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make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing savage tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive
Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?
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no one would propose this preposterous solution in the US government. Second, integration with the white culture but the Native
Americans did not want this as they wanted their own customs naturally; and the white men didn’t favor this either. Third, protect the natives where they lived by enforcing the precious agreed treaties which would have been impossible because of squatters and white settlers constantly invading Indian Country as they had been for last 15 years. Fourth, removal.
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speed up the expulsions by claiming that the deal between
Georgia and the federal government was invalid and that Southern states could pass laws extinguishing Indian title themselves. In response, the federal government passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to divide the United States territory west of the
643:) and Native women. This tradition was seen as a fundamental social and political institution that helped maintain relations and bond the two cultures. Many of the missionaries were also known to teach the tribes how to use iron tools, build European-style homes, and improve farming techniques; teachings the
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One idea that the Indian
Removal Act was the best hope is always overlooked. Distinguished Scholar and Native American historian Francis Paul Prucha has argued that there were only four courses of action for this crisis between the white man and Native Americans. First, genocide (extermination) but
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has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress never has for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the earth... But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to
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concerning the possibility of such an act. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised
Georgia that it would extinguish Indian title within the state's borders by purchase 'as soon as the such purchase could be made upon reasonable terms'". As time passed, Southern states began to
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of the
Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or were subject to the laws of existing states of the Union. Jackson urged Indians to assimilate and obey state laws. Further, he believed he could only accommodate the desire for
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As distinguished
Professor Robert V. Remini and Andrew Jackson Scholar stated, “That was the course Jackson knew would work and therefore adopted. No other alternative existed if the Indians were to survive … He saved the Five Civilized Nations from probable extinction.”
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wrote that because of "claimed parallels between ethnic cleansing and Indian removal, any examination of Indian removal will inevitably involve discussions of ethnic cleansing." Other scholarship has focused on the historical comparisons between the United States concept of
699:, and they believed their notions of private property to be a superior system of land tenure. Colonial and frontier encroachers inflicted a practice of cultural assimilation, meaning that tribes such as the Cherokee were forced to adopt aspects of white civilization. This
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On April 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian
Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19. On May 26, 1830, the House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 101 to 97. On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson.
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and abandon non-marital sex. Finally, they had to accept the concept of individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances, African people as slaves). Many
Cherokee people adopted all, or some, of these practices, including
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Jackson viewed the demise of Native nations as inevitable, pointing to the steady expansion of
European-based lifestyles and the decimation of Native nations in the U.S.'s northeast region. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given the
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by the beginning of the 19th century. Native peoples were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they were forced to convert to Christianity and abandon traditional religious practices. They were also required to learn to speak and read
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843:. He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were sovereign foreign nations. Thus, the creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of state sovereignty under
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supported the English for various strategic reasons. For strategic economic and military purposes, the French also had a practice of building forts and trading posts within Native villages, such as that of
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513:(1837–1841) more than 60,000 Native Americans from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in
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868:, which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crisis. Besides the
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Andrew Jackson sought to renew a policy of political and military action for the removal of Natives from these lands and worked toward enacting a law for "Indian removal". In his 1829
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568:) challenged their relocation, but were unsuccessful in the courts; they were forcibly removed by the United States government in a march to the west that later became known as the
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lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the government allowing them to remain in south Florida swampland. Only a small number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war.
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Despite the adoption of white cultural values by many natives and tribes, the United States government began a systematic effort to remove Native peoples from the Southeast. The
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handed down a decision stating that Indians could occupy and control lands within the United States but could not hold title to those lands. Jackson viewed the union as a
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505:. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the
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684:. However, the belief in European cultural and racial superiority was generally widespread among high ranking colonial officials and clergymen in this period.
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was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Native Americans from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a paternalistic act of mercy.
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An Act to provide for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi.
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The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this time favored its passage, but there was also significant opposition. Many Christian
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spoke out against the legislation. The Removal Act passed only after a bitter debate in Congress. Clay extensively campaigned against it on the
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According to Robert M. Keeton, proponents of the bill used biblical narratives to justify the forced resettlement of Native Americans.
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of the Indian population. This forced resettlement has been characterized as a genocide. The first removal treaty signed was the
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The Indian Removal Act was put in place to annex Native land and then transfer that ownership to Southern states, especially
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Molhotra, Rajiv (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth (ed.).
939:'s history regarding Native nations within their claimed territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward."
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Prucha, F. P. “Andrew Jackson’s Indian Policy: A Reassessment.” The Journal of American History 56, no. 3 (1969): 527–39.
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and clergy). Legal efforts to allow Indian tribes to remain on their land in the eastern U.S. failed. Most famously, the
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The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the
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572:. Since the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state-sanctioned
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Native self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement on Federal lands west of the Mississippi River.
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In the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state sanctioned
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As long as grass grows : the indigenous fight for environmental justice, from colonization to Standing Rock
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Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government
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The Seminoles and other tribes did not leave peacefully, as they resisted the removal along with
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https://economics.emory.edu/documents/carlson-len-indian-lands-squatterism-and-slavery.pdf
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was characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey.
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These distinct ethnic and political groups were referred to in the United States as the "
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called for an American Indian Removal Act in his first (1829) State of the Union address.
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was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.
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1601:"President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory"
1181:; May 26, 1830; House vote No. 149; Government Tracker online; retrieved October 2015
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809:. The Act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 between
525:. With a few exceptions, the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the
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Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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ceded land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West. The
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Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and
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into districts for tribes to replace the land from which they were removed.
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as savages. However, euro-native relations varied, particularly between the
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1751:"Andrew Jackson calls for Indian removal – North Carolina Digital History"
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2282:"The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?"
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1390:"The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?"
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was emptied of its Native American population. The movement westward of
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The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians
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1166:, Volume I, Lincoln: the University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 206.
2398:"Nazi Germany's Race Laws, the United States, and American Indians"
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The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, especially in
860:
Congressional debates concerning the Indian Removal Act, April 1830
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2426:
1942:
Almost president: the men who lost the race but changed the nation
1779:
Davis, Ethan. "An Administrative Trail of Tears: Indian Removal".
855:
591:
530:
509:". During the presidency of Jackson (1829–1837) and his successor
5958:
3430:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
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735:. The Native Americans also had to adopt settler values, such as
501:
was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President
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1914:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
27:
Law authorizing the removal of Native Americans from US states
1243:. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History. 2012.
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1945:. Internet Archive. Guilford, CN: Lyons Press. p. 32.
1506:
Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South
1504:
Thor, The Mighty (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"".
1192:"Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents of Americas History"
651:, would spread on to other tribes as they relocated to the
6660:
Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States
4068:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3311:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
605:
History of European cultural assimilation in the New World
5785:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
2235:"Policing the Past: Indian Removal and Genocide Studies"
1343:"Policing the Past: Indian Removal and Genocide Studies"
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protested against it, most notably missionary organizer
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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3536:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
2042:
5. "The Race of Pale Men Should Increase and Multiply"
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and how American removal policy served as a model for
6551:
1627:"President Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal Act"
4111:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4052:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3383:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
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Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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2766:
2703:
2639:
2606:
2540:
1861:. A&E Television Networks. 2011. Archived from
1655:
An indigenous peoples' history of the United States
1121:passed the bill on April 24, 1830 (28–19), and the
521:). The northern tribes were resettled initially in
113:
94:
75:
70:
59:
51:
6296:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson
2205:
2075:"To Order Engrossment and Third Reading of S. 102"
695:felt their civilization to be superior: they were
655:. Throughout the 17th and 18th century during the
80:
6680:United States federal Native American legislation
2016:. Vol. 2. Brandywine Press. pp. 115–16.
752:, as represented by the newspaper he edited, The
6116:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
5685:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
5645:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
3335:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1296:"Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?"
647:, who maintained a century long friendship with
6675:Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
6655:Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America
3661:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2175:. Ohio University Press. pp. 15, 141, 254.
2045:. New York University Press. pp. 125–149.
2014:Native American Voices: A History and Anthology
1508:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51.
4006:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
3215:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1991:"Statements from the Debate on Indian Removal"
5974:
4266:
3783:
3092:
3046:Native American genocide in the United States
2518:
552:opposed the bill, as did other groups within
540:approved the Act by a narrow majority in the
478:
8:
3319:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
37:
6715:Andrew Jackson administration controversies
3834:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
2190:. Yale University Press. pp. 328, 330.
2171:Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2008).
1214:"Andrew Jackson was called 'Indian Killer'"
5981:
5967:
5959:
4273:
4259:
4251:
3928:
3809:
3790:
3776:
3768:
3255:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
3099:
3085:
3077:
2525:
2511:
2503:
2173:Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism
2111:The bill passed 101–97, with 11 not voting
1735:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1535:The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears
1045:or as all three Forms of these. Historian
872:, additional people affected included the
485:
471:
163:
6630:19th-century colonization of the Americas
6328:(Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)
6131:Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign
2496:1830 State of the Union on Indian Removal
691:, many colonialists and particularly the
6241:1832 United States presidential election
6126:1828 United States presidential election
6111:1824 United States presidential election
6081:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
6021:Federal Military Commissioner of Florida
3867:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
2484:Indian Removal Act and related resources
2368:"How Andrew Jackson Saved the Cherokees"
929:1832 United States presidential election
6558:
4233:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
4221:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
3608:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
1629:. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from
1155:
1110:
166:
4076:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
2026:
1977:
1965:
1818:
1728:
1679:
1559:
1273:
1263:
956:, Jackson sincerely believed that his
36:
6710:Race legislation in the United States
6670:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
6650:Ethnic cleansing in the United States
6640:Aboriginal title in the United States
6256:Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
4095:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3799:Aboriginal title in the United States
3542:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3359:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3112:Native Americans in the United States
1934:
1932:
1781:The American Journal of Legal History
1586:PBS Africans in America: Judgment Day
1527:
1525:
7:
6159:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
4025:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
3223:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2440:Andrew Jackson & His Indian Wars
2438:Remini, Robert V. (Robert Vincent).
1588:. WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999.
837:federation of highly esteemed states
6312:List of memorials to Andrew Jackson
6246:1832 Democratic National Convention
5287:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
4382:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
4226:List of federally recognized tribes
3998:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3530:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3191:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2051:10.18574/nyu/9781479876778.003.0006
1840:. Longmans, Green and Co. pp.
1316:Also available in reprint from the
1125:passed it on May 26, 1830 (102–97).
791:in the southeastern United States.
760:The perceived failure of the policy
6690:Native American history of Florida
6592:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4936:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
3822:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
2460:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times
1218:Washington Post, November 23, 2017
260:7th President of the United States
85:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
5949:Cherokee-language Knowledge (XXG)
5605:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
5570:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
3979:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3700:National Indian Gaming Commission
3295:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
3159:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2499:; Text at 100 Milestone Documents
990:in an event widely known as the "
6597:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6535:
6534:
4760:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
3842:
3247:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2442:. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
2039:Keeton, Robert M. (2015-07-10).
1002:on September 27, 1830, in which
784:nations had been established as
707:and was well underway among the
637:, a marriage between tradesmen (
458:
452:
171:
43:
6236:1830 State of the Union Address
6231:1829 State of the Union Address
5740:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
3454:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
3003:Indian barrier state (proposed)
2427:https://doi.org/10.2307/1904204
2333:The Journal of Southern History
2280:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016).
2146:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp.
1441:The Journal of Southern History
1388:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016).
629:, which was established in the
379:Reaction to anti-slavery tracts
6199:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
6005:President of the United States
5440:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
5367:Chief Vann House Historic Site
5277:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
3905:Indian Land Claims Settlements
3684:In the Courts of the Conqueror
3287:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2541:Battles and military incidents
2329:"The Legacy of Indian Removal"
2127:. Outskirts Press. p. 97.
1837:Division and Reunion 1829–1889
1652:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014).
1538:. Michael D. Green. New York.
1437:"The Legacy of Indian Removal"
1000:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1:
6216:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
5377:Museum of the Cherokee People
3911:Indian Claims Limitations Act
3566:Native American Languages Act
2142:The Challenge of Eurocentrism
2123:Greenwood, Robert E. (2007).
1701:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina (2019).
584:; some view it as all three.
32:Indian Relocation Act of 1956
6645:Presidency of Andrew Jackson
6376:Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson
5465:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
5342:Red Clay State Historic Park
4954:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
4060:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
3899:Indian Claims Commission Act
3705:Native American civil rights
3560:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
3399:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2286:Western Historical Quarterly
2239:Western Historical Quarterly
1801:. Public Broadcasting System
1394:Western Historical Quarterly
1347:Western Historical Quarterly
548:. Indigenous tribes and the
125:in the Senate as S. 102
6164:Tenure of Office Act (1820)
5769:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
4790:Cherokee Southwest Township
4775:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
4707:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
4624:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
4443:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
3720:Recognition of sacred sites
3715:Native American Rights Fund
3620:Federally recognized tribes
3500:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
3051:Reservation checkerboarding
2012:Mintz, Steven, ed. (1995).
1889:Oklahoma Historical Society
839:, as was common before the
833:United States Supreme Court
703:was originally proposed by
635:marriage à la façon du pays
65:21st United States Congress
6731:
6271:Ordinance of Nullification
6096:Battle of Pensacola (1814)
4910:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
4885:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
4795:Oconaluftee Indian Village
4770:Original Keetoowah Society
3950:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3828:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3578:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
3135:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3066:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
2647:Indian removals in Indiana
2640:Removals (chronologically)
2396:Miller, Robert J. (2020).
2233:Hixson, Walter L. (2016).
2100:"To Pass S. 102. (P. 729)"
1799:"Indial Removal 1814–1858"
1599:Jefferson, Thomas (1803).
1341:Hixson, Walter L. (2016).
979:
796:State of the Union address
499:Indian Removal Act of 1830
29:
18:Indian Removal Act of 1830
6625:1830 in the United States
6513:
5996:
5944:
5322:Trail of Tears State Park
5272:Cherokee National Capitol
4678:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
4653:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
4387:Cherokee Immersion School
3840:
3494:Indian Reorganization Act
3421:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
3279:United States v. Antelope
2767:People who helped Indians
2670:Potawatomi Trail of Death
1707:. Boston, Massachusetts.
1099:Potawatomi Trail of Death
925:National Republican Party
210:Revolutionary War service
118:
42:
6705:Legal history of Florida
6086:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
5455:Fort Smith Historic Site
5223:Western Cherokee Nation
4822:Cherokee Central Schools
4607:Battle of Lindley's Fort
4377:Cherokee (Unicode block)
3646:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3548:Indian Child Welfare Act
3351:South Dakota v. Bourland
3056:Reservation diminishment
3034:in the Thirteen Colonies
2728:George Rockingham Gilmer
2562:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
742:Cherokee chief John Ross
542:House of Representatives
364:Payment of national debt
180:This article is part of
131:on April 24, 1830 (
30:Not to be confused with
6490:Jackson as slave trader
6432:Andrew Jackson Donelson
5814:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
5800:Other notable Cherokee
4734:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
3830:(British North America)
3695:Long Walk of the Navajo
3625:State recognized tribes
3524:Indian Civil Rights Act
3039:Land claims settlements
2688:Long Walk of the Navajo
2366:White, Richard (2002).
1240:Native American Removal
952:According to historian
689:American colonial times
6091:Treaty of Fort Jackson
6051:Battle of Hanging Rock
6015:(1797–1798, 1823–1825)
6013:Senator from Tennessee
5734:William Charles Rogers
5654:William Holland Thomas
5430:The Great Trading Path
4597:Cherokee–American wars
4238:Legal status of Hawaii
4204:Indigenous land rights
4103:Idaho v. United States
3710:Native American gaming
3613:Legal status of Hawaii
3488:Indian Citizenship Act
3367:Idaho v. United States
3271:Bryan v. Itasca County
3207:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
3167:Standing Bear v. Crook
2915:Prairie du Chien (4th)
2903:Prairie du Chien (3rd)
2897:Prairie du Chien (2nd)
2891:Prairie du Chien (1st)
2769:or documented removals
2706:and military officials
2652:Choctaw Trail of Tears
2619:Georgia Land Lotteries
2327:Perdue, Theda (2012).
2186:BKiernan, Ben (2007).
2102:. GovTrack. 2013-07-07
1939:Farris, Scott (2012).
1532:Perdue, Theda (2007).
1435:Perdue, Theda (2012).
1162:Prucha, Francis Paul,
950:
909:Theodore Frelinghuysen
861:
852:Support and opposition
661:French and Indian Wars
601:
558:Christian missionaries
374:Assassination attempts
323:Nat Turner's rebellion
141:on May 26, 1830 (
6438:Daniel Smith Donelson
6369:The Remarkable Andrew
6320:(U.S. Capitol statue)
6101:Battle of New Orleans
5460:Port Royal State Park
4685:Transylvania Purchase
4658:Treaty of Hard Labour
4580:Siege of Fort Loudoun
4306:United Keetoowah Band
3971:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3824:(1629 New Netherland)
3518:Indian Relocation Act
3375:United States v. Lara
3151:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3008:Indian Reserve (1763)
2810:Land cession treaties
2586:Attack at Fort Hughes
2402:St. John's Law Review
1993:. Columbia University
1885:"Timeline of Removal"
1294:(September 1, 2004).
1194:. Library of Congress
1136:Five Civilized Tribes
941:
870:Five Civilized Tribes
859:
845:Article IV, Section 3
798:, Jackson called for
595:
399:Judicial appointments
236:Battle of New Orleans
6620:1830 in American law
6339:The President's Lady
6261:Nullification crisis
6141:Jacksonian democracy
5724:Samuel Houston Mayes
4901:The Cherokee Tobacco
4893:Worcester v. Georgia
4877:freedmen controversy
4837:Sequoyah High School
4827:Cherokee High School
4690:Chickamauga Cherokee
4648:Treaty of Turkeytown
4638:Treaty of New Echota
4614:Nickajack Expedition
4592:Cherokee War of 1776
3143:Worcester v. Georgia
3061:Reservation politics
2909:Dancing Rabbit Creek
2796:Benjamin Marie Petit
2704:American politicians
2630:Worcester v. Georgia
2568:Battle of Negro Fort
2550:Battle of Burnt Corn
1859:"Indian Removal Act"
1318:History News Network
1178:Congressional Record
1093:Worcester v. Georgia
1012:Treaty of New Echota
825:In the 1823 case of
556:society (e.g., some
410:Later life and death
389:Exploring expedition
333:Nullification crisis
291:Jacksonian democracy
6519:← John Quincy Adams
6485:Jackson and slavery
6458:(acting First Lady)
6456:Sarah Yorke Jackson
6452:(acting First Lady)
6251:Maysville Road veto
6076:Battle of Talladega
6029:U.S. Representative
5332:Rattlesnake Springs
4917:Cherokee Commission
4602:Battle of Hightower
4489:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
4392:New Kituwah Academy
4357:Green Corn Ceremony
3942:Johnson v. McIntosh
3859:Northwest Ordinance
3690:Indian reservations
3651:Cherokee Commission
3127:Johnson v. McIntosh
2986:Former reservations
2969:Buffalo Creek (4th)
2957:Buffalo Creek (3rd)
2945:Buffalo Creek (2nd)
2837:Buffalo Creek (1st)
2776:Robert C. Ambrister
2488:Library of Congress
1043:settler colonialism
1023:Second Seminole War
958:population transfer
911:, Kentucky Senator
828:Johnson v. McIntosh
737:monogamous marriage
582:settler colonialism
441:Second Party System
114:Legislative history
39:
6526:Martin Van Buren →
6362:The Gorgeous Hussy
6189:Indian Removal Act
6033:Tennessee at-large
5524:Outacite of Keowee
5435:The Great War Path
5410:Oconaluftee valley
5395:Stick Ball Grounds
5317:Tellico Blockhouse
4722:Indian Removal Act
4668:Treaty of Hopewell
4663:Treaty of Lochaber
4619:American Civil War
4575:Anglo-Cherokee War
4459:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
3893:Reorganization Act
3888:Curtis Act of 1898
3865:Nonintercourse Act
3750:Self-determination
3745:Tribal sovereignty
3671:Eagle-bone whistle
3464:Indian Removal Act
3452:Nonintercourse Act
3446:Blood quantum laws
3413:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2825:Fort Stanwix (2nd)
2819:Fort Stanwix (1st)
2694:Burt Lake burn-out
2676:Sandy Lake Tragedy
2592:Battle of Ocheesee
2574:Battle of Fowltown
2556:Fort Mims massacre
2298:10.1093/whq/whw126
2251:10.1093/whq/whw092
2029:, p. 489-493.
1968:, p. 489-498.
1406:10.1093/whq/whw126
1359:10.1093/whq/whw092
1306:on August 15, 2017
862:
841:American Civil War
815:federal government
733:Cherokee syllabary
631:Great Lakes region
611:European colonists
602:
241:First Seminole War
38:Indian Removal Act
6635:American frontier
6549:
6548:
6409:President Jackson
5956:
5955:
5909:Clement V. Rogers
5779:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
5729:Thomas Buffington
5494:Moytoy of Tellico
5415:Oconaluftee River
5347:Hair Conrad Cabin
5282:Chieftains Museum
4833:Sequoyah Schools
4695:Overhill Cherokee
4673:Treaty of Holston
4643:Treaty of Tellico
4633:Cherokee treaties
4404:Spiritual beliefs
4248:
4247:
4121:
4120:
3920:
3919:
3765:
3764:
3666:Eagle feather law
3600:State recognition
3391:Cobell v. Salazar
3303:Solem v. Bartlett
3175:Ex parte Crow Dog
3074:
3073:
2812:(chronologically)
2607:Policies and laws
2543:(chronologically)
2469:978-1-4000-3072-9
2150:, 184, 189, 199.
2060:978-1-4798-9573-1
1952:978-0-7627-6378-8
1924:978-0-19-507894-7
1911:, Daniel Walker.
1714:978-0-8070-7378-0
1665:978-0-8070-0040-3
1625:Jackson, Andrew.
1545:978-0-670-03150-4
1515:978-0-8203-2731-0
1250:978-0-19-974336-0
1029:Historical legacy
820:Mississippi River
782:original Cherokee
728:, exemplified by
705:George Washington
531:indigenous tribes
507:river Mississippi
495:
494:
197:
196:
162:
161:
129:Passed the Senate
97:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
6722:
6665:Indian Territory
6602:
6601:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6557:
6538:
6537:
6333:Black Jack stamp
6174:Petticoat affair
6136:Coffin Handbills
6036:
6024:
6016:
6008:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5960:
5879:Markwayne Mullin
5709:Dennis Bushyhead
5589:Charles R. Hicks
5514:Moytoy of Citico
5405:Tuckasegee River
5327:Brainerd Mission
5312:Sequoyah's Cabin
5219:Cherokee Nations
4857:Principal Chiefs
4850:Politics and law
4801:Unto These Hills
4765:Warriors Society
4727:Cherokee descent
4701:Cherokee Phoenix
4585:Battle of Echoee
4568:Battle of Taliwa
4547:skiagusta (rank)
4474:Moon-eyed people
4409:Moon-eyed people
4327:National holiday
4275:
4268:
4261:
4252:
4209:Aboriginal title
3929:
3846:
3810:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3641:Aboriginal title
3458:Civilization Act
3394:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3029:Aboriginal title
3013:Unassigned Lands
2998:Indian Territory
2786:Benjamin Hawkins
2781:George Arbuthnot
2738:Thomas Jefferson
2664:Cherokee removal
2624:Manifest destiny
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2473:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1927:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1865:on March 8, 2010
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:Indian question.
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1757:. Archived from
1747:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1603:. Archived from
1596:
1590:
1589:
1582:"Indian Removal"
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:The Indiana Home
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:The Indiana Home
1471:
1465:
1464:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1115:
1052:manifest destiny
1035:ethnic cleansing
754:Cherokee Phoenix
722:Native languages
649:French Canadians
640:coureur des bois
615:Native Americans
574:ethnic cleansing
515:Indian Territory
511:Martin Van Buren
487:
480:
473:
462:
461:
456:
431:Manifest destiny
384:Texas Revolution
354:2nd inauguration
301:Petticoat affair
286:1st inauguration
193:
192:
190:
183:
175:
168:
167:
164:
139:Passed the House
98:
86:
82:
47:
40:
21:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6574:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6552:
6550:
6545:
6509:
6473:
6444:Lyncoya Jackson
6414:
6383:Man of Conquest
6300:
6226:Specie Circular
6179:Kitchen Cabinet
6145:
6121:Corrupt bargain
6039:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6000:
5992:
5987:
5957:
5952:
5940:
5929:Kimberly Teehee
5789:James L. Gordon
5774:Bill John Baker
5759:Wilma Mankiller
5699:William P. Ross
5674:Patrick Lambert
5519:Standing Turkey
5479:
5425:Sycamore Shoals
5400:Cullasaja River
5352:Nancy Ward Tomb
5302:John Ross House
5264:
5258:
5252:Qualla Boundary
5227:Cherokee Nation
5029:Hiwassee Island
4959:Amoyeligunahita
4946:
4940:
4845:
4812:Female Seminary
4785:Heritage groups
4755:Heritage Center
4743:
4739:Texas Cherokees
4552:outacite (rank)
4503:
4447:
4310:
4296:Cherokee Nation
4284:
4279:
4249:
4244:
4192:
4117:
4087:Rehnquist Court
4082:
4039:
4012:
3990:1890—1950
3985:
3956:
3916:
3847:
3838:
3801:
3796:
3766:
3761:
3678:Hunting license
3629:
3598:
3589:
3506:Nationality Act
3434:
3407:Sharp v. Murphy
3327:Hodel v. Irving
3231:Williams v. Lee
3199:Talton v. Mayes
3114:
3105:
3075:
3070:
3017:
2974:
2963:La Pointe (2nd)
2951:La Pointe (1st)
2927:Payne's Landing
2861:Forbes Purchase
2811:
2805:
2768:
2762:
2713:John C. Calhoun
2705:
2699:
2682:Nome Cult Trail
2635:
2602:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2480:
2470:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2208:Give me liberty
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1832:Wilson, Woodrow
1830:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1755:www.learnnc.org
1749:
1748:
1744:
1727:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1678:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1633:on June 1, 2013
1624:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1489:Esarey, Logan.
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:Esarey, Logan.
1473:
1472:
1468:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1309:
1307:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1088:
1071:Generalplan Ost
1031:
1019:fugitive slaves
984:
978:
969:
903:. In Congress,
901:Jeremiah Evarts
854:
762:
607:
590:
564:(excluding the
491:
459:
457:
450:
417:
414:
406:
405:Post-presidency
403:
369:Specie Circular
345:
342:
338:Foreign affairs
270:
267:
266:
261:
258:
254:Corrupt bargain
245:
227:
226:Military career
224:
188:
186:
185:
184:
181:
179:
158:
155:on May 28, 1830
149:Signed into law
96:
84:
60:Enacted by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:Trail of Tears
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6594:
6582:
6580:Modern history
6570:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6505:Hannah Jackson
6502:
6500:Alfred Jackson
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6465:
6462:John Hutchings
6459:
6453:
6450:Emily Donelson
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6426:Rachel Jackson
6422:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6400:Andrew Jackson
6395:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6342:
6335:
6330:
6326:Andrew Jackson
6322:
6318:Andrew Jackson
6314:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6281:Tariff of 1833
6278:
6273:
6268:
6266:Tariff of 1832
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6209:Senate censure
6201:
6196:
6194:Trail of Tears
6191:
6186:
6184:Indian removal
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6025:
6017:
6009:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5990:Andrew Jackson
5988:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5963:
5954:
5953:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5924:Hastings Shade
5921:
5919:Durbin Feeling
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5899:Jenny McIntosh
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Yvette Herrell
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Nunnahitsunega
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5834:Elias Boudinot
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:Turtle-at-Home
5816:
5811:
5806:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5719:Johnson Harris
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Dragging Canoe
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Attakullakulla
5496:
5490:Early leaders
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Bussell Island
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Ross's Landing
5304:
5299:
5294:
5292:Judaculla Rock
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5265:memorial sites
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5132:Spike Bucktown
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4922:Cherokee Strip
4914:
4906:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Trail of Tears
4709:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4559:
4557:Raven of Chota
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:Horned Serpent
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3933:Marshall Court
3926:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3735:Trail of Tears
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3602:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3512:Public Law 280
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3448:(1705 onwards)
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3183:Elk v. Wilkins
3179:
3171:
3170:(D. Neb. 1879)
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3025:
3023:
3022:Related topics
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2933:Pontotoc Creek
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2885:Indian Springs
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2855:New York (2nd)
2852:
2846:
2843:New York (1st)
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Edward Nicolls
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Winfield Scott
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Andrew Jackson
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:Trail of Tears
2655:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2580:Scott Massacre
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:Indian Removal
2532:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2479:
2478:External links
2476:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2388:
2358:
2319:
2292:(4): 407–433.
2272:
2245:(4): 439–443.
2225:
2218:
2193:
2178:
2163:
2156:
2130:
2115:
2091:
2066:
2059:
2031:
2019:
2004:
1982:
1980:, p. 490.
1970:
1958:
1951:
1928:
1901:
1876:
1850:
1823:
1821:, p. 488.
1811:
1790:
1771:
1742:
1713:
1693:
1664:
1644:
1617:
1591:
1573:
1544:
1521:
1514:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1427:
1400:(4): 407–433.
1380:
1353:(4): 439–443.
1333:
1322:
1292:Lewey, Guenter
1283:
1274:|website=
1249:
1230:
1205:
1183:
1168:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1058:'s concept of
1030:
1027:
992:Trail of Tears
982:Indian removal
980:Main article:
977:
976:Implementation
974:
968:
965:
927:ticket in the
853:
850:
800:Indian removal
774:Muscogee-Creek
761:
758:
750:Elias Boudinot
606:
603:
598:Andrew Jackson
589:
586:
570:Trail of Tears
554:white American
503:Andrew Jackson
493:
492:
490:
489:
482:
475:
467:
464:
463:
451:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
415:
413:
412:
404:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Senate censure
356:
351:
343:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
319:
318:
316:Trail of Tears
311:Indian Removal
308:
306:Maysville veto
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
268:
262:
259:
257:
256:
251:
244:
243:
238:
233:
225:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:Andrew Jackson
182:a series about
178:
176:
160:
159:
157:
156:
153:Andrew Jackson
146:
136:
126:
119:
116:
115:
111:
110:
100:
92:
91:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6727:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6583:
6581:
6571:
6569:
6568:United States
6559:
6555:
6542:
6541:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6446:(adopted son)
6445:
6442:
6440:(adopted son)
6439:
6436:
6434:(adopted son)
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:The Buccaneer
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:The Buccaneer
6343:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Panic of 1837
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:Spoils system
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Seminole Wars
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Fort Strother
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:The Hermitage
6059:
6057:
6056:Hunter's Hill
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Redbird Smith
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Sam Sixkiller
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:Joel B. Mayes
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Lewis Downing
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:Richard Sneed
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Gerard Parker
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:Tahlonteeskee
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:William Hicks
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Little Turkey
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5475:Cherokee Path
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:Landmarks and
5261:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:Eastern Band
5242:
5238:
5237:Tahlonteeskee
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:Running Water
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Male Seminary
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:Organizations
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:United States
3850:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Treaty rights
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Seminole Wars
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:Duro v. Reina
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:Fort McIntosh
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2801:George Winter
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2758:David Wallace
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:James Gadsden
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2598:Seminole Wars
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:9780393927825
2215:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2157:9780230612273
2153:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
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921:Davy Crockett
918:
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701:acculturation
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296:Spoils system
294:
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274:1828 campaign
272:
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247:
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6337:
6325:
6317:
6305:Public image
6188:
5946:
5934:Shawna Baker
5869:Ned Christie
5794:John W. Hair
5754:Ross Swimmer
5749:W. W. Keeler
5504:Amouskositte
5450:Tuckaleechee
5420:Abrams Creek
5382:Untokiasdiyi
5357:Blythe Ferry
4908:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4799:
4721:
4699:
4564:Tribal Wars
4438:Booger dance
4301:Eastern Band
4214:in Australia
4183:Rhode Island
4109:
4101:
4093:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4044:Burger Court
4031:
4023:
4017:Warren Court
4004:
3996:
3977:
3969:
3948:
3940:
3883:Diminishment
3870:
3814:Colonial era
3682:
3554:Diminishment
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3189:
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3149:
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3133:
3125:
2879:Doak's Stand
2873:Creek Agency
2867:Fort Jackson
2743:James Monroe
2628:
2613:
2495:
2490:
2459:
2456:Brands, H.W.
2439:
2434:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:
2401:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
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2196:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2104:. Retrieved
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2081:. 2013-07-07
2069:
2041:
2034:
2022:
2013:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1985:
1973:
1961:
1941:
1912:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1869:February 20,
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1853:
1845:
1836:
1826:
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1754:
1745:
1703:
1696:
1654:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1594:
1585:
1576:
1534:
1505:
1499:
1493:. p. 6.
1490:
1484:
1478:. p. 8.
1475:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1325:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1299:
1286:
1254:. Retrieved
1239:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1130:
1113:
1091:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1056:Nazi Germany
1032:
1016:
996:resettlement
994:," a forced
985:
970:
962:
954:H. W. Brands
951:
945:philanthropy
942:
933:
919:Congressman
897:missionaries
894:
863:
826:
824:
804:
793:
763:
686:
638:
608:
566:Treaty Party
535:
498:
496:
446:Bibliography
310:
215:Early career
148:
138:
128:
122:
6035:(1796–1797)
6007:(1829–1837)
5894:Major Ridge
5874:John Martin
5854:Joseph Vann
5744:J. B. Milam
5669:Joyce Dugan
5639:John Rogers
5634:John Looney
5629:Sam Houston
5559:Incalatanga
5372:Mantle Rock
5297:Long Island
5034:Island town
4872:1842 revolt
4780:Youth Choir
4479:Nun'Yunu'Wi
4433:Stomp dance
4421:Black drink
4416:Ethnobotany
3962:Taney Court
3907:(1978–2006)
3871:Removal Act
3656:Dawes Rolls
3439:Legislation
2991:in Oklahoma
2863:(1804–1811)
2753:John Tipton
2666:(1836–1839)
2660:(1831–1838)
2654:(1831–1833)
2614:Removal Act
2594:(1817–1818)
2449:Cited works
2339:(1): 3–36.
2202:Foner, Eric
2027:Brands 2006
1978:Brands 2006
1966:Brands 2006
1819:Brands 2006
1787:(1): 50–55.
1447:(1): 3–36.
1256:10 November
1223:10 November
1119:U.S. Senate
1008:Mississippi
680:village of
676:within the
527:Great Lakes
344:Second term
6614:Categories
6402:(SSBN-619)
6276:Force Bill
6221:Hard money
6151:Presidency
5947:See also:
5849:David Vann
5844:James Vann
5839:Wauhatchie
5829:Goingsnake
5804:Nancy Ward
5624:John Jolly
5579:Pathkiller
5539:Old Tassel
5529:Oconostota
5197:Turtletown
5192:Turkeytown
5182:Tuckasegee
5117:Oostanaula
5064:Long Swamp
5059:Kulsetsiyi
4808:Education
4542:Ani-kutani
4499:Tsul 'Kalu
4464:Deer Woman
4168:New Mexico
4138:California
3925:Precedents
3730:Survivance
3476:Curtis Act
2939:New Echota
2849:Greenville
2718:Lewis Cass
2462:. Anchor.
2212:. Norton.
2106:2013-10-21
2085:2013-10-21
1926:p. 348–52.
1894:18 January
1805:2009-08-11
1765:2015-04-07
1723:1044542033
1658:. Boston.
1611:2012-07-14
1300:Commentary
1146:References
1123:U.S. House
1061:Lebensraum
913:Henry Clay
905:New Jersey
888:, and the
882:Potowatomi
786:autonomous
746:John Ridge
730:Sequoyah's
697:Christians
670:Fort Miami
627:New France
625:colonies.
596:President
588:Background
550:Whig Party
269:First term
264:Presidency
205:Early life
123:Introduced
76:Public law
52:Long title
6286:Pet banks
6066:Creek War
5859:Bob Benge
5824:Junaluska
5659:Tsaladihi
5649:Yonaguska
5599:John Ross
5584:Big Tiger
5564:Tagwadihi
5554:Kunokeski
5534:Savanukah
5470:Tlanusiyi
5337:Fort Cass
5232:Tahlequah
5212:Titsohili
5177:Tsatanugi
5092:Nickajack
5079:Nantahala
5074:Nacoochee
5004:Dirt town
4984:Conasauga
4974:Chilhowee
4964:Brasstown
4945:Towns and
4927:in Kansas
4862:Blood Law
4494:U'tlun'ta
4372:syllabary
4153:Louisiana
3877:Dawes Act
3482:Burke Act
3470:Dawes Act
2979:Landbases
2486:, at the
2377:: 443–444
2375:Green Bag
2345:0022-4642
2306:0043-3810
2259:0043-3810
1997:March 21,
1731:cite book
1682:cite book
1674:868199534
1562:cite book
1453:0022-4642
1414:0043-3810
1367:0043-3810
1276:ignored (
1266:cite book
1151:Citations
917:Tennessee
766:Chickasaw
426:Memorials
231:Creek War
71:Citations
6700:Seminole
6695:Muscogee
6604:Genocide
6540:Category
6464:(nephew)
6204:Bank War
5764:Joe Byrd
5704:Utselata
5694:Degataga
5614:Degadoga
5609:The Bowl
5387:Standing
5247:Cherokee
5202:Tuskegee
5162:Tomotley
5157:Tomassee
5122:Red Clay
5069:Mialoquo
5024:Hiwassee
5019:Frogtown
5009:Ducktown
4999:Crowtown
4947:villages
4532:Treaties
4525:military
4520:timeline
4484:Nûñnë'hï
4362:Language
4332:Calendar
4282:Cherokee
4178:Oklahoma
4173:New York
4163:Michigan
4126:By state
3806:Statutes
3119:Case law
2458:(2006).
2411:14 April
2381:14 April
2353:23247455
2314:26782720
2267:26782722
2204:(2006).
2079:GovTrack
1834:(1898).
1554:74987776
1461:23247455
1422:26782720
1375:26782722
1310:March 8,
1198:March 3,
1086:See also
1039:genocide
1004:Choctaws
907:Senator
878:Kickapoo
813:and the
778:Seminole
726:Cherokee
711:and the
709:Cherokee
682:Kekionga
665:Iroquois
578:genocide
562:Cherokee
519:Oklahoma
328:Bank War
279:election
6554:Portals
6495:Gilbert
6391:Jackson
5889:Sequoya
5509:Old Hop
5445:Chatata
5187:Tugaloo
5172:Toxoway
5152:Tellico
5142:Talulah
5127:Settico
5102:Nununyi
5097:Nikwasi
5039:Isunigu
4994:Coyotee
4969:Chatuga
4867:Slavery
4712:Removal
4515:History
4508:History
4452:Legends
4426:Kanuchi
4399:Marbles
4367:history
4322:Society
4315:Culture
4197:Compare
4188:Vermont
4148:Indiana
3634:Related
3595:Federal
2921:Cusseta
1918:(2007)
1637:May 28,
1068:during
886:Shawnee
874:Wyandot
866:Georgia
811:Georgia
807:Georgia
789:nations
770:Choctaw
718:English
713:Choctaw
693:English
687:During
674:Indiana
645:Wyandot
623:British
546:Georgia
102:4
81:Pub. L.
6478:Slaves
6428:(wife)
6419:Family
6393:(1832)
6357:(1958)
6349:(1938)
6023:(1821)
5484:People
5147:Tanasi
5137:Talisi
5112:Oconee
5087:Echota
5054:Kituwa
5049:Keowee
5014:Etowah
4913:(2005)
4905:(1871)
4896:(1832)
4888:(1831)
4537:Kituwa
4352:Ghigau
4347:Gadugi
4342:Chiefs
4289:Tribes
4143:Hawaii
4133:Alaska
4114:(2005)
4106:(2001)
4098:(1997)
4079:(1986)
4071:(1985)
4063:(1979)
4055:(1974)
4036:(1960)
4028:(1955)
4009:(1941)
4001:(1896)
3982:(1858)
3974:(1857)
3953:(1831)
3945:(1823)
3913:(1982)
3901:(1946)
3895:(1934)
3879:(1887)
3873:(1830)
3861:(1787)
3586:(2008)
3580:(1990)
3574:(1990)
3568:(1990)
3562:(1988)
3556:(1984)
3550:(1978)
3544:(1978)
3538:(1975)
3532:(1971)
3526:(1968)
3520:(1956)
3514:(1953)
3508:(1940)
3502:(1936)
3496:(1934)
3490:(1924)
3484:(1906)
3478:(1898)
3472:(1887)
3466:(1830)
3460:(1819)
3424:(2022)
3416:(2020)
3402:(2013)
3386:(2005)
3378:(2004)
3370:(2001)
3362:(1997)
3354:(1993)
3346:(1990)
3338:(1989)
3330:(1987)
3322:(1986)
3314:(1985)
3306:(1984)
3298:(1982)
3290:(1978)
3282:(1977)
3274:(1976)
3266:(1974)
3258:(1973)
3250:(1968)
3242:(1960)
3234:(1959)
3226:(1955)
3218:(1941)
3210:(1903)
3202:(1896)
3194:(1896)
3186:(1884)
3178:(1883)
3162:(1858)
3154:(1857)
3146:(1832)
3138:(1831)
3130:(1823)
3108:Rights
2971:(1857)
2965:(1854)
2959:(1842)
2953:(1842)
2947:(1838)
2941:(1835)
2935:(1832)
2929:(1832)
2923:(1832)
2917:(1831)
2911:(1830)
2905:(1829)
2899:(1829)
2893:(1825)
2887:(1821)
2881:(1820)
2875:(1818)
2869:(1814)
2857:(1796)
2851:(1795)
2845:(1790)
2839:(1788)
2833:(1785)
2827:(1784)
2821:(1768)
2696:(1900)
2690:(1864)
2684:(1863)
2678:(1850)
2672:(1838)
2588:(1817)
2582:(1817)
2576:(1817)
2570:(1816)
2564:(1814)
2558:(1813)
2552:(1813)
2466:
2351:
2343:
2312:
2304:
2265:
2257:
2216:
2154:
2057:
1949:
1922:
1721:
1711:
1672:
1662:
1552:
1542:
1512:
1459:
1451:
1420:
1412:
1373:
1365:
1247:
1021:. The
915:, and
890:Lenape
884:, the
880:, the
876:, the
831:, the
780:, and
748:, and
657:Beaver
619:French
523:Kansas
421:Legacy
416:Legacy
143:101–97
106:
89:21–148
87:
6470:(pet)
6389:USRC
5809:Tsali
5574:Enola
5390:Stone
5167:Toqua
5107:Ocoee
5044:Joara
4989:Cowee
4979:Chota
4561:Wars
4337:Clans
4158:Maine
2371:(PDF)
2349:JSTOR
2310:JSTOR
2263:JSTOR
1844:–38.
1457:JSTOR
1418:JSTOR
1371:JSTOR
1105:Notes
937:North
678:Miami
609:Many
133:28–19
104:Stat.
6468:Poll
6407:USS
6398:USS
6044:Life
6031:for
4903:case
2464:ISBN
2413:2023
2383:2023
2341:ISSN
2302:ISSN
2255:ISSN
2214:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2055:ISBN
1999:2014
1947:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1909:Howe
1896:2019
1871:2012
1737:link
1719:OCLC
1709:ISBN
1688:link
1670:OCLC
1660:ISBN
1639:2013
1568:link
1550:OCLC
1540:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1449:ISSN
1410:ISSN
1363:ISSN
1312:2017
1278:help
1258:2022
1245:ISBN
1225:2022
1200:2024
1175:The
1117:The
1054:and
988:West
967:Vote
659:and
621:and
613:saw
536:The
497:The
63:the
6002:7th
5084:New
3597:and
3410:and
3110:of
2294:doi
2247:doi
2148:180
2047:doi
1402:doi
1355:doi
1041:or
1037:or
1006:in
672:in
580:or
576:or
108:411
6616::
2406:94
2404:.
2400:.
2373:.
2347:.
2337:78
2335:.
2331:.
2308:.
2300:.
2290:47
2288:.
2284:.
2261:.
2253:.
2243:47
2241:.
2237:.
2109:.
2077:.
2053:.
1931:^
1887:.
1842:35
1785:50
1783:.
1753:.
1733:}}
1729:{{
1717:.
1684:}}
1680:{{
1668:.
1584:.
1564:}}
1560:{{
1548:.
1524:^
1455:.
1445:78
1443:.
1439:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:47
1396:.
1392:.
1369:.
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