57:
357:
147:
56:
673:
815:
33:
768:
572:
661:
480:
802:
tāmu(mra)paṭṭen=āgrahāro-tisṛṣṭaḥ akaraḥ acaṭa-bhaṭṭa-pra- veśyaḥ candra-tār-ārkka-samakālīyaḥ uktañca bhagavatā vyāsena svadattām= paradattāṃ=vā yo hareta vasundharā(rāṃ) s(ś)va vis(ṣ)ṭhāyā(yāṃ) kṛmir=bhūtvā pitṛbhis=saha majyate bahubhirv=vasudhā bhuktā rājabhiḥ=sagar-ādibhi (bhiḥ) yasya yasya yadā bhūmis=tasya tasya tadā phalaṃ kumārāmatya-bhagavad-rudrachadi-bhogika-mahāpratīhāra-lavaṇaḥ bapidra-bhogika (ke)
73:
692:(implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible. External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that extant works were probably compiled sometime between the 4th century BCE and the 3rd century CE. Epigraphic attestation of Tamil begins with rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, written in
717:
111:
226:;. Over 25,000 Kannada inscriptions were unearthed in Karnataka, though an in depth study of many of these is yet to be conducted according to Hampi Kannada University Sociology department Head and Researcher Devara Kondareddy. This makes Tamil, the most densely inscribed languages in the country (also in the whole Indian subcontinent).
91:
207:(Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit, EHS) appears in the 1st to 4th centuries CE. Indian epigraphy becomes more widespread over the 1st millennium, engraved on the faces of cliffs, on pillars, on tablets of stone, drawn in caves and on rocks, some gouged into the bedrock. Later they were also inscribed on palm leaves, coins,
514:
during the 2nd century BCE. The
Hathigumpha inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters on the overhanging brow of a natural cavern called Hathigumpha on the southern side of the Udayagiri hill near Bhubaneswar in Orissa. It faces straight toward the rock Edicts of
214:
Many of the inscriptions are couched in extravagant language, but when the information gained from inscriptions can be corroborated with information from other sources such as still existing monuments or ruins, inscriptions provide insight into India's dynastic history that otherwise lacks
801:
myāṃ paramadeva-Budhagupte rājani asyāṃ divasa-pūrvāyāṃ śrī-mahārāja-Sāṭana Sāla (or rya) na kul-odbhūtena śrī-mahārāja tavarman-pautreṇa śrīmahārāja-Vijayavarmma-sute mahādevyā Śarv asvāminyām utpanneana śri mahārāja
Harivarmmaṇā asya brāhmaṇa-Kautsa- sagotra-gosvāmina tac=Citrapalya
1490:
Dating of Indian literature is largely based on relative dating relying on internal evidences with a few anchors. I. Mahadevan’s dating of
Pukalur inscription proves some of the Sangam verses. See George L. Hart, "Poems of Ancient Tamil, University of Berkeley Press, 1975,
323:
or Tamil-Brahmi script. Royal inscriptions were also engraved on copper-plates as were the Indian copper plate inscriptions. The Edicts of Ashoka contain Brahmi script and its regional variant, Tamil-Brahmi, was an early script used in the inscriptions in cave walls of
632:
of villages or plots of cultivable lands to private individuals or public institutions by the members of the various South Indian royal dynasties. The grants range in date from the 10th century CE to the mid-19th century CE. A large number of them belong to the
125:
1478:
In southern states, every inscription of an early date and majority even of modern day inscriptions were written in
Sanskrit...In the Tamil country, on the contrary, all the inscriptions belonging to an early period are written in Tamil with some
295:. Beginning in the late 1990s, archaeological excavations have produced a small number of candidates for Brahmi epigraphy predating Ashoka. Preliminary press reports of such pre-Ashokan inscriptions have appeared over the years, such as
683:
Unlike the neighbouring states where early inscriptions were written in
Sanskrit and Prakrit, the early inscriptions in Tamil Nadu used Tamil along with some Prakrit. Tamil has the extant literature amongst the
1687:
1221:
319:
Since 1886 there have been systematic attempts to collect and catalogue these inscriptions, along with the translation and publication of documents. Inscriptions may be in the
1688:
Whispering of
Inscriptions: South Indian Epigraphy and Art History: Papers from an International Symposium in memory of Professor Noboru Karashima (Paris, 12–13 October 2017)
645:
as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India and help fill chronological gaps to connect the history of the ruling dynasties.
184:
is included, undeciphered markings with symbol systems that may or may not contain linguistic information, there is substantially older epigraphy in the
248:
remains undeciphered and may not actually represent a writing system. Hence, the first undisputed evidence of writing in the Indian
Subcontinent are the
451:
near where it was found, consists of sixteen lines carved on a sandstone pillar and dates to 450 CE. Reports indicate that the
Nishadi Inscription. of
748:, Madhya Pradesh. The copper plate is 24 cm x 11 cm. The inscription on the plate records that in the reign of Budhagupta, a ruler named
1729:
1602:
924:
869:
397:
356:
188:, which dates back to the mid 4th millennium BCE. Two other important archeological classes of symbols are found from the 1st millennium BCE,
146:
1681:
1259:
1180:
1059:
1032:
1005:
1769:
1413:
1381:
1110:
1234:
1564:
Iravatham
Mahadevan (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
1283:
Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M.; Lucy, D. (1996), "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script",
859:
834:
380:(earliest known example of the copper plate type and generally assigned to the Mauryan period, though the exact date is uncertain), the
583:
is the oldest known inscription in the
Kannada language. The inscription is carved on a pillar, that was discovered in the village of
1703:
1368:
1093:
949:
764:
Harivarman, donated a village named Citrapalli to a Gosvāmi brāhmaṇa. The text was written by Dūtaka Rūparāja(?), son of Nāgaśarma.
377:
265:
1645:
1625:
1595:
939:
208:
625:
620:
436:
491:
219:
1024:
In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : in Honor of Harold Crane Fleming
849:
90:
1764:
1739:
1049:
944:
575:
Halmidi Inscription in old Kannada (c.450-500 CE). A replica at Halmidi village. The original is at the Bangalore museum
1724:
1142:
291:
used by Ashoka spread to South India during the second half of the 3rd century BCE, assuming a local form now known as
688:, but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. Literary works in India were preserved either in
507:
393:
189:
1690:. Oxford: Indica et Buddhica. (2 vols) v. 1, ISBN 978-0-473-56774-3. v. 2, ISBN 978-0-473-56777-4. (Open access PDFs)
775:
The inscription was published by B. C. Jain in 1977. It was subsequently listed by Madan Mohan Upadhyaya in his book
660:
672:
959:
929:
995:
1674:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages
954:
874:
1599:
889:
844:
839:
705:
474:
381:
341:
252:
from c. 250 BCE. Several inscriptions were thought to be pre-Ashokan by earlier scholars; these include the
814:
32:
1338:
864:
732:
CE 477–88) in year 168 of the Gupta era. The date is equivalent to CE 487–88. The plate was found in
689:
463:
333:
1197:
767:
1269:
685:
649:
638:
580:
566:
532:
444:
432:
421:
409:
329:
166:
136:
84:
909:
571:
1774:
1300:
894:
193:
1500:
George Hart, "Some Related Literary Conventions in Tamil and Indo-Aryan and Their Significance"
1749:
1646:
https://www.academia.edu/2057745/Later_Gupta_History_Inscriptions_Coins_and_Historical_Ideology
1626:
https://www.academia.edu/2057745/Later_Gupta_History_Inscriptions_Coins_and_Historical_Ideology
1391:
1120:
196:, though most scholars do not consider these to constitute fully linguistic scripts, and their
1699:
1677:
1637:
1617:
1591:
1536:
1364:
1176:
1170:
1089:
1055:
1028:
1022:
1001:
987:
914:
879:
538:
389:
257:
1719:
1292:
934:
854:
588:
440:
413:
373:
337:
249:
170:
37:
1423:
818:
798:
siddham samvatsara-ṣa(śa)te=ṣṭsa=ṣaṣṭyuta (yutta)re mahāmāgha-samvatsara(re) Śrāvaṇa ...
592:
459:
is older than Halmidi by about 50 to 100 years and may belong to c. 350 CE or c. 400 CE.
1526:
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
479:
1471:
1172:
India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations
741:
737:
701:
128:
124:
76:
65:
45:
1051:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation
704:, a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period,
1758:
1606:
1446:
1304:
904:
790:. Moreover, it provides a secure date for Harivarman, the first recorded king of the
697:
550:
499:
345:
320:
288:
269:
235:
181:
174:
118:
41:
1734:
1657:
1235:"Kodumanal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BCE: expert"
1198:"Porunthal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BCE: expert"
72:
991:
919:
783:
693:
542:
495:
417:
401:
308:
304:
292:
245:
239:
185:
114:
103:
1222:
Porunthal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BCE: expert
1361:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities And States
600:
546:
456:
452:
425:
261:
61:
17:
1744:
307:, dated to c. 500 BCE, but so far only the claimed pre-Ashokan inscriptions at
1296:
964:
787:
733:
725:
629:
608:
325:
223:
155:
140:
132:
99:
599:, and is dated 450 CE. The original inscription has now been deposited in an
1418:
1386:
1264:
1115:
642:
604:
596:
503:
385:
162:
110:
1588:
Inscriptions of Mahakoshal : Resource for the History of Central India
1317:
1600:
http://indologica.blogg.de/2005/05/14/upadhyay-inscriptions-of-mahakoshal/
1473:
A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages
652:
Tamil Copper Plate Inscriptions at the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli,
822:
791:
745:
554:
281:
253:
204:
197:
151:
80:
1448:
Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District
884:
716:
653:
584:
448:
429:
361:
311:
have been published in an internationally recognised academic journal.
1640:, "Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology,"
1620:, "Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology,"
782:
The inscription is of considerable importance for the history of the
744:, India. The plate is currently stored in the Rani Durgawati Museum,
634:
520:
484:
365:
296:
277:
1642:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
1622:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
557:
and gives remarkable clues to the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty.
997:
The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide
813:
724:
The plate is a record documenting a donation in the reign of king
715:
570:
516:
511:
478:
405:
355:
300:
284:. However, more recent scholars have dated them to later periods.
145:
123:
109:
95:
89:
71:
55:
49:
31:
1544:
273:
1686:
Murugaiyan, Appasamy & Parlier-Renault, Édith (2021) (Eds)
1451:. Mysore State, British India: Mysore Department of Archaeology
490:
The Hathigumpha inscription ("Elephant Cave" inscription) from
786:, because it is the last known record of the later Gupta king
154:
pillar inscription in Old Kannada, Virupaksha Temple, 745 CE,
135:
script on Red ware Potteries (6th Century CE), Boluvampatti,
1260:"Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur"
549:
in Afghanistan. The inscription relates to the rule of the
1658:
Shankarpur copper-plate of the time of Buddhagupta GE 168
280:
coin legends, and the inscription on the silver coins of
1339:"Orality to literacy: Transition in Early Tamil Society"
720:
Copper-plate charter of Budhagupta, dated Gupta year 168
805:
dūtaka(ke)na likhitaṃ Śrī Yaṣṭarājena Nāga(sa)śarma-su
230:
First appearance of writing in the Indian Subcontinent
1157:
The Indo-Aryan Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys)
1515:
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature
1382:"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition"
708:
between the 5th century BCE and the 2nd century CE.
537:
The Rabatak inscription is written on a rock in the
287:
Until the 1990s, it was generally accepted that the
1422:. Chennai, India. 20 September 2008. Archived from
1175:. Oxford University Press India. pp. 355–356.
1414:"Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription"
1390:. Chennai, India. 3 November 2003. Archived from
1750:Inscribed lid of stone reliquary – Brahmi Script
1696:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2
545:and found in 1993 at the site of Rabatak, near
376:on the Pillars of Ashoka (272 to 231 BCE), the
340:, of the early centuries BCE gave rise to the
587:, a few miles from the famous temple town of
8:
1027:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 427–.
218:Of the c. 100,000 inscriptions found by the
1577:4 (1977): pp. 62-66 and plate facing p. 64.
700:. The earliest extant literary text is the
1575:Journal of the Epigraphic Society of India
1088:. New York: Grove Press. pp. xx–xxi.
1363:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1143:"Take up study on unearthed inscriptions"
60:The first stone inscription excavated at
1502:Journal of the American Oriental Society
794:dynasty according to the Asīrgarh seal.
766:
1644:15.2 (2005), p. 148. Available online:
1624:15.2 (2005), p. 142. Available online:
979:
925:List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
870:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
647:
611:replica has been installed at Halmidi.
344:, which developed into the Kannada and
1694:Various (1988) . Amaresh Datta (ed.).
1000:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
439:. The oldest known inscription in the
336:, as well as a variant of Brahmi, the
27:History of South Asian writing systems
1504:, 94:2 (Apr – Jun 1974), pp. 157-167.
821:manuscript on palm-leaf, in an early
712:Shankarpur copper-plate of Budhagupta
7:
1196:Kishore, Kavitha (15 October 2011).
68:believed to be from 3rd century BCE.
1159:, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
1109:Staff Reporter (22 November 2005).
860:History of metallurgy in South Asia
835:Ancient inscriptions Of Raju Rulers
760:Harivarman son of Rānī Svaminī and
372:Important inscriptions include the
200:functions are not well understood.
161:The earliest undisputed deciphered
1268:. 17 February 2005. Archived from
1111:"Students get glimpse of heritage"
102:with Personal Name "Peravatan" in
94:1st Century BCE. Silver Ring From
25:
1233:Subramaniam, T.S. (20 May 2013).
950:List of rock-cut temples in India
641:kings. These plates are valuable
378:Sohgaura copper plate inscription
374:33 inscriptions of emperor Ashoka
328:and later evolved into the Tamil
266:Sohgaura copper plate inscription
215:contemporary historical records.
1720:Banavasi Old Kannada Inscription
1676:, Oxford University Press, 1998,
1543:. UCLA International Institute,
1476:. Trübner & co. p. 88.
1285:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1119:. Chennai, India. Archived from
940:Indian copper plate inscriptions
771:Wall writings at Undavalli Caves
671:
659:
209:Indian copper plate inscriptions
626:Tamil copper-plate inscriptions
621:Tamil copper-plate inscriptions
615:Tamil copper-plate inscriptions
437:Tamil copper-plate inscriptions
173:of the 3rd century BCE, in the
1735:Languages and Scripts of India
1541:The Language Materials Project
523:located about six miles away.
264:relic casket inscription, the
256:relic casket inscription, the
220:Archaeological Survey of India
83:, dated to 3rd century BCE by
1:
1445:Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1894).
1169:Dilip K. Chakrabarty (2009).
1745:The Language of Inscriptions
1598:. Online table of contents:
945:Indian rock-cut architecture
1770:Linguistic history of India
390:Besnagar pillar inscription
190:Megalithic graffiti symbols
1791:
850:Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts
777:Inscriptions of Mahakoshal
618:
564:
530:
472:
461:
233:
1470:Caldwell, Robert (1875).
1297:10.1017/S0959774300001608
1048:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
1021:John D. Bengtson (2008).
960:South Indian Inscriptions
930:Hindu temple architecture
696:, an adapted form of the
483:Hathigumpha inscription,
398:Junagadh rock inscription
1740:Webpage for Indian Coins
1054:. Springer. p. 43.
955:Outline of ancient India
875:List of Edicts of Ashoka
752:Gītavarman, grandson of
447:for the tiny village of
272:Brahmi inscription, the
258:Badli pillar inscription
1730:Records and revelations
890:Tosham rock inscription
845:Ashokan Edicts in Delhi
840:Ancient iron production
475:Hathigumpha inscription
469:Hathigumpha inscription
408:cave inscriptions, the
388:(2nd century BCE), the
382:Hathigumpha inscription
342:Telugu-Kannada alphabet
222:, about 60,000 were in
211:, and on temple walls.
1586:Madan Mohan Upadhyay,
1513:Kamil Veith Zvelebil,
1359:Allchin, F.R. (1995).
1074:Salomon (1998), p. 81.
994:, eds. (24 May 2016).
826:
807:
772:
721:
628:are mostly records of
576:
487:
369:
158:
143:
121:
107:
87:
69:
53:
1318:"Indian inscriptions"
901:Other similar topics
825:script, 11th century.
817:
796:
770:
719:
690:palm leaf manuscripts
574:
482:
443:, referred to as the
368:cave temple (578 CE).
359:
234:Further information:
149:
127:
113:
93:
75:
59:
35:
1605:10 February 2013 at
1426:on 22 September 2008
865:Iron pillar of Delhi
464:Kannada inscriptions
352:Notable inscriptions
334:Bhattiprolu alphabet
315:History and research
1765:Indian inscriptions
1725:Halmidi Inscription
1698:. Sahitya Akademi.
1394:on 24 November 2003
1272:on 12 October 2009.
1084:Keay, John (2000).
686:Dravidian languages
581:Halmidi inscription
567:Halmidi inscription
561:Halmidi inscription
533:Rabatak inscription
527:Rabatak inscription
445:Halmidi inscription
433:Halmidi inscription
410:Rabatak inscription
330:Vatteluttu alphabet
167:Indian subcontinent
137:Coimbatore District
85:Iravatham Mahadevan
1672:Salomon, Richard,
988:Hock, Hans Henrich
895:Tamil inscriptions
827:
773:
722:
577:
488:
422:Aihole inscription
370:
194:punch-marked coins
159:
144:
122:
108:
88:
70:
54:
52:, 3rd Century BC.
1682:978-0-19-509984-3
1638:Michael D. Willis
1618:Michael D. Willis
1182:978-0-19-908814-0
1155:Colin P. Masica,
1061:978-81-322-3756-3
1034:978-90-272-3252-6
1007:978-3-11-042330-3
915:Heliodorus pillar
880:Pillars of Ashoka
756:Vijayavarman and
539:Bactrian language
276:coin legend, the
79:inscription from
16:(Redirected from
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1128:
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1086:India: A History
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1018:
1012:
1011:
984:
935:History of India
855:Dhar iron pillar
675:
666:Plate 1 and Back
663:
441:Kannada language
414:Allahabad Pillar
338:Kadamba alphabet
250:Edicts of Ashoka
180:If epigraphy of
171:Edicts of Ashoka
131:inscriptions in
38:Edicts of Ashoka
21:
18:Indian epigraphy
1790:
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1590:(Delhi, 2005).
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1042:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1008:
986:
985:
981:
976:
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831:Related topics
819:Hindu scripture
812:
714:
706:dated variously
679:
676:
667:
664:
623:
617:
593:Hassan district
569:
563:
535:
529:
502:was written by
477:
471:
466:
416:inscription of
354:
317:
244:The Bronze Age
242:
232:
192:and symbols on
28:
23:
22:
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1341:. Frontline
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453:Chandragiri
426:Pulakesi II
262:Bhattiprolu
203:Writing in
62:Bhattiprolu
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1667:References
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965:Tagundaing
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224:Tamil Nadu
156:Pattadakal
141:Tamil Nadu
133:Vatteluttu
100:Tamil Nadu
1775:Epigraphy
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605:Bangalore
597:Karnataka
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163:epigraphy
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1127:26 April
823:Sanskrit
810:See also
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198:semiotic
169:are the
152:Chalukya
81:Mangulam
1537:"Tamil"
1479:Prakrit
1371:, p.212
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678:Plate 2
654:Hoskote
591:in the
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40:in the
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366:Badami
332:. The
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303:, and
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278:Taxila
268:, the
260:, the
106:script
1491:p.7-8
1301:S2CID
974:Notes
730:circa
589:Belur
517:Asoka
512:India
494:near
406:Nasik
301:Erode
129:Tamil
117:from
104:Tamil
96:Karur
77:Tamil
50:Bihar
44:, in
1700:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1552:2007
1545:UCLA
1457:2015
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