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rancher E. L. Davis, who had presided at the meeting where the company was formed, wrote Downey just after the massacre, stating that "This company is needed for the protection of lives & property & if we do not get it we will never ask the state again & I for one shall oppose paying any more state Taxes & fight our own battles in our own way-- exterminate the
Indians from the face of the earth as far as this county is concerned. In fact, the little mess at Indian Island is only a beginning if we can't get our just protection from state or government that the citizens are entitled to."
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Polly Steve was wounded badly and left for dead, but recovered. One of the few Wiyot men on the island during the attack, Mad River Billy, jumped into the bay and swam to safety in Eureka. Another woman, Kaiquaish (also known as
Josephine Beach) and her eleven-month-old son William survived by not being on the island in the first place. Kaiquaish had set out in a canoe with her son to participate with the ceremonies, but became lost in the fog and was forced to return home before the attacks began.
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115:, and to avoid drawing attention from nearby Eureka residents, many of whom may not have condoned the killings, performed the attack primarily with hatchets, clubs and knives. Guns were also used, with some Eureka residents reported hearing shots that night, but knowledge of the attack was not widespread at the time. News accounts report only adult men being shot, with handheld weapons used against women and children.
158:. The same day the same party was reported to have killed 58 more people at South Beach, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Eureka even though many of the women worked for the white families and many could speak "good English." On 28 February 1860, 40 more Wiyot were killed on the South Fork of the Eel River, and 35 more at
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Wiyot men murdered are believed to have been older men, which is one reason why the Wiyot were largely defenseless. The celebration usually lasted seven to ten days, and the men traditionally left at night for the supplies while the elders, women and children slept. That is why most victims were children, women and older men.
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The Wiyot Tribe said their people were not allowed to return to the island or their other lands. Soldiers from Fort
Humboldt took many of the surviving Wiyot into protective custody at the fort, later transporting them to the Klamath River Reservation. They did not leave their former home without any
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There were few survivors. One woman, Jane Sam, survived by hiding in a trash pile. Two cousins, Matilda and Nancy Spear, hid with their three children on the west side of the island and later found seven other children still alive. A young boy, Jerry James, was found alive in his dead mother's arms.
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My father's home was probably the only one south of Eel River that was not notified and its men invited to take part in the massacre on Indian Island and two others near the coast on the same night, Feb. 26, 1860. Pardon reminiscenses. I know whereof I speak. I later served as
Superintendent of work
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The killings followed two years of hostility by a group of local whites against the residents of Indian Island, numerous editorials in the local newspapers, and the formation of volunteer militia groups. Hostility had developed between local
Indians and the settlers, who let their cattle stray onto
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A review of subsequent communications to
Governor Downey revealed the true motive for the series of massacres that included Indian Island. The volunteer company commanded by Seman Wright wanted to become officially recognized as state militia, thereby becoming eligible for state funding. Hydesville
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Blood stood in pools on all sides; the walls of the huts were stained and the grass colored red. Lying around were dead bodies of both sexes and all ages from the old man to the infant at the breast. Some had their heads split in twain by axes, others beaten into jelly with clubs, others pierced or
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Based upon Wiyot Tribe estimates, 80 to 250 Wiyot people were murdered. Another estimate states the number of
American Indian people killed at 150. Because most of the adult able-bodied men were away gathering supplies as part of continuing preparation for the World Renewal Ceremony, nearly all the
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The whites then approached, about 6 o'clock in the morning, fired upon and killed three men, who were asleep in a cabin at some little distance from where the women lay, then, entering lodge after lodge, they dirked the sleeping, and with axes split open and crushed the skulls of the children and
210:. Ranchers in the inland valleys claimed as much as one-eighth of their cattle had been stolen or slaughtered by Indians over the previous year and one rancher, James C. Ellison, was killed while pursuing suspected rustlers in May 1859. The area where the ranches were located was occupied by the
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more shocking and revolting spectacle was never exhibited to the eyes of a
Christian and civilized people. Old women, wrinkled and decrepit, lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long gray hair. Infants scarce a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and
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White settler Robert
Gunther gained ownership over the island in 1860, the same year of the massacre. Gunther diked the island and used it as a dairy ranch. It was later used as a shipyard repair facility which led to toxic chemicals contaminating the island. The Wiyot Tribe then regained legal
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resistance. Many Wiyots returned home soon after arriving at the Fort and attacks on White settlements were stronger in areas with sparse settlement of White people. Recently the Wiyot have been repurchasing the land in order to perform their annual World
Renewal Ceremony.
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among Indians in the National W.C.T.U. nearly twenty years. By the end of that time I had learned that the Indians of no other state were as poor and neglected as ours. Very truly yours, Dorcas J. Spencer
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tribe, not the Wiyot, so the victims of the massacre would not have been responsible for any rustling. Van Ness ended his written statement by saying he did not excuse the killers for their deeds.
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at the time, reported to his commanding officer that a local group of vigilantes had resolved to "kill every peaceable Indian - man, woman, and child." The vigilantes, calling themselves the
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233:, one of the ranching communities in the Nongatl area. They spent most of February "in the field" attacking Indians along the Eel River. A petition had been sent to California Governor
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be mustered into service and given regular pay. Downey refused the petition, stating that the U.S. Army was sending an additional Company of Regulars to Fort Humboldt.
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with axes, knives, and guns. The February 26 attacks were followed by similar bloody attacks on other Wiyot villages later that week in what were part of the broader
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181:) against the massacre and would soon need to leave the area due to the threats against his life by the genocide sympathizers. In the editorial, Harte wrote:
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279:. The song discusses the suffering of the Wiyot people, the reaction of Robert Gunther, and the lack of punishment for the perpetrators of the massacre.
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The Tuluwat/Indian Island massacre was part of a coordinated simultaneous attack that targeted other nearby Wiyot sites, including an encampment on the
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Indian lands. Indians used the cattle, and the cattle owners retaliated. On the night of 26 February 1860, a small group of settlers crossed
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a few days later. Though the attack was widely condemned in newspapers outside Humboldt County, no one was ever prosecuted for the murders.
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cut to pieces with bowie knives. Some struck down as they mired; others had almost reached the water when overtaken and butchered.
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were at this time a peaceful tribe. They had never fought with white settlers and were not expecting an attack.
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Rossiter, Charles (2 March 1860). "More of the Humboldt Bay Butchery". San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin.
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Rohde, Jerry. "Genocide and Extortion." North Coast Journal, February 25, 2010:10-17. Electronic version:
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Indian Island Massacre: A Decade of Events Leading to Genocide and Removal of the Wiyots, 1850-1860.
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The Indian Island Massacre: An investigation of the Events that Precipitated the Wiyot Murders.
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389:"Genocide and Extortion: 150 years later, the hidden motive behind the Indian Island Massacre"
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The Indian Island Massacre: Place, Labor, and Environmental Change on California's Northwest.
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E. L. Davis, letter to Governor Downey, April 3, 1860, Indian War Papers, folder F3753:568.
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The Bohemians: Mark Twain and the San Francisco Writers Who Reinvented American Literature
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California's Indians: A Clever Satire on the Governments dealings with its Indian Wards
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The massacre of the Wiyot people was referenced by the American alternative rock band
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The local sheriff, Barrant Van Ness, stated in a newspaper editorial published in the
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http://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/genocide-and-extortion/Content?oid=2130748
567:"How a California Tribe Fought for Years to Get Their Ancestral Land Back in Eureka"
75:. In coordinated attacks beginning at about 6 am, White settlers murdered 80 to 250
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women. The total killed on the island were fifty-five, of whom only five were men.
744:"Island of Resilience: The Wiyot Reclaim Their Land and Culture from a Dark Past"
327:"From California: The Humboldt Butchery of Indian Infants and Women ... & c."
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ownership of the island. They remediated the land and continue to manage it.
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Madley, Benjamin. An American Genocide. Yale University Press, 2016:282-284.
426:, cover note titled "The Word of a Witness". reprint of Harper Brothers 1864
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papers angrily condemning the attacks and naming suspected conspirators.
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593:"The Humboldt Bay Massacre-Statement of the Sheriff of Humboldt County"
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458:. Arcata, California: Humboldt County Historical Society. p. 165.
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682:"Fort Humboldt". San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin. 11 May 1860.
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Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Wars of Northern California
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Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried
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229:, had been formed in early February 1860 in the inland town of
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a few days after the massacre that the motive was revenge for
357:"California museum returns massacre remains to Wiyot Tribe"
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Several prominent local citizens also wrote letters to the
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Frank Black and the Catholics – Humboldt County Massacre
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Senior seminar paper. Humboldt State University, 2002.
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in the song "Humboldt County Massacre" on the 1998 EP
486:. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press. p. 82.
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1245:Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians
836:, Lynette's NorCal History Blog, August 11, 2009.
810:M.A. Thesis, Humboldt State University, May 2005.
618:Carranco, Lynwood; Beard, Estle (November 1981).
95:, during the 10 years prior to the massacre. The
63:refers to the incidents on February 26, 1860, at
67:(on what is also known as Indian Island), near
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91:Immigrants had settled in the area since the
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758:"FrankBlack.Net Discopedia - All My Ghosts"
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553:"The Tuluwat Island Massacre in its Time"
730:"Tuluwat Project | Wiyot Tribe, CA"
626:. University of Oklahoma Press. p.
595:. National Intelligencer. Archived from
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1537:History of Humboldt County, California
826:MA thesis. St. Louis University, 2012.
1572:Stabbing attacks in the United States
1522:Native American history of California
454:Raphael, Ray; House, Freeman (1997).
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1562:Anti-Indigenous racism in California
1298:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
957:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
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591:Van Ness, Barrant (31 March 1860).
227:Humboldt Volunteers, Second Brigade
186:their bodies ghastly with wounds."
131:, described the scene as follows:
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387:Rohde, Jerry (25 February 2010).
1507:1860 crimes in the United States
884:Indigenous peoples of California
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1517:Massacres in the United States
1379:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
1055:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
127:Arcata's local newspaper, the
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1527:Massacres of Native Americans
273:Frank Black and the Catholics
355:Melley, Brian (2022-01-27).
73:Humboldt County, California
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527:Tarnoff, Benjamin (2014).
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505:"Letter to the Editor".
299:List of Indian massacres
221:, Commanding Officer of
1341:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1153:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1012:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
175:The Northern California
456:Two Peoples, One Place
204:San Francisco Bulletin
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173:wrote an editorial in
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106:Indian Island Tuluwat.
18:Indian Island Massacre
1427:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1296:Eel River Athapaskans
1122:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
955:Eel River Athapaskans
652:"Humboldt Volunteers"
482:Norton, Jack (1979).
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1567:February 1860 events
129:Northern Californian
93:California Gold Rush
1577:California genocide
834:"When Thugs Ruled,"
696:. Wiyot Tribe. 2012
694:"Sacred Sites Fund"
393:North Coast Journal
239:Humboldt Volunteers
150:Coordinated attacks
81:California Genocide
41: /
1552:1860 in California
1532:Eureka, California
1315:(Chilula, Whilkut)
762:www.frankblack.net
654:. 25 February 1860
569:. 3 November 2023.
507:Humboldt Historian
179:Arcata, California
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45:40.815°N 124.161°W
1512:Massacres in 1860
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822:Karp, Michael T.
637:978-0-8061-1549-8
555:. 6 October 2022.
531:. Penguin Books.
465:978-1-883254-02-5
424:Dorcas J. Spencer
294:Henry P. Larrabee
16:(Redirected from
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332:. 16 March 1860
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599:on 2011-07-10
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277:All My Ghosts
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223:Fort Humboldt
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198:Investigation
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192:San Francisco
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160:Eagle Prairie
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19:
1431:Sierra Miwok
1399:Plains Miwok
1362:(Bear River)
1144:(Gabrieliño)
1128:(Fernandeño)
1033:(Bear River)
823:
815:
806:
787:, retrieved
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765:. Retrieved
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752:
738:
724:
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698:. Retrieved
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656:. Retrieved
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601:. Retrieved
597:the original
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364:. Retrieved
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334:. Retrieved
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252:
249:Consequences
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122:
113:Humboldt Bay
109:
90:
77:Wiyot people
60:
58:
26:
1441:Tubatulabal
1390:(Costanoan)
1308:Halchidhoma
1286:Coast Miwok
1148:Tübatulabal
966:Halchidhoma
945:Coast Miwok
905:Ahwahnechee
289:Wiyot Tribe
48: /
36:124°09′40″W
1557:Axe murder
1501:Categories
1345:Lake Miwok
1302:Gabrielino
1271:Chemehuevi
1073:Kucadikadi
1016:Lake Miwok
930:Chemehuevi
900:Acjachemen
789:2024-04-27
767:2024-04-27
513:(2). 2009.
492:B0006CYZSK
366:2022-01-28
231:Hydesville
171:Bret Harte
87:Background
33:40°48′54″N
1368:(Klamath)
1334:Kitanemuk
1276:Chimariko
1183:Wukchumni
1087:Ramaytush
1083:Costanoan
1044:(Klamath)
1037:Mechoopda
1000:Kitanemuk
935:Chimariko
915:Bay Miwok
430:5 January
305:Footnotes
258:Aftermath
156:Eel River
141:Survivors
1339:Kumeyaay
1329:Kawaiisu
1304:(Tongva)
1266:Cahuilla
1261:Atsugewi
1256:Achomawi
1132:Timbisha
1126:Tataviam
1010:Kumeyaay
995:Kawaiisu
925:Cahuilla
910:Atsugewi
895:Achomawi
700:25 March
658:19 April
603:25 March
398:25 March
336:25 March
283:See also
1420:Serrano
1415:Salinan
1409:Quechan
1360:Mattole
1350:Luiseño
1281:Chumash
1158:Vanyume
1115:Serrano
1110:Salinan
1104:Quechan
1064:Nomlaki
1059:Nisenan
1031:Mattole
1021:Luiseño
979:Whilkut
975:Chilula
961:Esselen
940:Chumash
212:Nongatl
65:Tuluwat
1476:Yokuts
1451:Washoe
1436:Tolowa
1425:Shasta
1411:(Yuma)
1394:Patwin
1388:Ohlone
1372:Mohave
1291:Cupeño
1193:Yokuts
1168:Washoe
1142:Tongva
1137:Tolowa
1120:Shasta
1106:(Yuma)
1094:Patwin
1079:Ohlone
1048:Mohave
950:Cupeño
919:Saklan
634:
535:
490:
462:
361:SFGATE
217:Major
119:Deaths
69:Eureka
1542:Wiyot
1486:Yurok
1466:Wiyot
1446:Wappo
1366:Modoc
1355:Maidu
1319:Karuk
1203:Yurok
1178:Wiyot
1173:Wintu
1163:Wappo
1042:Modoc
1026:Maidu
990:Cahto
985:Karuk
97:Wiyot
1481:Yuki
1471:Yana
1404:Pomo
1377:Mono
1324:Kato
1313:Hupa
1198:Yuki
1188:Yana
1099:Pomo
1053:Mono
1005:Kizh
971:Hupa
702:2012
660:2013
632:ISBN
605:2012
533:ISBN
488:ASIN
460:ISBN
432:2013
400:2012
338:2012
59:The
628:384
71:in
1503::
977:,
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519:^
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
