567:
42:
67:
683:
hunter-gatherers, and the bird assistance has been shown to increase honey-hunters' rates of finding bee colonies by 560%, and led men to significantly higher yielding nests than those found without honeyguides. Contrary to most depictions of the human-honeyguide relationship, the Hadza did not
684:
actively repay honeyguides, but instead, hid, buried, and burned honeycomb, with the intent of keeping the bird hungry and thus more likely to guide again. Some experts believe that honeyguide co-evolution with humans goes back to the stone-tool making human ancestor
580:
Most honeyguides are dull-colored, though some have bright yellow coloring in the plumage. All have light outer tail feathers, which are white in all the
African species. The smallest species by body mass appears to be the
756:
African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as
761:
hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the hosts' offspring.
264:
relationship between the honeyguides and the eight other families that make up the order
Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
244:. These birds are best known for their interaction with humans. Honeyguides are noted and named for one or two species that will deliberately lead humans (but, contrary to popular claims, most likely not
566:
260:
The
Indicatoridae were noted for their barbet-like structure and brood-parasitic behavior and morphologically considered unique among the non-passerines in having nine primaries. The
701:
Although most members of the family are not known to recruit "followers" in their quest for wax, they are also referred to as "honeyguides" by linguistic extrapolation.
1262:
2058:
964:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
951:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
2084:
675:, while others disagree. Wild honeyguides understand various types of human calls that attract them to engage in the foraging mutualism. In northern
2032:
1460:
1115:
Dean, W. R. J.; Siegfried, W. Roy; MacDonald, I. A. W. (1 March 1990). "The
Fallacy, Fact, and Fate of Guiding Behavior in the Greater Honeyguide".
2071:
725:
in a nest of another species, laying eggs in series of about five during a period of 5–7 days. Most favor hole-nesting species, often the related
274:
1246:
1182:
983:
1318:
792:
1287:
749:. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to physically eject their hosts' chicks from the nests and they have needle-sharp hooks on their
1203:
793:"Do honey badgers and greater honeyguide birds cooperate to access bees' nests? Ecological evidence and honey-hunter accounts"
829:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
2076:
1453:
667:. Once the hive is open and the honey is taken, the bird feeds on larvae and wax. This behavior has been studied in the
66:
1993:
647:
2089:
1282:
1151:
915:
266:
1839:
1665:
672:
2148:
1311:
1446:
582:
1933:
590:
586:
570:
54:
2110:
1998:
1605:
574:
153:
1062:
2153:
2019:
1980:
1600:
1532:
1234:
1124:
1014:
816:
Birds of the world : a survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families
1304:
1291:
919:
771:
270:
2158:
1971:
1870:
1817:
1633:
1256:
1038:
668:
594:
61:
49:
41:
2115:
2097:
2006:
1863:
1833:
1628:
1537:
1494:
1242:
1178:
1082:
1030:
1005:
979:
746:
626:
171:
2063:
2102:
1911:
1877:
1682:
1348:
1221:
1132:
1074:
1022:
895:
885:
852:
842:
694:
million years ago. Despite popular belief, no evidence indicates that honeyguides guide the
208:
2125:
831:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
663:
Honeyguides are named for a remarkable habit seen in one or two species: guiding humans to
1897:
1595:
1575:
1547:
1340:
1327:
1128:
1018:
900:
873:
589:, at an average of 10 cm (3.9 in), while the largest species by weight is the
1585:
1570:
1469:
1408:
1136:
1078:
718:
476:
226:, although the latter term is also used more narrowly to refer to species of the genus
1985:
1000:
2142:
1590:
1565:
1542:
1527:
1061:
Wood, Brian M.; Pontzer, Herman; Raichlen, David A.; Marlowe, Frank W. (2014-11-01).
1042:
857:
698:; though videos about this exist, there have been accusations that they were staged.
261:
2011:
1797:
1772:
1733:
1657:
1517:
1486:
1396:
1382:
695:
686:
680:
609:
492:
407:
245:
178:
128:
2045:
1965:
1828:
1823:
1414:
671:; some authorities (following Friedmann, 1955) state that it also occurs in the
614:
453:
228:
192:
890:
585:, at an average of 10.2 g (0.36 oz), and by length appears to be the
1904:
1888:
1777:
1752:
1706:
1615:
1580:
1420:
1331:
1276:
730:
620:
320:
304:
284:
215:
185:
118:
1956:
1086:
847:
830:
17:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1790:
1783:
1762:
1757:
1722:
1504:
1026:
742:
233:
78:
1034:
999:
Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Begg, Keith S.; Begg, Colleen M. (July 22, 2016).
1950:
1746:
1728:
1522:
1390:
1371:
738:
726:
722:
676:
664:
430:
98:
1199:
1767:
1739:
1512:
1365:
1357:
1225:
631:
605:
375:
249:
138:
923:
2050:
1697:
1557:
1402:
758:
643:
237:
88:
2037:
1927:
1296:
248:) directly to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and
1715:
1438:
565:
1808:
1647:
1477:
874:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
753:
with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.
750:
241:
108:
1931:
1442:
1300:
639:
601:
236:
tropical distribution, with the greatest number of species in
2024:
1063:"Mutualism and manipulation in Hadza–honeyguide interactions"
608:
in most species, and presumably the waxy secretions of
593:, at 54.2 g (1.91 oz), and by length, is the
960:
Short, L.L., J. F. M. Horne, and G. M. Kirwan (2020).
1001:"Reciprocal signaling in honeyguide-human mutualism"
600:
They are among the few birds that feed regularly on
1940:
1887:
1807:
1705:
1696:
1674:
1655:
1646:
1614:
1556:
1503:
1485:
1476:
1381:
1356:
1338:
1288:Human and Birds Cooperate to Share Beehive Bounty
1173:Short, Lester L. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
642:colonies, and on flying and crawling insects,
1454:
1312:
803:(a) – via Zoological Society of London.
8:
1261:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
791:van der Wal, J. E. M.; et al. (2023).
646:, and occasional fruits. Many species join
1928:
1702:
1652:
1482:
1461:
1447:
1439:
1319:
1305:
1297:
962:Cassin's Honeyguide (Prodotiscus insignis)
709:The breeding behavior of eight species in
40:
31:
899:
889:
856:
846:
1177:. London: Merehurst Press. p. 155.
949:Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator)
1220:. U.S. National Museum (Bulletin 208).
947:Short, L.L. and J. F. M. Horne (2020).
783:
1254:
1152:"Lies, damned lies, and honey badgers"
275:International Ornithological Committee
1056:
1054:
1052:
926:. International Ornithologists' Union
214:) are a family of birds in the order
7:
1423:(woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks)
943:
941:
634:which are the larvae of the waxmoth
1278:Lesser Honeyguide (Indicator minor)
469:
446:
423:
400:
352:
345:
297:
290:
280:
273:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1200:"Underground chick-killers filmed"
1137:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x
1079:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.07.007
974:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
924:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
25:
1374:(puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
1198:Davies, Ella (7 September 2011).
1102:Honey and fire in human evolution
976:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
872:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
597:, at 19.5 cm (7.7 in).
456:– New World barbets (15 species)
1239:Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides
1104:. Oxbow Books. pp. 149–167.
65:
1175:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1150:Yong, Ed (September 19, 2011).
835:Molecular Biology and Evolution
573:juvenile fed by host parent, a
433:– African barbets (42 species)
814:Austin, Oliver Luther (1962).
27:Family of near passerine birds
1:
479:– toucan barbets (2 species)
410:– Asian barbets (35 species)
1067:Evolution and Human Behavior
648:mixed-species feeding flocks
378:– woodpeckers (240 species)
1241:. Oxford University Press.
1216:Friedmann, Herbert (1955).
978:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
679:, honeyguides partner with
624:and the smaller species of
362:– honeyguides (16 species)
2175:
1100:Wrangham, Richard (2011).
891:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
618:and to a lesser extent in
1840:Dolichovespula adulterina
858:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
673:scaly-throated honeyguide
490:
474:
467:
451:
444:
428:
421:
405:
398:
373:
357:
350:
343:
323:– puffbirds (38 species)
318:
302:
295:
288:
218:. They are also known as
166:
161:
62:Scientific classification
60:
48:
39:
34:
922:, eds. (December 2023).
307:– jacamars (18 species)
1027:10.1126/science.aaf4885
717:is known. They are all
583:green-backed honeyguide
495:– toucans (43 species)
848:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
818:. Hamlyn. p. 186.
591:lyre-tailed honeyguide
577:
571:Brown-backed honeybird
252:that are left behind.
55:brown-backed honeybird
2111:Paleobiology Database
1606:Channel-billed cuckoo
575:rock-loving cisticola
569:
1889:Lycaenid butterflies
1601:Great spotted cuckoo
1533:Brown-headed cowbird
1117:Conservation Biology
630:. They also feed on
1292:Scientific American
1233:Short, Lester, and
1129:1990ConBi...4...99D
1019:2016Sci...353..387S
772:List of honeyguides
636:Galleria mellonella
587:Cassin's honeyguide
271:Pamela C. Rasmussen
1871:Vespula infernalis
1834:Cuckoo paper wasps
1818:Ammophila sabulosa
1784:Bombus (Psithyrus)
1634:Greater honeyguide
1417:(American barbets)
918:; Donsker, David;
797:Journal of Zoology
669:greater honeyguide
595:greater honeyguide
578:
50:Greater honeyguide
2136:
2135:
2098:Open Tree of Life
1934:Taxon identifiers
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1864:Vespula austriaca
1692:
1691:
1642:
1641:
1629:Lesser honeyguide
1538:Screaming cowbird
1495:Black-headed duck
1436:
1435:
1393:(African barbets)
1248:978-0-19-854666-5
1184:978-1-85391-186-6
1013:(6297): 387–389.
985:978-1-4200-6444-5
920:Rasmussen, Pamela
558:
557:
549:
548:
540:
539:
531:
530:
522:
521:
513:
512:
504:
503:
387:
386:
332:
331:
202:
201:
157:
16:(Redirected from
2166:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1929:
1912:Phengaris rebeli
1878:Vespula squamosa
1703:
1683:Pungtungia herzi
1653:
1483:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1411:(toucan-barbets)
1321:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1229:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1058:
1047:
1046:
996:
990:
989:
971:
965:
958:
952:
945:
936:
935:
933:
931:
912:
906:
905:
903:
893:
869:
863:
862:
860:
850:
826:
820:
819:
811:
805:
804:
788:
693:
470:
447:
424:
401:
353:
346:
298:
291:
281:
152:
70:
69:
44:
32:
21:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2149:Brood parasites
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1936:
1926:
1917:
1905:Phengaris arion
1898:Phengaris alcon
1883:
1803:
1688:
1670:
1638:
1610:
1596:Diederik cuckoo
1576:Pheasant cuckoo
1552:
1548:Bronzed cowbird
1499:
1472:
1470:Brood parasites
1467:
1437:
1432:
1399:(Asian barbets)
1377:
1352:
1334:
1325:
1277:
1273:
1253:
1249:
1232:
1218:The Honeyguides
1215:
1212:
1211:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1060:
1059:
1050:
998:
997:
993:
986:
973:
972:
968:
959:
955:
946:
939:
929:
927:
914:
913:
909:
871:
870:
866:
828:
827:
823:
813:
812:
808:
790:
789:
785:
780:
768:
719:brood parasites
707:
691:
661:
656:
564:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
505:
388:
333:
258:
232:. They have an
220:indicator birds
198:
151:
64:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1962:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1666:Cuckoo catfish
1662:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:Jacobin cuckoo
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Striped cuckoo
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1409:Semnornithidae
1406:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1235:Jennifer Horne
1230:
1210:
1209:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1142:
1107:
1092:
1073:(6): 540–546.
1048:
991:
984:
966:
953:
937:
907:
864:
841:(1): 108–127.
821:
806:
782:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
767:
764:
706:
703:
660:
657:
655:
652:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
551:
547:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
534:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:
520:
519:
516:
515:
511:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
497:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
477:Semnornithidae
473:
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
450:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
427:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
404:
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397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
381:
380:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
330:
329:
326:
325:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
279:
257:
254:
200:
199:
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189:
182:
175:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2171:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:Indicatoridae
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:Indicatoridae
1967:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1942:Indicatoridae
1939:
1935:
1930:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
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1518:Cuckoo-finch
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135:Infraorder:
29:
2154:Honeyguides
2046:iNaturalist
1966:Wikispecies
1824:Ceropalinae
1707:Cuckoo bees
1415:Capitonidae
1226:10088/10101
916:Gill, Frank
884:: 851–860.
739:cup-nesters
735:Prodotiscus
731:woodpeckers
715:Prodotiscus
690:, about 1.9
615:Prodotiscus
562:Description
454:Capitonidae
240:and two in
229:Prodotiscus
224:honey birds
205:Honeyguides
193:Prodotiscus
35:Honeyguide
2143:Categories
1778:Rhathymini
1753:Isepeolini
1624:Honeyguide
1616:Piciformes
1581:Asian koel
1372:Bucconidae
1368:(jacamars)
1366:Galbulidae
1332:Piciformes
1154:. Kalmbach
778:References
743:white-eyes
621:Melignomon
321:Bucconidae
305:Galbulidae
285:Piciformes
267:Frank Gill
216:Piciformes
186:Melignomon
125:Suborder:
119:Piciformes
2159:Symbiosis
1857:Stizoides
1851:Sapygidae
1846:Nyssonini
1791:Sphecodes
1763:Nomadinae
1758:Melectini
1723:Coelioxys
1405:(toucans)
1257:cite book
1087:1090-5138
1043:206648494
711:Indicator
627:Indicator
234:Old World
172:Indicator
85:Kingdom:
79:Eukaryota
1951:Wikidata
1747:Exaerete
1729:Dioxyini
1523:Viduidae
1391:Lybiidae
1341:Suborder
1237:(2002).
1035:27463674
901:11111414
766:See also
747:warblers
741:such as
705:Breeding
677:Tanzania
654:Behavior
632:waxworms
431:Lybiidae
256:Taxonomy
154:Swainson
145:Family:
99:Chordata
95:Phylum:
89:Animalia
75:Domain:
1957:Q214137
1768:Osirini
1740:Euaspis
1698:Insects
1513:Cowbird
1421:Picidae
1358:Galbuli
1283:YouTube
1206:Nature.
1158:July 8,
1125:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
1006:Science
930:17 June
727:barbets
659:Guiding
644:spiders
606:beeswax
604:—
376:Picidae
277:(IOC).
250:beeswax
162:Genera
139:Picides
115:Order:
105:Class:
2123:uBio:
2103:467845
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1798:Stelis
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878:Nature
759:cuckoo
733:, but
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238:Africa
209:family
156:, 1837
2126:21515
2116:39435
2059:IRMNG
2051:17551
2012:624VB
1999:25366
1809:Wasps
1716:Aglae
1478:Birds
1328:Order
1039:S2CID
751:beaks
681:Hadza
638:, on
222:, or
2085:NCBI
2072:ITIS
2038:9699
2033:GBIF
2025:1594
1994:BOLD
1648:Fish
1383:Pici
1263:link
1243:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1160:2024
1083:ISSN
1031:PMID
980:ISBN
932:2024
745:and
729:and
713:and
242:Asia
129:Pici
109:Aves
2020:EoL
2007:CoL
1981:ADW
1656:Of
1290:on
1281:on
1222:hdl
1204:BBC
1133:doi
1075:doi
1023:doi
1011:353
896:PMC
886:doi
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853:hdl
843:doi
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640:bee
602:wax
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