132:, the political ADC to the Secretary of State for India. In the aftermath of the assassination, India House was rapidly suppressed. Evidence found showed that Browning pistols were being sent to India in order to bring about an armed revolution. Savarkar was deported from England, and denied asylum by the French government on a stop in Marseilles) while Krishna Varma successfully fled to
3459:
266:
With the help of
Oppenheim, messages were sent out to Indian students in German universities, as well as Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands, who were likely to share the same views. Among those who joined the organisation at the time were Dr. Dhiren Sarkar, Chanji Kersasp, N. S. Marathe, Dr.
376:
after 1915) created an Indo-German-Turkish mission to the Indo-Iranian border to encourage the tribes to strike against
British interests. At this time, the Berlin Committee was in touch with the Khairi brothers (Abdul Jabbar Khairi and Abdul Sattar Khairi) who had settled in
3858:
290:, then in the United States. The latter was suspected by British intelligence in the United States to be deeply involved in the seditionist movement although he personally refused to enter an alliance with another Imperialist Power. In 1915,
1008:
194:
in Russia. As these students were political novices, Oppenheim sought to find more prominent revolutionaries who would carry more weight in the community. Otto
Gunther von Wesendonck, a young officer of the
46:) after 1915, was an organisation formed in Germany in 1914 during World War I by Indian students and political activists residing in the country. The purpose of the committee was to promote the cause of
163:
had considered the option on 31 July 1914 when
Russian mobilisation was confirmed, and the scope of British mobilisation against Germany was becoming evident. In September 1914, the German Chancellor,
454:
and other prominent nationalists from the Berlin group. Known as the
NiedermayerâHentig mission, it brought members of the Indian movement to India's border, and carried messages from the Kaiser,
569:, with associated liaisons of the German mission had a profound effect on the political and social situation in Afghanistan. It catalyzed political change that ended with the assassination of
565:
before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin; he urged both to mobilise against
British India. Under pressure from the British, the Afghans withdrew their cooperation and the mission closed down. The
975:
Seidt, Hans-Ulrich (2001), "From
Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918.German Studies Review, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Feb., 2001), pp. 1-18",
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3712:
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Although the Amir made no commitment to the group, they found support amongst the Amir's immediate and close political and religious advisory group, including his brother
332:. They visited armament and explosives factories to identify war material, and met with Indian prisoners-of-war held in Germany to recruit them to the nationalist cause.
3378:
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3405:
2512:
1310:
817:
941:
Sims-Williams, Ursula (1980), "The Afghan
Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar. Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 2. (1980), pp. 118â122",
2374:
336:, who had fled to Germany after his arrest in the United States, was convinced to lend his support to the committee's cause. They established contacts with the
244:
Facilitate repatriation of Indian patriots in Europe and provide asylum in case of failure (and not yield to pressure as had happened in the case of
Savarkar)
201:, was given the task of organising revolutionary outbreaks along the Indian and Russian border. With the help of their close acquaintance Anna Maria Simon,
2496:
2344:
390:
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1568:
1053:
1009:"Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen": Das Berliner Indische UnabhĂ€ngigkeitskomitee in den Akten des Politischen Archivs des AuswĂ€rtigen Amts (1914â1920).
50:. Initially called the BerlinâIndian Committee, the organisation was renamed the Indian Independence Committee and came to be an integral part of the
2389:
1372:
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1573:
1512:
470:, expressing support for Pratap's mission. They asked the Amir to move against India. The mission's immediate goal was to rally the Amir against
98:
and others, offered scholarships to Indian students, promoted nationalistic work, and was a major platform for anti-colonial opinions and views.
557:
in Russia in 1917, Pratap's
Government is known to have corresponded with the nascent Soviet Government. In 1918, Pratap met the Russian leader
2489:
2364:
2317:
914:
Fraser, Thomas G (1977), "Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914â18. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr., 1977), pp. 255â272.",
298:
became actively involved in the Berlin Committee and its goals. The committee is known to have sent missions to the Middle Eastern cities of
4010:
3371:
1619:
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793:
340:
in the United States. Dr. Dhiren Sarkar and N.S. Marathe left for Washington, D.C., on 22 September 1915 and, through the German Ambassador,
221:
in addition to Germany, attracting editorial comments. The duo, with the help of Frau Simon, set up meetings with the Berlin Foreign office.
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3846:
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3627:
105:
published by Krishna Varma, was a notable anti-colonial publication. Prominent Indian Nationalists associated with the India House included
3896:
3876:
958:
Hughes, Thomas L (2002), "The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915â1916.German Studies Review, Vol. 25, No. 3. (Oct., 2002), pp. 447â476.",
2445:
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124:
which proposed killing British colonial officials. English detectives followed and watched the student leaders in India House. In 1909,
897:
Hoover, Karl. (1985), "The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913â1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 8, No. 2. (May, 1985), pp. 245â261",
136:. Those who continued the struggle, including Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, moved to Germany, while a number of the leadership moved to
3964:
2587:
148:
At the outbreak of World War I, Indian nationalists looked for ways to use the enmities to support their goals. As early as 1912, the
3841:
3831:
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367:
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190:), along with Abd ur Rahman and A Siddiqui, had issued statements condemning England and France for their support of the
120:
The British government kept track of India House because of the nature of its work and the increasingly inciting tone of
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Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 509â537
589:
The committee was formally disbanded in November 1918, with most of the members shifting their attention to the nascent
574:
478:
409:
in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. Ubaid Allah proposed that the
47:
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237:, on 3 September 1915, Chattopadhyay (also known as Chatto) identified the goals and requirements of the committee:
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should declare war against Britain while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to
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Its formation infers the seriousness of intention and purpose of the revolutionaries. The government had
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Dignan, Don (February 1971), "The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations during World War I",
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434:" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be better served by focusing on the
197:
175:. He was to organize the Indian student groups into a cohesive group. Oppenheim also convinced
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articles and propaganda. By May 1916, the tone in the paper was deemed serious enough for the
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234:
168:
125:
438:. This group was met by the Indo-German-Turkish mission to Kabul in December 1915, headed by
17:
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suburbs, as their new headquarters. In their first meeting with the foreign office liaison
87:
344:, established links with the Ghadar Party. The culmination of the American efforts was the
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489:, and religious leaders and tribesmen. Afghanistan's then most influential newspaper, the
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and to obtain a right of free passage for the conspirators from the Afghan Government.
421:
333:
262:
no concession to Indian Principalities opposed to the plan to form a Socialist Republic
153:
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86:
in England in 1905. This organisation, with the support of Indian luminaries like
182:
A group of Indians resident in Germany, headed by M. Prabhakar (then teaching at
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2006:
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218:
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209:
issued similar statements against Britain and France, which were distributed in
83:
1038:
328:
The committee soon established contacts with Indian revolutionaries, including
247:
train Indians at Spandau and other military bases, including on submarine mines
3907:
3153:
3113:
2788:
2758:
2683:
2613:
2256:
2031:
1981:
1896:
1548:
1432:
1267:
417:. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, established friendly relations with the Amir.
992:
967:
950:
923:
906:
860:
803:
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3665:
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3168:
3148:
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2236:
2131:
2091:
2066:
2001:
1663:
1653:
1553:
562:
291:
176:
114:
27:
Pan-Indian independence think tank and conspiracy circle in WW1-era Germany
3356:
783:
3686:
3431:
2728:
2571:
1598:
1242:
394:
378:
299:
420:
At Kabul, Ubaid Allah, along with some students who had preceded him to
1758:
1000:
868:
593:. Between 1917 and 1920, most of the members became active Communists.
509:
to intercept its issues. In 1916, the Berlin Committee established the
463:
386:
303:
493:, took Barkatullah as an officiating editor in early 1916. Its editor
140:. This set of fugitives would later coalesce in the Berlin Committee.
3886:
1282:
425:
283:
133:
984:
852:
241:
For the Germans to provide money, arms, experts in military strategy
1033:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
385:. In 1917 they had proposed to the Kaiser a plan to lead tribes in
546:
467:
430:
414:
406:
307:
137:
191:
156:
revolutionary movement in India to weaken the British position.
3360:
2485:
1042:
524:
as Prime Minister, Ubaid al Sindhi as the Minister for India,
278:
Although the group urged him, Oppenheim refused to approach
271:, and C. Padmanabhan Pillai, quickly joined by his brother,
128:, closely associated with the India House, shot and killed
229:
Arriving at Berlin, they were assigned a building in the
532:
as Foreign Minister. It tried to gain support from the
446:, the German diplomatic representative to Kabul; and
393:
against British interests. Another group, led by the
275:. The 'Champak-Chatto' Berlin Committee was founded.
171:, an archaeologist and the head of the newly formed
3947:
3857:
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3723:
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1228:
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751:
749:
724:
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718:
875:Newsletter of the Regional Office-South East Asia
501:, as well as increasingly anti-British and pro-
497:published a number of inflammatory articles by
152:had considered supporting the Pan-Islamist and
4026:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
372:The Berlin-Indian Committee (which became the
3372:
2497:
1054:
728:
8:
847:(1), University of California Press: 57â76,
670:
668:
643:
641:
639:
3379:
3365:
3357:
2562:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
2504:
2490:
2482:
1569:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
1061:
1047:
1039:
816:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
788:. Prashad, Vijay. New Delhi, India. 2016.
618:"Champak-Chatto" And the Berlin Committee"
881:"Champak-Chatto And the Berlin Committee"
612:
610:
608:
606:
581:began, which led to Afghan Independence.
256:provide 10 rupee banknotes for secret use
620:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Archived from
585:End of the Indian Independence Committee
253:provide aircraft for propaganda airdrops
602:
809:
770:
755:
709:
697:
686:
674:
659:
647:
250:publish literature in Indian languages
945:, London, Taylor & Francis Ltd.,
740:
573:in 1919 and the transfer of power to
7:
1029:Berlin Indian Independence Committee
54:. Members of the committee included
877:. German Academic Exchange Service.
179:of the feasibility of the project.
577:and, subsequently, AmÄnullah; the
25:
3741:Intelligence Bureau for the East
3457:
1263:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
442:and including among its members
259:support with radio communication
173:Intelligence Bureau for the East
44:Indisches UnabhÀngigkeitskomitee
3837:Provisional Government of India
1503:Provisional Government of India
916:Journal of Contemporary History
511:Provisional Government of India
397:Maulana Ubaid Allah Sindhi and
358:Provisional Government of India
109:(also known as Veer Savarkar),
979:, German Studies Association,
962:, German Studies Association,
901:, German Studies Association,
1:
3877:Indian Political Intelligence
3842:HinduâGerman Conspiracy Trial
3731:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
3331:Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case
3326:HinduâGerman Conspiracy Trial
2513:Indian Revolutionary Movement
841:The Pacific Historical Review
567:NiedermayerâHentig Expedition
374:Indian Independence Committee
368:NiedermayerâHentig Expedition
165:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
78:A number of Indians, notably
36:Indian Independence Committee
18:Indian independence committee
4011:Indian independence movement
3965:Ingress into India Ordinance
3817:Lahore Conspiracy Case trial
3703:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
3402:Indian independence movement
3341:Lahore Conspiracy Case trial
3194:Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath
3004:Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje
2604:Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya
2112:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
1388:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
1070:Indian independence movement
935:, Cambridge University Press
391:North-West Frontier Province
3316:Delhi Conspiracy Commission
3229:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
3189:Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath
2899:Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath
2302:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
1689:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
544:joined them in proclaiming
207:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
111:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
56:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
4042:
3024:Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya
2588:Workers and Peasants Party
2037:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
1589:Indian Independence League
1306:Partition of Bengal (1947)
1301:Partition of Bengal (1905)
361:
355:
321:
286:, nor did he try to reach
130:William Hutt Curzon Wyllie
3980:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
3960:Defence of India Act 1915
3455:
2859:Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee
2754:Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri
2212:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
2012:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
1709:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
1584:Indian Home Rule movement
1423:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
1363:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
3676:Amarendranath Chatterjee
3346:Rodda company arms heist
3224:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
2451:Indian annexation of Goa
2297:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
1809:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
1574:Indian National Congress
1373:Non-cooperation movement
1014:MIDA Archival Reflexicon
107:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4021:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
3388:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
3301:Chittagong Armoury Raid
3296:Barisal Conspiracy Case
3239:Vishwanath Vaishampayan
3014:Pramod Ranjan Choudhury
2999:Pandurang Mahadev Bapat
2929:Manoranjan Bhattacharya
2774:Ganesh Damodar Savarkar
2547:Communist Consolidation
2456:Indian Independence Act
2042:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
2017:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
1987:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
1724:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
1704:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
1539:All-India Muslim League
1493:Royal Air Force strikes
1458:Round table conferences
1448:Chittagong armoury raid
1338:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
1321:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
1091:Porto Grande de Bengala
1017:, ISSN 2628-5029, 1â11.
1007:Liebau, Heike (2019): "
436:Indian Freedom Movement
324:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
318:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
122:The Indian Sociologist,
52:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
4016:Independence movements
3827:Silk Letter Conspiracy
3019:Pratul Chandra Ganguli
2734:Binod Bihari Chowdhury
2552:Dhaka Anushilan Samiti
2527:Abhinav Bharat Society
2242:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
2147:Purushottam Das Tandon
1513:Praja Mandala movement
1327:The Indian Sociologist
892:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
579:Third Anglo-Afghan War
444:Werner Otto von Hentig
346:Annie Larsen arms plot
186:after graduating from
101:The Indian Sociologist
43:
3613:Abhinash Bhattacharya
3412:Shyamji Krishna Varma
3311:Delhi conspiracy case
3265:Bande Mataram (Paris)
3129:Shyamji Krishna Varma
3094:Sachindra Nath Sanyal
3059:Ram Chandra Bharadwaj
2994:Panchanan Chakraborty
2944:Mohan Kishore Namadas
2879:Krishnaji Gopal Karve
2714:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
2699:Bhagwati Charan Vohra
2578:Naujawan Bharat Sabha
2466:Political integration
2207:Shyamji Krishna Varma
1992:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1937:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
1769:Rettamalai Srinivasan
1729:Mahadev Govind Ranade
1534:All India Kisan Sabha
1498:Coup d'Ă©tat of Yanaon
1398:Qissa Khwani massacre
1383:Coolie-Begar movement
1198:Second Anglo-Sikh War
977:German Studies Review
960:German Studies Review
931:Ansari, K.H. (1986),
918:, Sage Publications,
899:German Studies Review
820:) CS1 maint: others (
440:Oskar von Niedermayer
364:Oskar von Niedermayer
203:Abhinash Bhattacharya
150:German Foreign Office
80:Shyamji Krishna Varma
34:, later known as the
3859:Counter-intelligence
3234:Vishnu Ganesh Pingle
3124:Shrish Chandra Ghosh
2884:Kartar Singh Sarabha
2749:Chandra Shekhar Azad
2744:Chempakaraman Pillai
2739:Bipin Behari Ganguli
2694:Bhagwan Singh Gyanee
2669:Basanta Kumar Biswas
2624:Anant Laxman Kanhere
2619:Alluri Sitarama Raju
2583:Paris Indian Society
2292:Veeran Sundaralingam
2247:Tara Rani Srivastava
2182:Sahajanand Saraswati
2072:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
1957:Chandra Shekhar Azad
1862:Alluri Sitarama Raju
1819:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
1774:Sahajanand Saraswati
1694:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
1594:Indian National Army
1438:Dharasana Satyagraha
1343:Champaran Satyagraha
1193:First Anglo-Sikh War
528:as War Minister and
518:Raja Mahendra Pratap
499:Raja Mahendra Pratap
448:Raja Mahendra Pratap
381:at the onset of the
342:Johann von Bernstoff
280:Shyamji Krishnavarma
273:Champak Raman Pillai
113:(alias Chatto), and
68:Abinash Bhattacharya
60:Chempakaraman Pillai
3934:W. Somerset Maugham
3608:Bhupendranath Datta
3484:Pandurang Khankhoje
3184:Tarakeswar Sengupta
3179:Tarakeswar Dastidar
3099:Santosh Kumar Mitra
3029:Prem Krishna Khanna
2854:Jnanendra Das Gupta
2839:Jadugopal Mukherjee
2784:Gaya Prasad Katiyar
2719:Bhupendranath Datta
2277:V. K. Krishna Menon
2222:Subhas Chandra Bose
2107:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2102:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
1997:Govind Ballabh Pant
1977:Dayananda Saraswati
1902:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1699:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
1679:Dhondo Keshav Karve
1674:Dayananda Saraswati
1669:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1644:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
1157:Anglo-Maratha Wars
886:8 June 2008 at the
785:Communist histories
555:February Revolution
411:Amir of Afghanistan
405:), had traveled to
403:Darul Uloom Deoband
96:Madame Bhikaji Cama
64:Jnanendra Das Gupta
48:Indian Independence
3955:Lawrence of Arabia
3939:East Persia Cordon
3822:Christmas Day Plot
3661:Bhavabhushan Mitra
3306:Christmas Day Plot
3134:Sohan Singh Bhakna
3104:Satyendranath Bosu
3064:Ramakrishna Biswas
3034:Pritilata Waddedar
2984:Nirmal Jibon Ghosh
2969:Narendra Mohan Sen
2964:Munsha Singh Dukhi
2924:Manmath Nath Gupta
2829:Hemchandra Kanungo
2824:Harnam Singh Saini
2819:Hari Kishan Talwar
2804:Hare Krishna Konar
2724:Bhavabhushan Mitra
2644:Atul Krishna Ghosh
2609:Ambika Chakrabarty
2461:Partition of India
2307:Yashwantrao Holkar
2272:V. O. Chidamabaram
2227:Subramania Bharati
2157:Rahul Sankrityayan
2142:Pritilata Waddedar
2052:Shri Krishna Singh
1952:C. Rajagopalachari
1942:Bidhan Chandra Roy
1927:Bhavabhushan Mitra
1912:Begum Hazrat Mahal
1867:Annapurna Maharana
1739:Muthulakshmi Reddy
1684:G. Subramania Iyer
1378:Christmas Day Plot
1253:Indian nationalism
1203:Sannyasi rebellion
1101:East India Company
729:Sims-Williams 1980
530:Champakaran Pillai
401:(principle of the
338:Ghadarite movement
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3746:Max von Oppenheim
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3681:Atulkrishna Ghosh
3516:Baba Gurdit Singh
3437:Alipore Bomb Case
3354:
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3291:Alipore Bomb case
3069:Ram Prasad Bismil
2989:Pandit Kanshi Ram
2979:Niranjan Sengupta
2914:Madan Lal Dhingra
2844:Jatindra Nath Das
2537:Bengal Volunteers
2479:
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2282:Vallabhbhai Patel
2267:Ubaidullah Sindhi
2167:Ram Prasad Bismil
2062:M. Bhaktavatsalam
2022:Jatindra Nath Das
1947:Bipin Chandra Pal
1882:Babu Kunwar Singh
1852:Achyut Patwardhan
1609:Khudai Khidmatgar
1453:GandhiâIrwin Pact
1393:Kakori conspiracy
1353:Rowlatt Committee
1316:Direct Action Day
1278:Swadeshi movement
1258:Khilafat Movement
1248:Hindu nationalism
1208:Rebellion of 1857
1131:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1121:Battle of Plassey
795:978-93-80118-33-8
550:against Britain.
235:Max von Oppenheim
169:Max von Oppenheim
126:Madan Lal Dhingra
82:, had formed the
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3708:Sufi Amba Prasad
3623:Herambalal Gupta
3598:M. P. T. Acharya
3575:Berlin Committee
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3079:Rash Behari Bose
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2794:Guran Ditt Kumar
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2027:Jawaharlal Nehru
1972:Dadabhai Naoroji
1967:Chittaranjan Das
1857:A. K. Fazlul Huq
1779:Savitribai Phule
1604:Khaksar movement
1559:Berlin Committee
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553:Following the
534:Russian Empire
526:Maulavi Bashir
520:as president,
503:Central Powers
487:AmÄnullÄh KhÄn
479:Nasrullah Khan
422:Ottoman Turkey
356:Main article:
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3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Sachin Sanyal
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:Agnes Smedley
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Vishnu Pingle
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Bhagwan Singh
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:Komagata Maru
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Bhikaiji Cama
3415:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Ghadar Mutiny
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Bande Mataram
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Sri Aurobindo
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Satish Sardar
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Mahavir Singh
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Kushal Konwar
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Khudiram Bose
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Kalpana Datta
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Jiban Ghoshal
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Harigopal Bal
2812:
2810:
2809:Haridas Dutta
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Basawon Singh
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:Organizations
2518:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Satyapal Dang
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Nana Fadnavis
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Mangal Pandey
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Khudiram Bose
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Chetram Jatav
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Bhikaiji Cama
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Bharathidasan
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Basawon Singh
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Sri Aurobindo
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Ram Mohan Roy
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Narayana Guru
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:Organisations
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Bombay Mutiny
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Indian Legion
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:1928 Protests
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Rowlatt Bills
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
836:
832:
823:
819:
813:
805:
801:
797:
791:
787:
786:
779:
776:
773:, p. 474
772:
767:
765:
761:
758:, p. 516
757:
752:
750:
746:
743:, p. 1,3
742:
737:
734:
731:, p. 120
730:
725:
723:
721:
719:
715:
712:, p. 515
711:
706:
703:
700:, p. 514
699:
694:
691:
688:
683:
680:
677:, p. 257
676:
671:
669:
665:
662:, p. 251
661:
656:
653:
650:, p. 256
649:
644:
642:
640:
636:
623:
619:
613:
611:
609:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
591:Soviet Russia
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
548:
543:
540:, and Japan.
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
472:British India
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
369:
365:
359:
352:Kabul mission
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
238:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3985:Pan-Asianism
3906:
3902:Kirpal Singh
3847:
3800:
3794:Annie Larsen
3776:
3713:
3685:
3671:Pritam Singh
3628:
3593:A. R. Pillai
3574:
3563:
3543:Kartar Singh
3520:
3488:
3447:
3253:Publications
3214:Vanchinathan
3084:Roshan Singh
3044:P. V. Kurian
2939:Mohit Moitra
2909:Lokenath Bal
2779:Ganesh Ghosh
2764:Dinesh Gupta
2689:Bhagat Singh
2629:Ananta Singh
2557:Ghadar Party
2541:
2441:Constitution
2429:Independence
2316:
2287:Vanchinathan
1917:Bhagat Singh
1872:Annie Besant
1833:Independence
1814:Vinoba Bhave
1618:
1614:Swaraj Party
1558:
1518:Lucknow Pact
1428:Purna Swaraj
1418:Nehru Report
1325:
1229:Philosophies
1217:
1183:Polygar Wars
1111:French India
1096:Dutch Bengal
1086:Colonisation
1012:
976:
959:
942:
932:
915:
898:
844:
840:
784:
778:
736:
705:
693:
682:
655:
626:. Retrieved
622:the original
588:
559:Leon Trotsky
552:
545:
515:
495:Mahmud Tarzi
490:
476:
429:
424:to join the
419:
373:
371:
327:
277:
265:
228:
196:
181:
158:
147:
121:
119:
99:
77:
35:
31:
29:
3892:Vernon Kell
3771:Niedermayer
3651:Rash Behari
3646:Bagha Jatin
3603:Barkatullah
3538:Ram Chandra
3479:Sohan Singh
3422:India House
3199:Udham Singh
2959:Mukundi Lal
2949:Motilal Roy
2889:Kishori Lal
2874:Kalyani Das
2834:Hemu Kalani
2664:Banwari Lal
2654:Bagha Jatin
2649:Badal Gupta
2567:India House
2385:Mountbatten
2007:Hemu Kalani
1887:Bagha Jatin
1824:Vivekananda
1579:India House
1463:Act of 1935
1238:Ambedkarism
1106:British Raj
771:Hughes 2002
756:Ansari 1986
710:Ansari 1986
698:Ansari 1986
687:Dignan 1971
675:Fraser 1977
660:Hoover 1985
648:Fraser 1977
542:Galib Pasha
522:Barkatullah
507:British Raj
481:, his sons
460:Abbas Hilmi
456:Enver Pasha
452:Barkatullah
383:World War I
330:Bagha Jatin
312:Afghanistan
296:Barkatullah
219:Netherlands
215:Switzerland
144:World War I
84:India House
4005:Categories
3787:Conspiracy
3736:Zimmermann
3553:Kanshi Ram
3511:Guran Ditt
3506:Tarak Nath
3395:Background
3154:Subodh Roy
3114:Shiv Verma
2789:Gulab Kaur
2759:Deba Gupta
2684:Benoy Basu
2614:Ajoy Ghosh
2574:(Yugantar)
2415:Linlithgow
2355:Chelmsford
2345:Cornwallis
2257:Tatya Tope
2127:Nana Saheb
2032:K. Kamaraj
1982:Dhan Singh
1897:Bakht Khan
1549:Arya Samaj
1483:Quit India
1433:Salt March
1292:Events and
1268:Satyagraha
833:References
741:Seidt 2001
628:4 November
571:Habibullah
513:in Kabul.
362:See also:
282:, then in
231:Schöneberg
188:Heidelberg
184:DĂŒsseldorf
74:Background
3929:Guy Gaunt
3666:M. N. Roy
3169:Surya Sen
3149:Srish Pal
3074:Ram Rakha
3049:Rajat Sen
2799:Har Dayal
2390:Wellesley
2375:Dalhousie
2237:Surya Sen
2132:P. Kakkan
2092:Mir Qasim
2067:M. N. Roy
2002:Har Dayal
1835:activists
1664:Baba Amte
1654:Ayyankali
1632:reformers
1554:Azad Hind
1294:movements
1273:Socialism
993:0149-7952
968:0149-7952
951:0305-6139
924:0022-0094
907:0149-7952
861:0030-8684
812:cite book
804:954115551
575:Nasrullah
563:Petrograd
292:Har Dayal
177:Har Dayal
115:Har Dayal
3801:Maverick
3687:Deobandi
3474:Hardayal
3432:Jugantar
3406:militant
2729:Bina Das
2572:Jugantar
2420:Hastings
2380:Bentinck
1599:Jugantar
1243:Gandhism
943:Bulletin
884:Archived
395:Deobandi
379:Istanbul
300:Istanbul
217:and the
3588:Champak
2340:Canning
1759:Periyar
1408:Bardoli
1176:Gwalior
1078:History
1001:1433153
869:3637829
464:Khedive
387:Kashmir
304:Baghdad
154:Bengali
3887:MI5(g)
3766:Hentig
3583:Chatto
3467:Ghadar
3284:Events
2597:People
2410:Cripps
2405:Outram
2395:Lytton
2360:Curzon
2335:Wavell
1630:Social
1283:Swaraj
1166:Second
1151:Fourth
1141:Second
1031:, in:
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426:Caliph
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284:Geneva
161:Kaiser
134:Europe
66:, and
40:German
3751:Papen
2400:Clive
2370:Minto
2365:Ripon
2350:Irwin
1784:Shahu
1171:Third
1161:First
1146:Third
1136:First
997:JSTOR
865:JSTOR
597:Notes
547:jihad
468:Egypt
431:Jihad
415:Hijaz
407:Kabul
308:Kabul
138:Paris
62:, Dr
3908:Oren
3848:More
3777:More
3714:More
3629:More
3564:More
3448:More
2318:more
1620:more
1219:more
989:ISSN
964:ISSN
947:ISSN
920:ISSN
903:ISSN
857:ISSN
822:link
818:link
800:OCLC
790:ISBN
630:2007
485:and
428:'s "
389:and
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302:and
294:and
205:and
192:Czar
159:The
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