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make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing savage tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive
Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?
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no one would propose this preposterous solution in the US government. Second, integration with the white culture but the Native
Americans did not want this as they wanted their own customs naturally; and the white men didn’t favor this either. Third, protect the natives where they lived by enforcing the precious agreed treaties which would have been impossible because of squatters and white settlers constantly invading Indian Country as they had been for last 15 years. Fourth, removal.
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speed up the expulsions by claiming that the deal between
Georgia and the federal government was invalid and that Southern states could pass laws extinguishing Indian title themselves. In response, the federal government passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to divide the United States territory west of the
648:) and Native women. This tradition was seen as a fundamental social and political institution that helped maintain relations and bond the two cultures. Many of the missionaries were also known to teach the tribes how to use iron tools, build European-style homes, and improve farming techniques; teachings the
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One idea that the Indian
Removal Act was the best hope is always overlooked. Distinguished Scholar and Native American historian Francis Paul Prucha has argued that there were only four courses of action for this crisis between the white man and Native Americans. First, genocide (extermination) but
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has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress never has for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the earth... But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to
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concerning the possibility of such an act. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised
Georgia that it would extinguish Indian title within the state's borders by purchase 'as soon as the such purchase could be made upon reasonable terms'". As time passed, Southern states began to
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of the
Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or were subject to the laws of existing states of the Union. Jackson urged Indians to assimilate and obey state laws. Further, he believed he could only accommodate the desire for
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As distinguished
Professor Robert V. Remini and Andrew Jackson Scholar stated, “That was the course Jackson knew would work and therefore adopted. No other alternative existed if the Indians were to survive … He saved the Five Civilized Nations from probable extinction.”
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wrote that because of "claimed parallels between ethnic cleansing and Indian removal, any examination of Indian removal will inevitably involve discussions of ethnic cleansing." Other scholarship has focused on the historical comparisons between the United States concept of
704:, and they believed their notions of private property to be a superior system of land tenure. Colonial and frontier encroachers inflicted a practice of cultural assimilation, meaning that tribes such as the Cherokee were forced to adopt aspects of white civilization. This
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On April 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian
Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19. On May 26, 1830, the House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 101 to 97. On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson.
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and abandon non-marital sex. Finally, they had to accept the concept of individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances, African people as slaves). Many
Cherokee people adopted all, or some, of these practices, including
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Jackson viewed the demise of Native nations as inevitable, pointing to the steady expansion of
European-based lifestyles and the decimation of Native nations in the U.S.'s northeast region. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given the
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by the beginning of the 19th century. Native peoples were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they were forced to convert to Christianity and abandon traditional religious practices. They were also required to learn to speak and read
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848:. He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were sovereign foreign nations. Thus, the creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of state sovereignty under
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supported the English for various strategic reasons. For strategic economic and military purposes, the French also had a practice of building forts and trading posts within Native villages, such as that of
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518:(1837–1841) more than 60,000 Native Americans from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in
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873:, which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crisis. Besides the
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Andrew Jackson sought to renew a policy of political and military action for the removal of Natives from these lands and worked toward enacting a law for "Indian removal". In his 1829
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573:) challenged their relocation, but were unsuccessful in the courts; they were forcibly removed by the United States government in a march to the west that later became known as the
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lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the government allowing them to remain in south Florida swampland. Only a small number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war.
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Despite the adoption of white cultural values by many natives and tribes, the United States government began a systematic effort to remove Native peoples from the Southeast. The
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handed down a decision stating that Indians could occupy and control lands within the United States but could not hold title to those lands. Jackson viewed the union as a
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510:. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the
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689:. However, the belief in European cultural and racial superiority was generally widespread among high ranking colonial officials and clergymen in this period.
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was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Native Americans from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a paternalistic act of mercy.
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An Act to provide for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi.
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The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this time favored its passage, but there was also significant opposition. Many Christian
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spoke out against the legislation. The Removal Act passed only after a bitter debate in Congress. Clay extensively campaigned against it on the
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According to Robert M. Keeton, proponents of the bill used biblical narratives to justify the forced resettlement of Native Americans.
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of the Indian population. This forced resettlement has been characterized as a genocide. The first removal treaty signed was the
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The Indian Removal Act was put in place to annex Native land and then transfer that ownership to Southern states, especially
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Molhotra, Rajiv (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth (ed.).
944:'s history regarding Native nations within their claimed territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward."
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Prucha, F. P. “Andrew Jackson’s Indian Policy: A Reassessment.” The Journal of American History 56, no. 3 (1969): 527–39.
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and clergy). Legal efforts to allow Indian tribes to remain on their land in the eastern U.S. failed. Most famously, the
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The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the
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577:. Since the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state-sanctioned
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Native self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement on Federal lands west of the Mississippi River.
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In the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state sanctioned
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As long as grass grows : the indigenous fight for environmental justice, from colonization to Standing Rock
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Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government
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The Seminoles and other tribes did not leave peacefully, as they resisted the removal along with
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https://economics.emory.edu/documents/carlson-len-indian-lands-squatterism-and-slavery.pdf
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was characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey.
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These distinct ethnic and political groups were referred to in the United States as the "
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called for an American Indian Removal Act in his first (1829) State of the Union address.
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was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.
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1606:"President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory"
1186:; May 26, 1830; House vote No. 149; Government Tracker online; retrieved October 2015
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814:. The Act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 between
530:. With a few exceptions, the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the
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Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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ceded land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West. The
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Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and
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into districts for tribes to replace the land from which they were removed.
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as savages. However, euro-native relations varied, particularly between the
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1756:"Andrew Jackson calls for Indian removal – North Carolina Digital History"
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2287:"The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?"
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1395:"The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?"
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was emptied of its Native American population. The movement westward of
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The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians
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1171:, Volume I, Lincoln: the University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 206.
2403:"Nazi Germany's Race Laws, the United States, and American Indians"
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The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, especially in
865:
Congressional debates concerning the Indian Removal Act, April 1830
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2431:
1947:
Almost president: the men who lost the race but changed the nation
1784:
Davis, Ethan. "An Administrative Trail of Tears: Indian Removal".
860:
596:
535:
514:". During the presidency of Jackson (1829–1837) and his successor
5963:
3435:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
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740:. The Native Americans also had to adopt settler values, such as
506:
was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President
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1919:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
27:
Law authorizing the removal of Native Americans from US states
1248:. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History. 2012.
5953:
4255:
1950:. Internet Archive. Guilford, CN: Lyons Press. p. 32.
1511:
Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South
1509:
Thor, The Mighty (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"".
1197:"Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents of Americas History"
656:, would spread on to other tribes as they relocated to the
6665:
Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States
4073:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3316:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
610:
History of European cultural assimilation in the New World
5790:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
2240:"Policing the Past: Indian Removal and Genocide Studies"
1348:"Policing the Past: Indian Removal and Genocide Studies"
904:
protested against it, most notably missionary organizer
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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3541:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
2047:
5. "The Race of Pale Men Should Increase and Multiply"
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and how American removal policy served as a model for
6556:
1632:"President Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal Act"
4116:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4057:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3388:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3268:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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2814:
2771:
2708:
2644:
2611:
2545:
1866:. A&E Television Networks. 2011. Archived from
1660:
An indigenous peoples' history of the United States
1126:passed the bill on April 24, 1830 (28–19), and the
526:). The northern tribes were resettled initially in
113:
94:
75:
70:
59:
51:
6301:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson
2210:
2080:"To Order Engrossment and Third Reading of S. 102"
700:felt their civilization to be superior: they were
660:. Throughout the 17th and 18th century during the
80:
6685:United States federal Native American legislation
2021:. Vol. 2. Brandywine Press. pp. 115–16.
757:, as represented by the newspaper he edited, The
6121:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
5690:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
5650:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
3340:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1301:"Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?"
652:, who maintained a century long friendship with
6680:Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
6660:Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America
3666:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2180:. Ohio University Press. pp. 15, 141, 254.
2050:. New York University Press. pp. 125–149.
2019:Native American Voices: A History and Anthology
1513:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51.
4011:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
3220:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1996:"Statements from the Debate on Indian Removal"
5979:
4271:
3788:
3097:
3051:Native American genocide in the United States
2523:
557:opposed the bill, as did other groups within
545:approved the Act by a narrow majority in the
483:
8:
3324:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
37:
6720:Andrew Jackson administration controversies
3839:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
2195:. Yale University Press. pp. 328, 330.
2176:Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2008).
1219:"Andrew Jackson was called 'Indian Killer'"
5986:
5972:
5964:
4278:
4264:
4256:
3933:
3814:
3795:
3781:
3773:
3260:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
3104:
3090:
3082:
2530:
2516:
2508:
2178:Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism
2116:The bill passed 101–97, with 11 not voting
1740:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1540:The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears
1050:or as all three Forms of these. Historian
877:, additional people affected included the
490:
476:
163:
6635:19th-century colonization of the Americas
6333:(Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)
6136:Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign
2501:1830 State of the Union on Indian Removal
696:, many colonialists and particularly the
6246:1832 United States presidential election
6131:1828 United States presidential election
6116:1824 United States presidential election
6086:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
6026:Federal Military Commissioner of Florida
3872:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
2489:Indian Removal Act and related resources
2373:"How Andrew Jackson Saved the Cherokees"
934:1832 United States presidential election
6563:
4238:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
4226:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
3613:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
1634:. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from
1160:
1115:
166:
4081:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
2031:
1982:
1970:
1823:
1733:
1684:
1564:
1278:
1268:
961:, Jackson sincerely believed that his
36:
6715:Race legislation in the United States
6675:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
6655:Ethnic cleansing in the United States
6645:Aboriginal title in the United States
6261:Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
4100:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3804:Aboriginal title in the United States
3547:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3364:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3117:Native Americans in the United States
1939:
1937:
1786:The American Journal of Legal History
1591:PBS Africans in America: Judgment Day
1532:
1530:
7:
6164:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
4030:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
3228:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2445:Andrew Jackson & His Indian Wars
2443:Remini, Robert V. (Robert Vincent).
1593:. WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999.
842:federation of highly esteemed states
6317:List of memorials to Andrew Jackson
6251:1832 Democratic National Convention
5292:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
4387:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
4231:List of federally recognized tribes
4003:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3535:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3196:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2056:10.18574/nyu/9781479876778.003.0006
1845:. Longmans, Green and Co. pp.
1321:Also available in reprint from the
1130:passed it on May 26, 1830 (102–97).
796:in the southeastern United States.
765:The perceived failure of the policy
6695:Native American history of Florida
6597:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4941:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
3827:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
2465:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times
1223:Washington Post, November 23, 2017
265:7th President of the United States
85:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
5610:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
5575:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
3984:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3705:National Indian Gaming Commission
3300:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
3164:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2504:; Text at 100 Milestone Documents
995:in an event widely known as the "
6602:
6590:
6578:
6566:
6540:
6539:
4765:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
3847:
3252:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2447:. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
2044:Keeton, Robert M. (2015-07-10).
1007:on September 27, 1830, in which
789:nations had been established as
712:and was well underway among the
642:, a marriage between tradesmen (
463:
457:
171:
43:
6241:1830 State of the Union Address
6236:1829 State of the Union Address
5745:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
3459:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
3008:Indian barrier state (proposed)
2432:https://doi.org/10.2307/1904204
2338:The Journal of Southern History
2285:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016).
2151:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp.
1446:The Journal of Southern History
1393:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016).
634:, which was established in the
384:Reaction to anti-slavery tracts
6204:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
6010:President of the United States
5445:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
5372:Chief Vann House Historic Site
5282:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
3910:Indian Land Claims Settlements
3689:In the Courts of the Conqueror
3292:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2546:Battles and military incidents
2334:"The Legacy of Indian Removal"
2132:. Outskirts Press. p. 97.
1842:Division and Reunion 1829–1889
1657:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014).
1543:. Michael D. Green. New York.
1442:"The Legacy of Indian Removal"
1005:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1:
6221:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
5382:Museum of the Cherokee People
3916:Indian Claims Limitations Act
3571:Native American Languages Act
2147:The Challenge of Eurocentrism
2128:Greenwood, Robert E. (2007).
1706:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina (2019).
589:; some view it as all three.
32:Indian Relocation Act of 1956
6650:Presidency of Andrew Jackson
6381:Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson
5470:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
5347:Red Clay State Historic Park
4959:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
4065:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
3904:Indian Claims Commission Act
3710:Native American civil rights
3565:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
3404:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2291:Western Historical Quarterly
2244:Western Historical Quarterly
1806:. Public Broadcasting System
1399:Western Historical Quarterly
1352:Western Historical Quarterly
553:. Indigenous tribes and the
125:in the Senate as S. 102
6169:Tenure of Office Act (1820)
5954:Cherokee-language Knowledge
5774:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
4795:Cherokee Southwest Township
4780:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
4712:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
4629:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
4448:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
3725:Recognition of sacred sites
3720:Native American Rights Fund
3625:Federally recognized tribes
3505:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
3056:Reservation checkerboarding
2017:Mintz, Steven, ed. (1995).
1894:Oklahoma Historical Society
844:, as was common before the
838:United States Supreme Court
708:was originally proposed by
640:marriage à la façon du pays
65:21st United States Congress
6736:
6276:Ordinance of Nullification
6101:Battle of Pensacola (1814)
4915:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
4890:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
4800:Oconaluftee Indian Village
4775:Original Keetoowah Society
3955:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3833:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3583:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
3140:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3071:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
2652:Indian removals in Indiana
2645:Removals (chronologically)
2401:Miller, Robert J. (2020).
2238:Hixson, Walter L. (2016).
2105:"To Pass S. 102. (P. 729)"
1804:"Indial Removal 1814–1858"
1604:Jefferson, Thomas (1803).
1346:Hixson, Walter L. (2016).
984:
801:State of the Union address
504:Indian Removal Act of 1830
29:
6630:1830 in the United States
6518:
6001:
5949:
5327:Trail of Tears State Park
5277:Cherokee National Capitol
4683:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
4658:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
4392:Cherokee Immersion School
3845:
3499:Indian Reorganization Act
3426:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
3284:United States v. Antelope
2772:People who helped Indians
2675:Potawatomi Trail of Death
1712:. Boston, Massachusetts.
1104:Potawatomi Trail of Death
930:National Republican Party
210:Revolutionary War service
118:
42:
6710:Legal history of Florida
6091:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
5460:Fort Smith Historic Site
5228:Western Cherokee Nation
4827:Cherokee Central Schools
4612:Battle of Lindley's Fort
4382:Cherokee (Unicode block)
3651:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3553:Indian Child Welfare Act
3356:South Dakota v. Bourland
3061:Reservation diminishment
3039:in the Thirteen Colonies
2733:George Rockingham Gilmer
2567:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
747:Cherokee chief John Ross
547:House of Representatives
369:Payment of national debt
180:This article is part of
131:on April 24, 1830 (
30:Not to be confused with
6495:Jackson as slave trader
6437:Andrew Jackson Donelson
5819:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
5805:Other notable Cherokee
4739:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
3835:(British North America)
3700:Long Walk of the Navajo
3630:State recognized tribes
3529:Indian Civil Rights Act
3044:Land claims settlements
2693:Long Walk of the Navajo
2371:White, Richard (2002).
1245:Native American Removal
957:According to historian
694:American colonial times
6096:Treaty of Fort Jackson
6056:Battle of Hanging Rock
6020:(1797–1798, 1823–1825)
6018:Senator from Tennessee
5739:William Charles Rogers
5659:William Holland Thomas
5435:The Great Trading Path
4602:Cherokee–American wars
4243:Legal status of Hawaii
4209:Indigenous land rights
4108:Idaho v. United States
3715:Native American gaming
3618:Legal status of Hawaii
3493:Indian Citizenship Act
3372:Idaho v. United States
3276:Bryan v. Itasca County
3212:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
3172:Standing Bear v. Crook
2920:Prairie du Chien (4th)
2908:Prairie du Chien (3rd)
2902:Prairie du Chien (2nd)
2896:Prairie du Chien (1st)
2774:or documented removals
2711:and military officials
2657:Choctaw Trail of Tears
2624:Georgia Land Lotteries
2332:Perdue, Theda (2012).
2191:BKiernan, Ben (2007).
2107:. GovTrack. 2013-07-07
1944:Farris, Scott (2012).
1537:Perdue, Theda (2007).
1440:Perdue, Theda (2012).
1167:Prucha, Francis Paul,
955:
914:Theodore Frelinghuysen
866:
857:Support and opposition
666:French and Indian Wars
606:
563:Christian missionaries
379:Assassination attempts
328:Nat Turner's rebellion
141:on May 26, 1830 (
6443:Daniel Smith Donelson
6374:The Remarkable Andrew
6325:(U.S. Capitol statue)
6106:Battle of New Orleans
5465:Port Royal State Park
4690:Transylvania Purchase
4663:Treaty of Hard Labour
4585:Siege of Fort Loudoun
4311:United Keetoowah Band
3976:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3829:(1629 New Netherland)
3523:Indian Relocation Act
3380:United States v. Lara
3156:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3013:Indian Reserve (1763)
2815:Land cession treaties
2591:Attack at Fort Hughes
2407:St. John's Law Review
1998:. Columbia University
1890:"Timeline of Removal"
1299:(September 1, 2004).
1199:. Library of Congress
1141:Five Civilized Tribes
946:
875:Five Civilized Tribes
864:
850:Article IV, Section 3
803:, Jackson called for
600:
404:Judicial appointments
241:Battle of New Orleans
6625:1830 in American law
6344:The President's Lady
6266:Nullification crisis
6146:Jacksonian democracy
5729:Samuel Houston Mayes
4906:The Cherokee Tobacco
4898:Worcester v. Georgia
4882:freedmen controversy
4842:Sequoyah High School
4832:Cherokee High School
4695:Chickamauga Cherokee
4653:Treaty of Turkeytown
4643:Treaty of New Echota
4619:Nickajack Expedition
4597:Cherokee War of 1776
3148:Worcester v. Georgia
3066:Reservation politics
2914:Dancing Rabbit Creek
2801:Benjamin Marie Petit
2709:American politicians
2635:Worcester v. Georgia
2573:Battle of Negro Fort
2555:Battle of Burnt Corn
1864:"Indian Removal Act"
1323:History News Network
1183:Congressional Record
1098:Worcester v. Georgia
1017:Treaty of New Echota
830:In the 1823 case of
561:society (e.g., some
415:Later life and death
394:Exploring expedition
338:Nullification crisis
296:Jacksonian democracy
6524:← John Quincy Adams
6490:Jackson and slavery
6463:(acting First Lady)
6461:Sarah Yorke Jackson
6457:(acting First Lady)
6256:Maysville Road veto
6081:Battle of Talladega
6034:U.S. Representative
5337:Rattlesnake Springs
4922:Cherokee Commission
4607:Battle of Hightower
4494:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
4397:New Kituwah Academy
4362:Green Corn Ceremony
3947:Johnson v. McIntosh
3864:Northwest Ordinance
3695:Indian reservations
3656:Cherokee Commission
3132:Johnson v. McIntosh
2991:Former reservations
2974:Buffalo Creek (4th)
2962:Buffalo Creek (3rd)
2950:Buffalo Creek (2nd)
2842:Buffalo Creek (1st)
2781:Robert C. Ambrister
2493:Library of Congress
1048:settler colonialism
1028:Second Seminole War
963:population transfer
916:, Kentucky Senator
833:Johnson v. McIntosh
742:monogamous marriage
587:settler colonialism
446:Second Party System
114:Legislative history
39:
18:Indian Removal Bill
6531:Martin Van Buren →
6367:The Gorgeous Hussy
6194:Indian Removal Act
6038:Tennessee at-large
5529:Outacite of Keowee
5440:The Great War Path
5415:Oconaluftee valley
5400:Stick Ball Grounds
5322:Tellico Blockhouse
4727:Indian Removal Act
4673:Treaty of Hopewell
4668:Treaty of Lochaber
4624:American Civil War
4580:Anglo-Cherokee War
4464:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
3898:Reorganization Act
3893:Curtis Act of 1898
3870:Nonintercourse Act
3755:Self-determination
3750:Tribal sovereignty
3676:Eagle-bone whistle
3469:Indian Removal Act
3457:Nonintercourse Act
3451:Blood quantum laws
3418:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2830:Fort Stanwix (2nd)
2824:Fort Stanwix (1st)
2699:Burt Lake burn-out
2681:Sandy Lake Tragedy
2597:Battle of Ocheesee
2579:Battle of Fowltown
2561:Fort Mims massacre
2303:10.1093/whq/whw126
2256:10.1093/whq/whw092
2034:, p. 489-493.
1973:, p. 489-498.
1411:10.1093/whq/whw126
1364:10.1093/whq/whw092
1311:on August 15, 2017
867:
846:American Civil War
820:federal government
738:Cherokee syllabary
636:Great Lakes region
616:European colonists
607:
246:First Seminole War
38:Indian Removal Act
6640:American frontier
6554:
6553:
6414:President Jackson
5961:
5960:
5914:Clement V. Rogers
5784:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
5734:Thomas Buffington
5499:Moytoy of Tellico
5420:Oconaluftee River
5352:Hair Conrad Cabin
5287:Chieftains Museum
4838:Sequoyah Schools
4700:Overhill Cherokee
4678:Treaty of Holston
4648:Treaty of Tellico
4638:Cherokee treaties
4409:Spiritual beliefs
4253:
4252:
4126:
4125:
3925:
3924:
3770:
3769:
3671:Eagle feather law
3605:State recognition
3396:Cobell v. Salazar
3308:Solem v. Bartlett
3180:Ex parte Crow Dog
3079:
3078:
2817:(chronologically)
2612:Policies and laws
2548:(chronologically)
2474:978-1-4000-3072-9
2155:, 184, 189, 199.
2065:978-1-4798-9573-1
1957:978-0-7627-6378-8
1929:978-0-19-507894-7
1916:, Daniel Walker.
1719:978-0-8070-7378-0
1670:978-0-8070-0040-3
1630:Jackson, Andrew.
1550:978-0-670-03150-4
1520:978-0-8203-2731-0
1255:978-0-19-974336-0
1034:Historical legacy
825:Mississippi River
787:original Cherokee
733:, exemplified by
710:George Washington
536:indigenous tribes
512:river Mississippi
500:
499:
197:
196:
162:
161:
129:Passed the Senate
97:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
6727:
6670:Indian Territory
6607:
6606:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6562:
6543:
6542:
6338:Black Jack stamp
6179:Petticoat affair
6141:Coffin Handbills
6041:
6029:
6021:
6013:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5884:Markwayne Mullin
5714:Dennis Bushyhead
5594:Charles R. Hicks
5519:Moytoy of Citico
5410:Tuckasegee River
5332:Brainerd Mission
5317:Sequoyah's Cabin
5224:Cherokee Nations
4862:Principal Chiefs
4855:Politics and law
4806:Unto These Hills
4770:Warriors Society
4732:Cherokee descent
4706:Cherokee Phoenix
4590:Battle of Echoee
4573:Battle of Taliwa
4552:skiagusta (rank)
4479:Moon-eyed people
4414:Moon-eyed people
4332:National holiday
4280:
4273:
4266:
4257:
4214:Aboriginal title
3934:
3851:
3815:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3646:Aboriginal title
3463:Civilization Act
3399:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
3106:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3034:Aboriginal title
3018:Unassigned Lands
3003:Indian Territory
2791:Benjamin Hawkins
2786:George Arbuthnot
2743:Thomas Jefferson
2669:Cherokee removal
2629:Manifest destiny
2532:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2478:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1932:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:on March 8, 2010
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:Indian question.
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1762:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1608:. Archived from
1601:
1595:
1594:
1587:"Indian Removal"
1583:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:The Indiana Home
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:The Indiana Home
1476:
1470:
1469:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:. Archived from
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1057:manifest destiny
1040:ethnic cleansing
759:Cherokee Phoenix
727:Native languages
654:French Canadians
645:coureur des bois
620:Native Americans
579:ethnic cleansing
520:Indian Territory
516:Martin Van Buren
492:
485:
478:
467:
466:
461:
436:Manifest destiny
389:Texas Revolution
359:2nd inauguration
306:Petticoat affair
291:1st inauguration
193:
192:
190:
183:
175:
168:
167:
164:
139:Passed the House
98:
86:
82:
47:
40:
21:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6555:
6550:
6514:
6478:
6449:Lyncoya Jackson
6419:
6388:Man of Conquest
6305:
6231:Specie Circular
6184:Kitchen Cabinet
6150:
6126:Corrupt bargain
6044:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5962:
5957:
5945:
5934:Kimberly Teehee
5794:James L. Gordon
5779:Bill John Baker
5764:Wilma Mankiller
5704:William P. Ross
5679:Patrick Lambert
5524:Standing Turkey
5484:
5430:Sycamore Shoals
5405:Cullasaja River
5357:Nancy Ward Tomb
5307:John Ross House
5269:
5263:
5257:Qualla Boundary
5232:Cherokee Nation
5034:Hiwassee Island
4964:Amoyeligunahita
4951:
4945:
4850:
4817:Female Seminary
4790:Heritage groups
4760:Heritage Center
4748:
4744:Texas Cherokees
4557:outacite (rank)
4508:
4452:
4315:
4301:Cherokee Nation
4289:
4284:
4254:
4249:
4197:
4122:
4092:Rehnquist Court
4087:
4044:
4017:
3995:1890—1950
3990:
3961:
3921:
3852:
3843:
3806:
3801:
3771:
3766:
3683:Hunting license
3634:
3603:
3594:
3511:Nationality Act
3439:
3412:Sharp v. Murphy
3332:Hodel v. Irving
3236:Williams v. Lee
3204:Talton v. Mayes
3119:
3110:
3080:
3075:
3022:
2979:
2968:La Pointe (2nd)
2956:La Pointe (1st)
2932:Payne's Landing
2866:Forbes Purchase
2816:
2810:
2773:
2767:
2718:John C. Calhoun
2710:
2704:
2687:Nome Cult Trail
2640:
2607:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2485:
2475:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2213:Give me liberty
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1837:Wilson, Woodrow
1835:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1760:www.learnnc.org
1754:
1753:
1749:
1732:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1683:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1638:on June 1, 2013
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1563:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:Esarey, Logan.
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:Esarey, Logan.
1478:
1477:
1473:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1314:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1277:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1093:
1076:Generalplan Ost
1036:
1024:fugitive slaves
989:
983:
974:
908:. In Congress,
906:Jeremiah Evarts
859:
767:
612:
595:
569:(excluding the
496:
464:
462:
455:
422:
419:
411:
410:Post-presidency
408:
374:Specie Circular
350:
347:
343:Foreign affairs
275:
272:
271:
266:
263:
259:Corrupt bargain
250:
232:
231:Military career
229:
188:
186:
185:
184:
181:
179:
158:
155:on May 28, 1830
149:Signed into law
96:
84:
60:Enacted by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6733:
6731:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6690:Trail of Tears
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6599:
6587:
6585:Modern history
6575:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6510:Hannah Jackson
6507:
6505:Alfred Jackson
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6470:
6467:John Hutchings
6464:
6458:
6455:Emily Donelson
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6431:Rachel Jackson
6427:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6409:
6405:Andrew Jackson
6400:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6331:Andrew Jackson
6327:
6323:Andrew Jackson
6319:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6286:Tariff of 1833
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:Tariff of 1832
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6214:Senate censure
6206:
6201:
6199:Trail of Tears
6196:
6191:
6189:Indian removal
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6030:
6022:
6014:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:Andrew Jackson
5993:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Hastings Shade
5926:
5924:Durbin Feeling
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5904:Jenny McIntosh
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Yvette Herrell
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5869:Nunnahitsunega
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:Elias Boudinot
5836:
5831:
5826:
5824:Turtle-at-Home
5821:
5816:
5811:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5724:Johnson Harris
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Dragging Canoe
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5504:Attakullakulla
5501:
5495:Early leaders
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Bussell Island
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Ross's Landing
5309:
5304:
5299:
5297:Judaculla Rock
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5270:memorial sites
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5137:Spike Bucktown
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4927:Cherokee Strip
4919:
4911:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4722:Trail of Tears
4714:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4564:
4562:Raven of Chota
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Horned Serpent
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4034:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3938:Marshall Court
3931:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3740:Trail of Tears
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3517:Public Law 280
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3453:(1705 onwards)
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3188:Elk v. Wilkins
3184:
3176:
3175:(D. Neb. 1879)
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3027:Related topics
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2938:Pontotoc Creek
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2890:Indian Springs
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2860:New York (2nd)
2857:
2851:
2848:New York (1st)
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Edward Nicolls
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Winfield Scott
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Andrew Jackson
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2663:Trail of Tears
2660:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2585:Scott Massacre
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2539:Indian Removal
2537:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2484:
2483:External links
2481:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2393:
2363:
2324:
2297:(4): 407–433.
2277:
2250:(4): 439–443.
2230:
2223:
2198:
2183:
2168:
2161:
2135:
2120:
2096:
2071:
2064:
2036:
2024:
2009:
1987:
1985:, p. 490.
1975:
1963:
1956:
1933:
1906:
1881:
1855:
1828:
1826:, p. 488.
1816:
1795:
1776:
1747:
1718:
1698:
1669:
1649:
1622:
1596:
1578:
1549:
1526:
1519:
1501:
1486:
1471:
1432:
1405:(4): 407–433.
1385:
1358:(4): 439–443.
1338:
1327:
1297:Lewey, Guenter
1288:
1279:|website=
1254:
1235:
1210:
1188:
1173:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1063:'s concept of
1035:
1032:
997:Trail of Tears
987:Indian removal
985:Main article:
982:
981:Implementation
979:
973:
970:
932:ticket in the
858:
855:
805:Indian removal
779:Muscogee-Creek
766:
763:
755:Elias Boudinot
611:
608:
603:Andrew Jackson
594:
591:
575:Trail of Tears
559:white American
508:Andrew Jackson
498:
497:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
469:
468:
456:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
420:
418:
417:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
364:Senate censure
361:
356:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
324:
323:
321:Trail of Tears
316:Indian Removal
313:
311:Maysville veto
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
287:
286:
273:
267:
264:
262:
261:
256:
249:
248:
243:
238:
230:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:Andrew Jackson
182:a series about
178:
176:
160:
159:
157:
156:
153:Andrew Jackson
146:
136:
126:
119:
116:
115:
111:
110:
100:
92:
91:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6732:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6573:United States
6564:
6560:
6547:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6451:(adopted son)
6450:
6447:
6445:(adopted son)
6444:
6441:
6439:(adopted son)
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:The Buccaneer
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:The Buccaneer
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Panic of 1837
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Spoils system
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Seminole Wars
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:Fort Strother
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:The Hermitage
6064:
6062:
6061:Hunter's Hill
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Redbird Smith
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Sam Sixkiller
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Joel B. Mayes
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5694:Lewis Downing
5692:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:Richard Sneed
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Gerard Parker
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Tahlonteeskee
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:William Hicks
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Little Turkey
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5480:Cherokee Path
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:Landmarks and
5266:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:Eastern Band
5247:
5243:
5242:Tahlonteeskee
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Running Water
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Male Seminary
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:Organizations
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:United States
3855:
3850:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Treaty rights
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Seminole Wars
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:Duro v. Reina
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:Fort McIntosh
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:George Winter
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2763:David Wallace
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:James Gadsden
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2603:Seminole Wars
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2224:9780393927825
2220:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2162:9780230612273
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
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706:acculturation
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301:Spoils system
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279:1828 campaign
277:
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254:1824 election
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225:Slave trading
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220:Personal life
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6349:
6342:
6330:
6322:
6310:Public image
6193:
5951:
5939:Shawna Baker
5874:Ned Christie
5799:John W. Hair
5759:Ross Swimmer
5754:W. W. Keeler
5509:Amouskositte
5455:Tuckaleechee
5425:Abrams Creek
5387:Untokiasdiyi
5362:Blythe Ferry
4913:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4804:
4726:
4704:
4569:Tribal Wars
4443:Booger dance
4306:Eastern Band
4219:in Australia
4188:Rhode Island
4114:
4106:
4098:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4049:Burger Court
4036:
4028:
4022:Warren Court
4009:
4001:
3982:
3974:
3953:
3945:
3888:Diminishment
3875:
3819:Colonial era
3687:
3559:Diminishment
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3138:
3130:
2884:Doak's Stand
2878:Creek Agency
2872:Fort Jackson
2748:James Monroe
2633:
2618:
2500:
2495:
2464:
2461:Brands, H.W.
2444:
2439:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2406:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2379:
2366:
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2201:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2109:. Retrieved
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2086:. 2013-07-07
2074:
2046:
2039:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1990:
1978:
1966:
1946:
1917:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1874:February 20,
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1858:
1850:
1841:
1831:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1759:
1750:
1708:
1701:
1659:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1599:
1590:
1581:
1539:
1510:
1504:
1498:. p. 6.
1495:
1489:
1483:. p. 8.
1480:
1474:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1330:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1304:
1291:
1259:. Retrieved
1244:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1191:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1135:
1118:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1064:
1061:Nazi Germany
1037:
1021:
1001:resettlement
999:," a forced
990:
975:
967:
959:H. W. Brands
956:
950:philanthropy
947:
938:
924:Congressman
902:missionaries
899:
868:
831:
829:
809:
798:
768:
691:
643:
613:
571:Treaty Party
540:
503:
501:
451:Bibliography
315:
215:Early career
148:
138:
128:
122:
6040:(1796–1797)
6012:(1829–1837)
5899:Major Ridge
5879:John Martin
5859:Joseph Vann
5749:J. B. Milam
5674:Joyce Dugan
5644:John Rogers
5639:John Looney
5634:Sam Houston
5564:Incalatanga
5377:Mantle Rock
5302:Long Island
5039:Island town
4877:1842 revolt
4785:Youth Choir
4484:Nun'Yunu'Wi
4438:Stomp dance
4426:Black drink
4421:Ethnobotany
3967:Taney Court
3912:(1978–2006)
3876:Removal Act
3661:Dawes Rolls
3444:Legislation
2996:in Oklahoma
2868:(1804–1811)
2758:John Tipton
2671:(1836–1839)
2665:(1831–1838)
2659:(1831–1833)
2619:Removal Act
2599:(1817–1818)
2454:Cited works
2344:(1): 3–36.
2207:Foner, Eric
2032:Brands 2006
1983:Brands 2006
1971:Brands 2006
1824:Brands 2006
1792:(1): 50–55.
1452:(1): 3–36.
1261:10 November
1228:10 November
1124:U.S. Senate
1013:Mississippi
685:village of
681:within the
532:Great Lakes
349:Second term
6619:Categories
6407:(SSBN-619)
6281:Force Bill
6226:Hard money
6156:Presidency
5952:See also:
5854:David Vann
5849:James Vann
5844:Wauhatchie
5834:Goingsnake
5809:Nancy Ward
5629:John Jolly
5584:Pathkiller
5544:Old Tassel
5534:Oconostota
5202:Turtletown
5197:Turkeytown
5187:Tuckasegee
5122:Oostanaula
5069:Long Swamp
5064:Kulsetsiyi
4813:Education
4547:Ani-kutani
4504:Tsul 'Kalu
4469:Deer Woman
4173:New Mexico
4143:California
3930:Precedents
3735:Survivance
3481:Curtis Act
2944:New Echota
2854:Greenville
2723:Lewis Cass
2467:. Anchor.
2217:. Norton.
2111:2013-10-21
2090:2013-10-21
1931:p. 348–52.
1899:18 January
1810:2009-08-11
1770:2015-04-07
1728:1044542033
1663:. Boston.
1616:2012-07-14
1305:Commentary
1151:References
1128:U.S. House
1066:Lebensraum
918:Henry Clay
910:New Jersey
893:, and the
887:Potowatomi
791:autonomous
751:John Ridge
735:Sequoyah's
702:Christians
675:Fort Miami
632:New France
630:colonies.
601:President
593:Background
555:Whig Party
274:First term
269:Presidency
205:Early life
123:Introduced
76:Public law
52:Long title
6291:Pet banks
6071:Creek War
5864:Bob Benge
5829:Junaluska
5664:Tsaladihi
5654:Yonaguska
5604:John Ross
5589:Big Tiger
5569:Tagwadihi
5559:Kunokeski
5539:Savanukah
5475:Tlanusiyi
5342:Fort Cass
5237:Tahlequah
5217:Titsohili
5182:Tsatanugi
5097:Nickajack
5084:Nantahala
5079:Nacoochee
5009:Dirt town
4989:Conasauga
4979:Chilhowee
4969:Brasstown
4950:Towns and
4932:in Kansas
4867:Blood Law
4499:U'tlun'ta
4377:syllabary
4158:Louisiana
3882:Dawes Act
3487:Burke Act
3475:Dawes Act
2984:Landbases
2491:, at the
2382:: 443–444
2380:Green Bag
2350:0022-4642
2311:0043-3810
2264:0043-3810
2002:March 21,
1736:cite book
1687:cite book
1679:868199534
1567:cite book
1458:0022-4642
1419:0043-3810
1372:0043-3810
1281:ignored (
1271:cite book
1156:Citations
922:Tennessee
771:Chickasaw
431:Memorials
236:Creek War
71:Citations
6705:Seminole
6700:Muscogee
6609:Genocide
6545:Category
6469:(nephew)
6209:Bank War
5769:Joe Byrd
5709:Utselata
5699:Degataga
5619:Degadoga
5614:The Bowl
5392:Standing
5252:Cherokee
5207:Tuskegee
5167:Tomotley
5162:Tomassee
5127:Red Clay
5074:Mialoquo
5029:Hiwassee
5024:Frogtown
5014:Ducktown
5004:Crowtown
4952:villages
4537:Treaties
4530:military
4525:timeline
4489:Nûñnë'hï
4367:Language
4337:Calendar
4287:Cherokee
4183:Oklahoma
4178:New York
4168:Michigan
4131:By state
3811:Statutes
3124:Case law
2463:(2006).
2416:14 April
2386:14 April
2358:23247455
2319:26782720
2272:26782722
2209:(2006).
2084:GovTrack
1839:(1898).
1559:74987776
1466:23247455
1427:26782720
1380:26782722
1315:March 8,
1203:March 3,
1091:See also
1044:genocide
1009:Choctaws
912:Senator
883:Kickapoo
818:and the
783:Seminole
731:Cherokee
716:and the
714:Cherokee
687:Kekionga
670:Iroquois
583:genocide
567:Cherokee
524:Oklahoma
333:Bank War
284:election
6559:Portals
6500:Gilbert
6396:Jackson
5894:Sequoya
5514:Old Hop
5450:Chatata
5192:Tugaloo
5177:Toxoway
5157:Tellico
5147:Talulah
5132:Settico
5107:Nununyi
5102:Nikwasi
5044:Isunigu
4999:Coyotee
4974:Chatuga
4872:Slavery
4717:Removal
4520:History
4513:History
4457:Legends
4431:Kanuchi
4404:Marbles
4372:history
4327:Society
4320:Culture
4202:Compare
4193:Vermont
4153:Indiana
3639:Related
3600:Federal
2926:Cusseta
1923:(2007)
1642:May 28,
1073:during
891:Shawnee
879:Wyandot
871:Georgia
816:Georgia
812:Georgia
794:nations
775:Choctaw
723:English
718:Choctaw
698:English
692:During
679:Indiana
650:Wyandot
628:British
551:Georgia
102:4
81:Pub. L.
6483:Slaves
6433:(wife)
6424:Family
6398:(1832)
6362:(1958)
6354:(1938)
6028:(1821)
5489:People
5152:Tanasi
5142:Talisi
5117:Oconee
5092:Echota
5059:Kituwa
5054:Keowee
5019:Etowah
4918:(2005)
4910:(1871)
4901:(1832)
4893:(1831)
4542:Kituwa
4357:Ghigau
4352:Gadugi
4347:Chiefs
4294:Tribes
4148:Hawaii
4138:Alaska
4119:(2005)
4111:(2001)
4103:(1997)
4084:(1986)
4076:(1985)
4068:(1979)
4060:(1974)
4041:(1960)
4033:(1955)
4014:(1941)
4006:(1896)
3987:(1858)
3979:(1857)
3958:(1831)
3950:(1823)
3918:(1982)
3906:(1946)
3900:(1934)
3884:(1887)
3878:(1830)
3866:(1787)
3591:(2008)
3585:(1990)
3579:(1990)
3573:(1990)
3567:(1988)
3561:(1984)
3555:(1978)
3549:(1978)
3543:(1975)
3537:(1971)
3531:(1968)
3525:(1956)
3519:(1953)
3513:(1940)
3507:(1936)
3501:(1934)
3495:(1924)
3489:(1906)
3483:(1898)
3477:(1887)
3471:(1830)
3465:(1819)
3429:(2022)
3421:(2020)
3407:(2013)
3391:(2005)
3383:(2004)
3375:(2001)
3367:(1997)
3359:(1993)
3351:(1990)
3343:(1989)
3335:(1987)
3327:(1986)
3319:(1985)
3311:(1984)
3303:(1982)
3295:(1978)
3287:(1977)
3279:(1976)
3271:(1974)
3263:(1973)
3255:(1968)
3247:(1960)
3239:(1959)
3231:(1955)
3223:(1941)
3215:(1903)
3207:(1896)
3199:(1896)
3191:(1884)
3183:(1883)
3167:(1858)
3159:(1857)
3151:(1832)
3143:(1831)
3135:(1823)
3113:Rights
2976:(1857)
2970:(1854)
2964:(1842)
2958:(1842)
2952:(1838)
2946:(1835)
2940:(1832)
2934:(1832)
2928:(1832)
2922:(1831)
2916:(1830)
2910:(1829)
2904:(1829)
2898:(1825)
2892:(1821)
2886:(1820)
2880:(1818)
2874:(1814)
2862:(1796)
2856:(1795)
2850:(1790)
2844:(1788)
2838:(1785)
2832:(1784)
2826:(1768)
2701:(1900)
2695:(1864)
2689:(1863)
2683:(1850)
2677:(1838)
2593:(1817)
2587:(1817)
2581:(1817)
2575:(1816)
2569:(1814)
2563:(1813)
2557:(1813)
2471:
2356:
2348:
2317:
2309:
2270:
2262:
2221:
2159:
2062:
1954:
1927:
1726:
1716:
1677:
1667:
1557:
1547:
1517:
1464:
1456:
1425:
1417:
1378:
1370:
1252:
1026:. The
920:, and
895:Lenape
889:, the
885:, the
881:, the
836:, the
785:, and
753:, and
662:Beaver
624:French
528:Kansas
426:Legacy
421:Legacy
143:101–97
106:
89:21–148
87:
6475:(pet)
6394:USRC
5814:Tsali
5579:Enola
5395:Stone
5172:Toqua
5112:Ocoee
5049:Joara
4994:Cowee
4984:Chota
4566:Wars
4342:Clans
4163:Maine
2376:(PDF)
2354:JSTOR
2315:JSTOR
2268:JSTOR
1849:–38.
1462:JSTOR
1423:JSTOR
1376:JSTOR
1110:Notes
942:North
683:Miami
614:Many
133:28–19
104:Stat.
6473:Poll
6412:USS
6403:USS
6049:Life
6036:for
4908:case
2469:ISBN
2418:2023
2388:2023
2346:ISSN
2307:ISSN
2260:ISSN
2219:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2004:2014
1952:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1914:Howe
1901:2019
1876:2012
1742:link
1724:OCLC
1714:ISBN
1693:link
1675:OCLC
1665:ISBN
1644:2013
1573:link
1555:OCLC
1545:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1454:ISSN
1415:ISSN
1368:ISSN
1317:2017
1283:help
1263:2022
1250:ISBN
1230:2022
1205:2024
1180:The
1122:The
1059:and
993:West
972:Vote
664:and
626:and
618:saw
541:The
502:The
63:the
6007:7th
5089:New
3602:and
3415:and
3115:of
2299:doi
2252:doi
2153:180
2052:doi
1407:doi
1360:doi
1046:or
1042:or
1011:in
677:in
585:or
581:or
108:411
6621::
2411:94
2409:.
2405:.
2378:.
2352:.
2342:78
2340:.
2336:.
2313:.
2305:.
2295:47
2293:.
2289:.
2266:.
2258:.
2248:47
2246:.
2242:.
2114:.
2082:.
2058:.
1936:^
1892:.
1847:35
1790:50
1788:.
1758:.
1738:}}
1734:{{
1722:.
1689:}}
1685:{{
1673:.
1589:.
1569:}}
1565:{{
1553:.
1529:^
1460:.
1450:78
1448:.
1444:.
1421:.
1413:.
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