines
2635:Palm wine
2605:Desi daru
2561:Alcoholic
2522:Assam tea
2474:Shikanjvi
2417:Jal-jeera
2402:Gola barf
2367:Bela Pana
2347:Aam panna
2062:Noble rot
1952:Winemaker
1932:Sommelier
1868:Wine rack
1848:Wine cork
1838:Wine cave
1828:Screw cap
1798:Corkscrew
1763:New World
1758:Old World
1736:Zinfandel
1711:Mourvèdre
1618:Trebbiano
1558:Colombard
1459:Noble rot
1439:Fortified
1417:Sparkling
1384:New World
1187:Argentina
1166:Australia
903:Palestine
602:Zinfandel
578:Arkashyam
482:Hyderabad
478:Telangana
474:Bangalore
462:Vineyards
433:Karnataka
429:altitudes
213:Kshatriya
186:fermented
184:that was
182:rice wine
102:from the
2479:Solkadhi
2463:Moosambi
2077:Pressing
1999:Glossary
1915:Industry
1808:Jug wine
1803:Decanter
1793:Box wine
1691:Isabella
1686:Grenache
1666:Carignan
1613:Sémillon
1598:Riesling
1593:Palomino
1336:Ancient
1319:Vineyard
1314:Veraison
1299:Oenology
1207:Paraguay
1099:Slovenia
1094:Slovakia
1069:Portugal
969:Bulgaria
923:Thailand
838:Abkhazia
817:Tanzania
797:Ethiopia
616:See also
582:Isabella
574:Arkavati
490:Baramati
441:Sahyadri
421:monsoons
273:Baramati
245:Jahangir
194:Chanakya
2578:Bangla
2494:Thandai
2469:Sharbat
2432:Kanjika
2397:Falooda
2261:Terroir
2219:Related
2067:Vintage
2049:Harvest
1994:Outline
1818:Muselet
1780:storage
1671:Cinsaut
1646:Barbera
1573:Macabeo
1533:Aligoté
1491:Organic
1481:Natural
1434:Dessert
1379:Georgia
1329:History
1309:Terroir
1304:Species
1217:Uruguay
1192:Bolivia
1159:Oceania
1119:Ukraine
1074:Romania
1044:Moldova
1019:Ireland
1014:Hungary
1004:Germany
999:Georgia
989:Denmark
974:Croatia
959:Belgium
954:Austria
949:Albania
933:Vietnam
893:Lebanon
843:Armenia
822:Tunisia
807:Namibia
802:Morocco
787:Algeria
594:Sultana
590:Turkish
588:). The
559:Harvest
543:pergola
506:Solapur
445:Kashmir
416:terroir
277:Kashmir
150:Rigveda
134:History
82:of the
77:British
2665:Tharra
2640:Pendhā
2620:Hariya
2615:Handia
2595:Cholai
2573:Arrack
2458:Mattha
2352:Aamras
2226:Winery
2189:Solera
1813:Kvevri
1701:Merlot
1696:Malbec
1496:Kosher
1472:Other
1427:Orange
1400:Styles
1367:France
1197:Brazil
1145:Mexico
1140:Canada
1109:Sweden
1089:Serbia
1079:Russia
1064:Poland
1009:Greece
994:France
979:Cyprus
942:Europe
928:Turkey
918:Taiwan
883:Jordan
873:Israel
853:Bhutan
780:Africa
721:
592:grape
555:yields
539:bamboo
502:Sangli
494:Nashik
466:Punjab
384:, and
333:French
234:Muslim
230:millet
226:barley
124:Nashik
116:raisin
106:, the
65:Persia
37:France
2650:Sulai
2645:Sonti
2630:Neera
2600:Chuak
2583:Bhang
2504:Zutho
2499:Umbil
2484:Sosyo
2465:juice
2448:Neera
2443:Lassi
2437:Kesar
2427:Kanji
2387:Chuak
2382:Chaas
2372:Bhang
2362:Banta
2176:Aging
1726:Syrah
1681:Gamay
1651:Bobal
1563:Glera
1528:Airén
1520:White
1476:Table
1464:Straw
1454:Fruit
1412:White
1355:China
1234:Wines
1202:Chile
1104:Spain
1039:Malta
1024:Italy
913:Syria
898:Nepal
878:Japan
863:India
858:China
792:Egypt
532:Nasik
480:near
344:like
321:sweet
281:Surat
249:Babur
222:wheat
218:caste
205:Madhu
190:honey
188:with
171:Vedas
158:wines
59:when
2655:Sura
2625:IMFL
2610:Feni
2588:Beer
2439:milk
1778:and
1507:Top
1422:Rosé
1278:Wine
1236:and
1212:Peru
868:Iran
831:Asia
719:ISBN
608:and
576:and
504:and
498:Pune
476:and
400:Pune
360:and
279:and
247:and
228:and
177:sura
114:and
75:and
45:beer
43:and
33:wine
2568:Apo
2514:Tea
2184:Oak
1633:Red
1444:Ice
1407:Red
530:in
398:in
329:Goa
317:Goa
253:Goa
49:ABV
2734::
694:^
604:,
600:,
572:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
380:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
275:,
224:,
207:.
67:.
2319:e
2312:t
2305:v
2033:e
2026:t
2019:v
1776:,
1270:e
1263:t
1256:v
765:e
758:t
751:v
152:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
