1101:– the tallest and largest mountain in the Philippines and an expansive sacred mountain for the Manobos, Bagobo, Ubos, Atas, Kalagan and Tagacaolo peoples; the mountain is often referred as "grandfather" or "elder"; some ethnic peoples there offer sacrifices to the deity, Mandarangan, for good health and victories in war; in Bagobo beliefs, it is said that two gigantic eels used to live in the mountain's rivers, one went east, lived, and became the ancestor of eels in the sea, while the other one went west inland, eventually dying and becoming the western foot ridges of Mount Apo; the Bagabo also believe that Apo Sandawa, god of blacksmiths, lives in Mount Apo with the deity of the forge, Tolus Ka Gomanan, who is venerated in a ritual called
746:
107:
707:
867:(living waters) and are considered as sacred but dangerous to the Tagalog people in pre-colonial times due to the presence of life-threatening supernatural beings. The presence of these natural shrines is one of the primary reasons why indigenous belief systems continued to exist despite the Spanish-imposed all-out destruction of shrine structures. Due to colonization, majority of the indigenous shrine practices have been lost, fragmented severely, or absorbed into Christian practices, such as the case in pilgrim devotion practices in
896:
723:
1194:; there are two contrasting tales regarding the mountain, the first tale states that the mountain is a mother goddess (although Iraya was initially depicted as an androgynous deity prior to colonization) overlooking her children (the Ivatans) for their protection, while the second tale states that if a ring of clouds appear on top of the mountain, Iraya is notifying the people for preparation due to an inevitable death of an elder, usually due to natural causes
1402:
336:
907:
82:
63:
787:", which the Spanish all burned down and destroyed. These idols were the statues of departed loved ones, which the natives used to contact the spirits of their deceased ancestor or friend and the deities. Additionally, Amoroso and Abinales (2005) wrote that the Spaniards also ordered native children by force to 'defecate' on the native people's idol statues, in a bid to further mock the natives and their
1416:
22:
378:
394:
1307:– islands east of Iloilo that are known for its sacred caves, remains of ancient ancestors, and enchanted and unseen beings lurking throughout the islands; created by the primordial giants Ilohaylo and Necrosamo in Hiligaynon mythology; during Spanish colonization, huge human bones were found on Bakwitan cave, which led to the island groups' name change into "Islas de Gigantes"
435:. They can range in size from small roofed platforms, to structures similar to a small house (but with no walls), to shrines that look similar to pagodas, especially in the south where early mosques were also modeled in the same way. These shrines were known in various indigenous terms, which depend on the ethnic group association. They can also be used as places to store
1363:, which is home to thousands of artifacts, including ancient human teeth, burial jars, ceramics, accessories, ancient stone inscriptions, cave petrographs, and cave petrogylphs; the island's cultural landscapes, notably its caves, are believed to be the home of a variety of nature spirits of the land, while its waters are filled with manta rays and sea spirits
938:
1430:
1112:– home to the Hiligaynon and Karay-a death god, Sidapa, who measures mortal lives through an ancient tree; later stories say that the comely moon god, Bulan, eventually lived with the robust and handsome Sidapa in his mountain home after a complex courtship and rescue story, which led to their divine marriage
1389:
Today's practices are notably influenced by modernity, due to an array of inevitable religious dynamisms. Although no expansive shrine structures have yet to be built, natural shrines such as Mount
Makiling, Mayon Volcano, Pinatubo Volcano, Mount Pulag, Kanlaon Volcano, Mount Madja-as, Mount Apo, and
956:
Most of the remaining sacred places are natural, and not man-made, as majority of the man-made shrines were completely destroyed by the
Spanish during a 300-year Catholic-colonial period from the 16th century to the 19th century. However, remnants of man-made shrines have been rediscovered since the
778:
strips. Majority of these man-made shrine structures (along with the materials assigned to shrine traditions such as statues home to anitos, statues reserved for burial practices in the future, and documents with indigenous writings and calligraphy) were unfortunately destroyed by the
Spanish in the
1379:
believed that the site is the home of spirits who beat the waves, making it harder to sail; arrows are shot onto the rocks of the area as offerings to the spirits; during the colonization era, the
Spanish plucked roughly 4,000 arrows at the site and renamed the area as San Agustin's cape, fueling
1136:
surrounded by a variety of myths; a story states that its vicinity was home to a nation ruled by Laon; it was also formerly home to a dragon-like monster which was slayed by the lovers, Kan, a youthful hero, and Laon, a king or datu in Negros; later stories say that the supreme goddess of the
1169:
believe that Biri is the home of the goddess, Berbinota, who was initially a beautiful mortal woman who ruled the area's vicinity; stories say that enchanted beings kidnapped the mortal
Berbinota in an attempt to make her their ruler, which eventually led to her enthronement as a
1250:, which is the abode of the tinakchi, a race of mysterious and highly respected mountain-dwelling nature beings known as the "people who can't be seen"; some accounts tell that the tinakchi can use teleportation and invisibility, usually to safeguard nature and its wildlife
415:. These places usually serve as grounds for communication with the spirit world, especially to the deities and ancestral spirits. In some cases, they also function as safeguards for the caskets of ancestors, as well as statues or other objects depicting divine entities.
973:
which was rediscovered in 2011. Prominent natural shrines or sacred grounds vary, but the most notable are the mountains and volcanoes. Additionally, mythological shrines and sacred places also abound within the diverse concepts known in the
1298:
filled with unique limestone coffins made between 890–1030 AD; locals believe that the limestone tombs and associated objects were made by forest deities; the site was looted by the
Americans before proper archaeological research was
923:
1210:
since ancient times; the indigenous name means "loneliness from an isolated place", referring to the feeling of fishermen who catch marine life in the area for days without their families; national culture refers to the place as
1014:– a sacred river in central Mindanao since ancient times; various myths are associated with the river such as the appearance of the Patakoda, and the routes taken by the Maguindanaon epic heroes Indarapatra and Sulayman
1238:– the entire island province of Siquijor has been a sacred ground since ancient times due to its associated mystic traditions and sites; legend tells that the island rose from the sea after a strong earthquake
1182:
and is said to be the home of their supreme deity, Diwata ng
Kagubatan; the Cuyunon used to perform a complex ritual for the deity on top of the mountain during her feast day prior to Spanish colonization
1775:(1894). "Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der bei den philippinischen Eingeborenen üblichen Eigennamen, welche auf Religion, Opfer und priesterliche Titel und Amtsverrichtungen sich beziehen. (Fortsetzung.)".
1390:
many others are thoroughly used to preserve the ancient religions. Home altars continue to be one of the abodes of specific sacred objects depicting or attributed to the deities and ancestral spirits.
1026:, Gugurang; repository of the sacred fire of Ibalon; it is said to erupt, rumble, or spout lava or ash whenever the people committed heinous crimes, signaling the people to repent and undo evil things
1002:, who believe that the mountain is the home of a variety of well-respected nature spirits; the divine mountain was destroyed by a mining company, and a huge mass of it has been transformed into the
3126:
2002:"Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der bei den philippinischen Eingeborenen üblichen Eigennamen, welche auf Religion, Opfer und priesterliche Titel und Amtsverrichtungen sich beziehen. (Fortsetzung.)"
774:
roofs. No metal nails are used in its construction. The wood pieces are shaped in a way that each block would stick tightly to each other. At the same time, the wood bonds are strengthened by
1335:; an ancient race known as Tau't Daram (People of the Night) is believed to have lived in the mountain's forest canopies, told by the people's chants which refer to the race as "the shadows"
2748:
1323:
to aid mankind in the area; the mountain is highly associated with the gifts of nature; due to its importance, various religious sects have made the mountain an annual pilgrimage site
3261:. Paper for presentation at the 1st Philippine Conference on the "Baybayin" Stones of Ticao, Masbate, August 5–6, 2011, Monreal, Masbate Province – via heritage.elizaga.net.
2031:
1351:, who lives in a cave and maintains a plantation-of-sort within the mountain; the goddess is said to sell her produce by sailing her golden ship from a nearby river onto the sea
2612:
1463:
476:
altars are identical in basic construction throughout most of the
Philippines. They were either small roof-less platforms or standing poles split at the tip (similar to a
307:
364:
1262:; protected by a variety of nature deities; people who disturb the area or go there without divine permission are said to lose their way and succumb to the mountains.
1458:
1972:
3438:
2983:
2233:
1803:
1747:
2349:
1161:
779:
16th century, while transforming the land where the shrine structures were built upon into
Catholic cemeteries or locations for Roman Catholic churches. The
2927:
766:
The shrine can be a sacred structure built with different materials, depending on the locality, but the usual shrine structure is made from indigenous
3134:
287:
2264:
1473:
1916:
Zaide, Gregorio F. (2017). "Filipinos Before the
Spanish Conquest Possessed a Well-Ordered and Well-Thought-Out Religion". In Storch, Tanya (ed.).
282:
2696:
3099:
3351:
3324:
2322:
2105:
1925:
2670:
1478:
975:
792:
424:
412:
357:
312:
300:
795:
were continued by the Spanish until the 19th century, leaving no shrine structures left throughout areas subjugated by the Spanish Crown.
1866:. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 19, Part 2. New York: By Order of the Trustees. pp. 35–37.
2039:
3433:
2814:
2644:
2561:
1661:
3391:
2265:
The Igmale'ng'en Sacred Forests of Portulin—Part of the Ancestral Domain Conserved by the Talaandig Peoples of Mindanao, Philippines
1727:
871:, which has Catholic and indigenous practices involved. The unaltered shrine practices of the Filipino ethnic groups are similar to
537:
Each ethnic group in the Philippines has their own terms concerning their shrines and sacred grounds, which are diverse in number.
2789:
2618:
745:
3069:
1713:
1145:
427:
generally do not have so-called "temples" of worship under the context known to foreign cultures. However, they do have sacred
350:
2848:
226:
106:
706:
2774:
1259:
1254:
221:
158:
148:
2900:
3039:
2179:
1290:
966:
2875:
2327:
1218:
750:
389:
due to the presence of ancient figures drawn on the rock walls for healing purposes. It was rediscovered only in 1965.
3314:
2461:
2241:
1811:
914:
is protected by supernatural beings who cast enchanted protection on certain fishes according to the beliefs of the
2722:
2357:
1717:
3428:
3341:
2991:
863:
or coconut tree), and other places known to the natural and spiritual world, except for swamps, which are called
3014:
2486:
2079:
2062:
902:
is the home of a sacred Igmale’ng’en forest regarded highly by the people of the area, especially the Talaandig.
2935:
2122:
1116:
911:
2587:
895:
803:
In addition, not all shrines are house structures. Some shrines may be traditional non-Western cemeteries (
2436:
1058:, who taught the early Kapampangans the industry of metallurgy, woodcutting, rice culture and waging wars.
2095:
1997:
1772:
3172:
2957:
3253:
3227:
1887:
Cole, Fay-Cooper (1922). "The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe".
1468:
1279:
788:
98:
1327:
1050:
moon god, Apûng Malyari, who also rules over the eight sacred rivers; in contrast, the neighboring
995:
945:
2013:
1896:
1784:
1407:
1331:– a sacred mountain revered by the local ethnic groups as the "mountain of the gods" in southern
1271:
1047:
1030:
958:
382:
340:
3255:
Romancing the Ticao Stones: Preliminary Transcription, Decipherment, Translation, and Some Notes
1895:(2). With a chapter on music by Albert Gale. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History: 235–493.
722:
1282:
peoples; the most notable of which is Ipot Cave on the island of Banton, where the oldest warp
3387:
3347:
3320:
2768:
2101:
2001:
1921:
1723:
1372:
1367:
1303:
1270:– the islands of Romblon is home to multiple sacred caves used by the ancestors of the ethnic
1247:
1242:
1138:
1121:
915:
259:
2285:. Foreword by Leticia Ramos Shahani. Quezon City: C & E Publishing. pp. 27, 28, 30.
2074:
1867:
1087:
962:
899:
696:
86:
2823:
2297:
1617:
1421:
1295:
1023:
970:
906:
619:
606:
401:
264:
2207:
2379:
2535:
1560:
1552:
1316:
1311:
1275:
1179:
1108:
1055:
1042:
1035:
999:
930:
868:
771:
738:
734:
658:
650:
628:
583:
163:
32:
3288:
3077:
62:
3422:
1637:
1605:
1568:
1483:
1376:
1207:
1191:
1174:
1133:
1124:
believe that certain fishes in the river cannot be caught due to enchanted protection
1071:
1018:
1010:
1003:
671:
574:
522:
168:
74:
81:
1597:
1524:
1488:
1435:
1355:
1339:
1227:
1166:
1149:– an expansive sacred marsh believed to be the home of numerous celestial spirits;
1078:
1051:
754:
711:
541:
498:
include the material manifestation of their realms. The most widely venerated were
432:
236:
2323:"Mt. Canatuan Gold Mine on Subanon Ancestral Lands, Western Mindanao, Philippines"
377:
2063:"Philippine Ethnic and Muslim Minorities: Educating Children the Traditional Way"
1348:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1186:
1062:
727:
529:). Other examples include mountains, waterfalls, tree groves, reefs, and caves.
499:
153:
66:
1415:
929:
is a sacred mountain for various ethnic groups such as the Bagobo, Manobo, and
1397:
1083:
949:
941:
477:
393:
143:
3047:
1864:
The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature
1038:, who drew infant figures on the wall to "pass-on" a child's sickness onto it
454:
are venerated through temporary altars near sacred places. These were called
2462:"The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs: Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities"
1097:
1091:
926:
783:
of 1582 recorded the existence of ancient sacred structures that contained "
231:
211:
128:
1889:
Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series
855:(one of the three most sacred trees for the Tagalogs, the other two being
2510:"People's Response to Eruption Warning: The Pinatubo Experience, 1991–92"
2153:
1548:
1258:– a sacred mountain for many ethnic groups such as the Mandaya people in
1234:
981:
Some examples of the many traditional sacred places today are as follow:
816:
715:
637:
186:
3201:
2509:
2017:
1901:
1788:
3202:"The Diwata of Philippine Mythology: Ancestors, Spirits, & Deities"
2645:"Philippine Mythology: Similarities and Parallels to World Mythologies"
2097:
Counterheritage: Critical Perspectives on Heritage Conservation in Asia
1453:
1448:
1360:
1332:
1320:
1266:
1128:
937:
588:
518:
481:
464:
428:
241:
201:
2283:
Centennial Crossings: Readings on Babaylan Feminism in the Philippines
1120:– a sacred river believed to be protected by supernatural beings; the
1070:
spirits; believed to be the sacred resting ground of the souls of the
922:
1493:
1226:
believed to be the home of ancient spirits and the resting ground of
991:
986:
872:
775:
473:
216:
206:
138:
123:
90:
1872:
791:. The purge against shrine structures and all things related to the
3272:
Esteban, Rolando C.; Casanova, Arthur P.; Esteban, Ivie C. (2011).
2420:
Esteban, Rolando C.; Casanova, Arthur P.; Esteban, Ivie C. (2011).
2405:
Esteban, Rolando C.; Casanova, Arthur P.; Esteban, Ivie C. (2011).
1315:– a sacred mountain in southern Luzon, believed to be the abode of
2437:"Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures: Philippine Mythology"
1748:"Anitism: A Survey of Religious Beliefs Native to the Philippines"
1443:
1223:
1150:
936:
921:
905:
894:
884:
876:
744:
721:
705:
397:
392:
376:
322:
196:
133:
80:
61:
3411:. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture.
2514:
Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
1344:
1034:– limestone wall traditionally used for healing purposes by the
880:
832:
767:
191:
2350:"An Urgent Appeal to Save Mt. Canatuan and the Subanen People"
423:
Ancient Filipinos and Filipinos who continue to adhere to the
15:
2723:"Legends of Mount Kanlaon, Negros Island: Negrense Mythology"
2380:"Urgent Appeal to Save Mount Canatuan and the Subanon People"
3100:"Remains of 1,000-Year-Old Village Unearthed in Philippines"
2424:. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. pp. 48–49, 52–54.
2032:"Indigenous Religious Beliefs and Cosmology of the Filipino"
105:
2790:"A Gem of Ages: 7 Island Rock Formations in Northern Samar"
2487:"Rizal: My Guide to the Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs Site"
2080:
10.1659/0276-4741(2006)026[0024:PEAMME]2.0.CO;2
93:
with coffins stacked-up to form a sky burial within a cave.
1960:(Revised ed.). Quezon City: Malaya Books. p. 42.
1719:
Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society
1157:
rituals so that a visitor would not be harmed in the marsh
1066:– the tallest mountain in Luzon island and is home to the
73:
spirits and the sacred resting ground of the souls of the
3289:"Apolaki's Lament: Who Killed the Ancient Filipino Gods?"
2508:
Tayag, Jean; Insauriga, Sheila; Ringor, Anne; Belo, Mel.
3371:. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 37.
1918:
Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific, 1500–1900
1741:
1739:
3384:
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage
3173:"Philippines: Witnessing Paradise at Islas de Gigantes"
1945:. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press. p. 235.
753:
within the interior of Samar is a sacred abode for the
737:. The tree is a shrine home of a local deity among the
714:
are the sacred home of an octopus deity revered by the
39:
2298:"How a Group of Archaeologists Sold a Sacred Mountain"
1230:'s souls; it is the second largest cave system in Asia
1054:
is the home of the powerful sun god of war and death,
494:
Other types of sacred places or objects of worship of
2901:"Protecting the Biological Wealth of the Philippines"
2409:. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. pp. 46–47.
1165:– a sacred island with striking rock formations; the
480:). They held halved coconut shells, metal plates, or
3195:
3193:
2749:"7 Reasons to Explore Agusan del Sur After "Lolong""
2697:"The Lost Enchantment of Hinatuan's Enchanted River"
2147:
2145:
2143:
1973:"Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels"
1385:
Restoration of indigenous shrines and sacred grounds
3160:(BA thesis). University of the Philippines Diliman.
2928:"On Untranslatable Words from Philippine Languages"
2154:"Origin Myths of the Tagalogs: Bathala the Creator"
944:is a sacred mountain protected by spirits from the
875:practices in Asia, such as the shrine practices in
3015:"Tinakchi: Legends of the Unseen on Mt. Kechangon"
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1722:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
1579:(for those built near rice fields).(Kroeber, 1918)
1464:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people
404:. It is the home of their supreme deity, Gugurang.
2281:Mangahas, Fe B.; Llaguno, Jenny R., eds. (2006).
2234:"Experiencing Healing Rituals of the Philippines"
2006:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
1956:Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Alfonso, Oscar M. (1969).
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1777:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
491:may sometimes also be placed on these platforms.
933:, and other groups surrounding the holy grounds.
409:Indigenous Philippine shrines and sacred grounds
2536:"Formation of the World: Kapampangan Mythology"
2263:De Vera, Dave; Guina, Datu Johnny (July 2008).
1459:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Philippines
2849:"Birthday Special: Paying Homage to Mt. Iraya"
2588:"Bud Bongao: The Sacred Mountain of Tawi-Tawi"
1575:(for those built near roads and villages) and
3127:"1,000-Year-Old Village Found in Philippines"
2755:. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019
2638:
2636:
2562:"Benguet Folk to Appease Mount Pulag Spirits"
1662:"Benguet Folk to Appease Mount Pulag Spirits"
358:
8:
2958:"Memories of Calbiga: Langun-Gobingob Caves"
1808:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1202:– a sacred fishing ground for the people of
97:
3319:. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press.
3316:Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs
2926:Ching, Marrian Pio Roda (August 22, 2017).
1943:Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1090:peoples; guarded by spirits and monkeys in
439:and caskets of ancestors. Among Bicolanos,
2270:(Report). The Portulin Tribal Association.
2123:"Love and Power Among the 'Conquistadors'"
1891:. Anthropological Series, Vol. 14, No. 2.
1347:, believed to be the abode of the goddess
1319:, a goddess sent by Tagalog supreme deity
443:were also kept inside sacred caves called
385:can be found. The site is considered as a
365:
351:
96:
2876:"Mount Iraya: Mother Mountain of Batanes"
2078:
1920:. The Pacific World, Vol. 17. Routledge.
1900:
1871:
1567:(only entered by shamans); and among the
3125:Kaznowska, Helena (September 20, 2012).
2671:"An Enchanting Visit in Surigao del Sur"
2202:
2200:
1804:"In Focus: A Look at Philippine Mosques"
1474:Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
957:middle of the 20th century, such as the
59:Holy places in Philippine folk religions
1802:Madale, Nagasura T. (October 6, 2003).
1652:
1539:(for various small roofed altars); and
1504:
965:which was rediscovered in 1965 and the
411:are places regarded as holy within the
3106:. Associated Press. September 20, 2012
2766:
2178:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019).
3276:. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing.
2874:Pesigan, Jemaica (October 24, 2016).
2695:Bacongco, Keith (February 28, 2011).
2560:Picaña, Thom H. (February 10, 2018).
1660:Picaña, Thom H. (February 10, 2018).
77:and other ethnic peoples in the area.
7:
3439:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
3369:Christian Renewal of Filipino Values
3013:De Guzman, Daniel (March 11, 2019).
2721:Clark, Jordan (September 12, 2017).
2534:Clark, Jordan (September 12, 2017).
2356:. September 11, 2007. Archived from
2121:Ordoñez, Minyong (August 18, 2012).
2061:Quiling Arquiza, Mucha-Shim (2006).
1479:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
976:indigenous Philippine folk religions
793:indigenous Philippine folk religions
425:indigenous Philippine folk religions
413:indigenous Philippine folk religions
313:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
3340:Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004).
2643:De Guzman, Daniel (April 9, 2019).
2296:Elizaga, Elson T. (April 2, 2009).
2152:Clark, Jordan (February 13, 2016).
1286:textile in Southeast Asia was found
1141:, Kanlaon, now lives in the volcano
1022:– home of the supreme deity of the
2788:Arnaiz, Vicky C. (April 5, 2014).
2747:Supetran, Bernard (July 5, 2016).
2435:Clark, Jordan (February 8, 2016).
1371:– a sacred landmass at the end of
14:
3386:. Manila: Punlad Research House.
3274:Folktales of Southern Philippines
2422:Folktales of Southern Philippines
2407:Folktales of Southern Philippines
2067:Mountain Research and Development
3409:Filipino Religious Consciousness
3226:Lasco, Gideon (March 10, 2008).
1428:
1414:
1400:
1343:– a sacred mountain in southern
807:), ancient ruins or old places (
334:
20:
3287:Clark, Jordan (June 18, 2016).
3200:Clark, Jordan (March 3, 2016).
2669:Decenella, Jay (July 4, 2014).
1971:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1973).
781:Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas
3407:Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999).
3156:Gaverza, Jean Karl M. (2014).
1958:History of the Filipino People
1551:, shrines are known among the
487:as receptacles for offerings.
400:is a sacred volcano among the
1:
3367:Gorospe, Vitaliano R (1966).
3044:Philippine Information Agency
2837:– via nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph.
2614:Profile: Mt. Apo Natural Park
2586:Yan, Gregg (April 28, 2014).
2384:MAC/20: Mines and Communities
1260:New Bataan, Compostela Valley
1006:, despite indigenous protests
3313:Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2017).
3228:"Mt. Mantalingajan (2,086+)"
3158:The Myths of the Philippines
1941:Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2017).
1547:(for larger structures). In
1190:– a sacred mountain for the
1178:– a sacred mountain for the
1082:– a sacred mountain for the
967:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
472:in Tagalog. These bamboo or
3252:Borrinaga, Orlando (2011).
2816:[No title provided]
2328:Environmental Justice Atlas
1746:Hislop, Stephen K. (1971).
751:Langun-Gobingob Cave System
450:During certain ceremonies,
431:, which are also called as
3455:
3346:. Manila: Rex Book Store.
2232:Gocuyo, Raquel C. (n.d.).
2180:"The Fall of the Babaylan"
1222:– a sacred cave system in
785:one hundred or two hundred
318:Shrines and sacred grounds
3434:Austronesian spirituality
3382:Jocano, F. Landa (2001).
3171:Legarda, Melissa (n.d.).
2773:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1213:Benham or Philippine Rise
2629:– via pawb.gov.ph.
1117:Hinatuan Enchanted River
1074:and other ethnic peoples
912:Hinatuan Enchanted River
381:The rock wall where the
2100:. New York: Routledge.
1862:Kroeber, A. L. (1918).
1380:outrage from the Iranun
1246:– a sacred mountain in
1046:– home of the powerful
990:– a sacred mountain in
762:Man-made sacred grounds
29:This article's sources
2466:Artes de las Filipinas
2212:Tagalog-Dictionary.com
1998:Blumentritt, Ferdinand
1773:Blumentritt, Ferdinand
1523:in Tagalog. Among the
1132:– a sacred volcano in
953:
934:
919:
903:
799:Natural sacred grounds
758:
742:
719:
405:
390:
341:Philippines portal
288:Mythological creatures
110:
94:
78:
3137:on September 21, 2012
2094:Byrne, Denis (2014).
1219:Langun-Gobingob Caves
940:
925:
909:
898:
891:Notable sacred places
748:
725:
709:
396:
380:
109:
84:
65:
2938:on December 18, 2020
2932:CNN Philippines Life
2042:on December 24, 2022
1714:Scott, William Henry
1527:, shrines are known
1469:Philippine mythology
1359:– an island in east
789:indigenous religions
283:Mythological figures
99:Philippine mythology
3104:New York Daily News
1328:Mount Mantalingajan
1294:– a sacred site in
996:Zamboanga del Norte
946:indigenous religion
101:
69:is the home of the
40:improve the article
3343:Philippine History
3293:The Aswang Project
3206:The Aswang Project
3019:The Aswang Project
2984:"Siquijor History"
2964:. 21 February 2017
2794:Inquirer Lifestyle
2753:Choose Philippines
2727:The Aswang Project
2649:The Aswang Project
2621:on August 24, 2011
2540:The Aswang Project
2489:. January 16, 2017
2441:The Aswang Project
2386:. October 26, 2004
2238:ICH Courier Online
2158:The Aswang Project
2127:Inquirer Lifestyle
1559: ; among the
1408:Philippines portal
1255:Mount Pandadagsaan
1031:Angono Petroglyphs
959:Angono Petroglyphs
954:
935:
920:
904:
759:
743:
720:
406:
391:
383:Angono Petroglyphs
111:
95:
79:
3353:978-971-23-3934-9
3326:978-0-244-34873-1
3232:Pinoy Mountaineer
2855:. January 6, 2015
2829:on April 17, 2018
2360:on April 22, 2019
2302:elson.elizaga.net
2244:on April 25, 2018
2107:978-1-315-81318-9
1927:978-1-351-90478-0
1373:Zamboanga del Sur
1248:Lubuagan, Kalinga
1139:Hiligaynon people
1122:Surigaonon people
916:Surigaonon people
638:Visayan (general)
375:
374:
57:
56:
3446:
3429:Religious places
3413:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3133:. Archived from
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3076:. Archived from
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3046:. Archived from
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2990:. Archived from
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2934:. Archived from
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2853:Ven Going Places
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2822:. Archived from
2821:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2617:. Archived from
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2566:The Manila Times
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1859:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:on July 22, 2018
1810:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1710:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1666:The Manila Times
1657:
1641:
1586:
1580:
1509:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
900:Mount Kalatungan
367:
360:
353:
339:
338:
337:
181:Mythical animals
102:
52:
49:
43:
24:
23:
16:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3080:on July 6, 2019
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3050:on July 6, 2019
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2994:on June 5, 2019
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2907:. June 13, 2018
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2675:Philstar Global
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2036:seasite.niu.edu
2030:
2029:
2025:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1861:
1860:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1712:
1711:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1624:(Teduray); and
1587:
1583:
1515:in Visayan and
1510:
1506:
1502:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:Religion portal
1420:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1296:Quezon province
1243:Mount Kechangon
1024:Bicolano people
971:Quezon province
893:
849:malalaking puno
847:) giant trees (
801:
764:
726:A 400-year-old
535:
462:in Visayan and
421:
402:Bicolano people
371:
335:
333:
328:
327:
308:Tagalog beliefs
303:
293:
292:
278:
270:
269:
265:Bernardo Carpio
255:
254:Mythical heroes
247:
246:
182:
174:
173:
119:
118:Mythical beings
89:burial cave in
60:
53:
47:
44:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3399:
3392:
3374:
3359:
3352:
3332:
3325:
3305:
3279:
3264:
3244:
3218:
3189:
3163:
3148:
3117:
3091:
3061:
3031:
3005:
2975:
2949:
2918:
2892:
2866:
2840:
2806:
2780:
2739:
2713:
2687:
2661:
2632:
2604:
2578:
2552:
2526:
2500:
2478:
2453:
2427:
2412:
2397:
2371:
2341:
2314:
2288:
2273:
2255:
2224:
2196:
2170:
2139:
2113:
2106:
2086:
2053:
2023:
1989:
1963:
1948:
1933:
1926:
1908:
1879:
1825:
1794:
1764:
1735:
1728:
1678:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1581:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1411:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1364:
1352:
1336:
1324:
1312:Mount Makiling
1308:
1300:
1287:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1231:
1215:
1206:and northeast
1195:
1183:
1180:Cuyunon people
1171:
1158:
1142:
1125:
1113:
1109:Mount Madia-as
1105:
1094:
1075:
1059:
1056:Aring Sinukûan
1043:Mount Pinatubo
1039:
1036:Tagalog people
1027:
1015:
1007:
1000:Subanen people
987:Mount Canatuan
892:
889:
869:Mount Makiling
865:buhay na tubig
859:or bamboo and
809:sinaunang pook
800:
797:
763:
760:
735:Lazi, Siquijor
704:
703:
694:
669:
656:
648:
635:
626:
617:
604:
581:
572:
534:
531:
523:termite mounds
420:
417:
373:
372:
370:
369:
362:
355:
347:
344:
343:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:Folk religions
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
164:Maria Makiling
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
58:
55:
54:
31:may have been
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3451:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3393:971-622-006-5
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3131:The Telegraph
3128:
3121:
3118:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2988:DumagueteInfo
2985:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:(in German).
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:(2): 128–154.
1985:
1981:
1980:Asian Studies
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:(in German).
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:(2): 144–156.
1760:
1756:
1755:Asian Studies
1749:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:971-550-135-4
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Sacred groves
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1377:Iranun people
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:Punta Flechas
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:Camarines Sur
1205:
1201:
1200:
1199:Kalipung-awan
1196:
1193:
1192:Ivatan people
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:Mount Caimana
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1134:Negros Island
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:Gomek-gomanan
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:Ibaloi people
1069:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:Mayon Volcano
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:Pulangi River
1008:
1005:
1004:Canatuan mine
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
928:
924:
917:
913:
908:
901:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
761:
756:
752:
747:
740:
739:Bisaya people
736:
732:
730:
724:
717:
713:
710:The lakes of
708:
702:
698:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
668:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
649:
647:
643:
639:
636:
634:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
616:
612:
608:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
582:
580:
576:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:(also called
504:
502:
497:
492:
490:
486:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:spirit houses
430:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
403:
399:
395:
388:
384:
379:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
348:
346:
345:
342:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
169:Nuno sa punso
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
100:
92:
88:
83:
76:
75:Ibaloi people
72:
68:
64:
51:
41:
35:
34:
33:cherry picked
27:
18:
17:
3408:
3402:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3342:
3335:
3315:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3254:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3180:. Retrieved
3177:illumelation
3176:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:the original
3130:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3103:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3078:the original
3073:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:the original
3043:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2987:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2961:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:the original
2931:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2904:
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2824:the original
2815:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:
2783:
2757:. Retrieved
2752:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2613:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2353:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2237:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:
2116:
2096:
2089:
2073:(1): 24–27.
2070:
2066:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2035:
2026:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1863:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1807:
1797:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1718:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:sirayangsang
1613:
1612:(Bicolano);
1609:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1489:Sacred trees
1436:Myths portal
1388:
1366:
1354:
1340:Mount Lantoy
1338:
1326:
1310:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1233:
1228:Waray people
1217:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1167:Waray people
1160:
1154:
1153:perform the
1146:Agusan Marsh
1144:
1127:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1052:Mount Arayat
1041:
1029:
1017:
1009:
985:
980:
955:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:), forests (
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
812:
808:
804:
802:
784:
780:
765:
755:Waray people
728:
700:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
666:
662:
653:
645:
641:
632:
624:sirayangsang
623:
614:
610:
601:
597:
593:
587:
578:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
536:
526:
517:, etc.) and
514:
510:
506:
500:
495:
493:
488:
482:
469:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
444:
440:
436:
422:
408:
407:
386:
317:
237:Tigmamanukan
70:
45:
38:Please help
30:
2880:Lakwatseros
1577:parabunnian
1280:Romblomanon
1204:Catanduanes
1187:Mount Iraya
1063:Mount Pulag
1048:Kapampangan
823:), mounds (
811:), rivers (
680:parabunnian
533:Terminology
159:Mangkukulam
154:Manananggal
149:Mambabarang
67:Mount Pulag
3423:Categories
2962:Lakwatsero
1647:References
1513:magdantang
1155:panagtawag
1084:Sama-Bajau
1079:Bud Bongao
950:Sama-Bajau
942:Bud Bongao
851:) such as
839:), lakes (
633:magdantang
478:tiki torch
144:Juan Tamad
3040:"Romblon"
2998:April 29,
2701:MindaNews
2208:"dambana"
1511:Known as
1299:conducted
1291:Kamhantik
1098:Mount Apo
1092:Tawi-tawi
1068:tinmongao
927:Mount Apo
829:karagatan
827:), seas (
817:mountains
232:Tikbalang
212:Sarimanok
129:Berbalang
87:Kankanaey
71:tinmongao
3054:July 20,
2833:April 8,
2769:cite web
2759:April 3,
2625:April 3,
2354:Piplinks
2018:23854965
2000:(1894).
1902:29782148
1873:2246/286
1789:23854965
1716:(1994).
1618:Tagbanwa
1610:salagnat
1602:sakolong
1549:Mindanao
1545:kalangan
1521:simbahan
1394:See also
1317:Makiling
1304:Sabuluag
1235:Siquijor
998:for the
805:libingan
716:Tagbanwa
646:lantayan
642:latangan
620:Tagbanwa
615:salagnat
607:Bicolano
598:simbahan
579:sakolong
562:kalangan
519:anthills
483:martaban
460:lantayan
456:latangan
419:Overview
277:Subjects
187:Bakunawa
48:May 2024
3084:July 6,
3070:"Caves"
2592:Rappler
2248:May 10,
2184:Esquire
2012:: 147.
1783:: 147.
1634:balekat
1630:tigyama
1626:tambara
1561:Teduray
1557:maligai
1553:Subanen
1533:pangkew
1529:tangpap
1454:Bathala
1449:Animism
1361:Masbate
1333:Palawan
1321:Bathala
1267:Romblon
1170:goddess
1129:Kanlaon
948:of the
931:Kalagan
857:kawayan
701:langgal
692:balekat
688:tigyama
684:tambara
659:Teduray
654:maligai
651:Subanen
594:lambana
589:dambana
584:Tagalog
550:pangkew
546:tangpap
470:lambana
465:dambana
429:shrines
387:dambana
260:Ama-ron
242:Tiyanak
227:Siyokoy
202:Limokon
3390:
3350:
3323:
3298:May 2,
3237:May 2,
3211:May 2,
3182:May 2,
3141:May 2,
3110:May 2,
3074:Banton
3024:May 2,
2968:May 2,
2942:May 2,
2911:May 2,
2905:Lamudi
2885:May 2,
2859:May 2,
2799:May 2,
2732:May 2,
2706:May 2,
2680:May 2,
2654:May 2,
2597:May 2,
2571:May 2,
2545:May 2,
2519:May 2,
2493:May 2,
2471:May 2,
2446:May 2,
2390:May 2,
2364:May 2,
2334:May 2,
2307:May 2,
2217:May 2,
2189:May 2,
2163:May 2,
2132:May 2,
2104:
2046:May 2,
2016:
1924:
1899:
1818:May 2,
1787:
1726:
1671:May 2,
1638:Bagobo
1606:Bontoc
1594:palaan
1590:saloko
1569:Bagobo
1541:balaua
1537:alalot
1517:ulango
1494:Dap-ay
1375:; the
1278:, and
1151:Lumads
1088:Tausug
992:Siocon
883:, and
873:shrine
853:balete
837:yungib
821:bundok
776:rattan
729:balete
697:Tausūg
672:Bagobo
629:Bisaya
602:ulango
575:Bontok
570:palaan
566:saloko
558:balaua
554:alalot
501:balete
496:diwata
489:Taotao
474:rattan
441:taotao
437:taotao
222:Sirena
217:Sigbin
207:Manaul
139:Duende
134:Diwata
124:Aswang
91:Sagada
3259:(PDF)
2827:(PDF)
2820:(PDF)
2268:(PDF)
2014:JSTOR
1976:(PDF)
1897:JSTOR
1785:JSTOR
1751:(PDF)
1632:, or
1622:ranga
1598:Itneg
1588:Also
1565:tenin
1535:, or
1525:Itneg
1500:Notes
1444:Anito
1356:Ticao
1349:Cacao
1276:Onhan
1224:Samar
963:Rizal
885:India
877:Japan
845:gubat
833:caves
825:burol
770:with
712:Coron
667:ranga
663:tenin
542:Itneg
527:punso
515:nonoc
511:nunuk
507:nonok
503:trees
452:anito
398:Mayon
323:Anito
197:Kapre
3388:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3321:ISBN
3300:2022
3239:2022
3213:2022
3184:2022
3143:2022
3112:2022
3086:2019
3056:2019
3026:2022
3000:2019
2970:2022
2944:2022
2913:2022
2887:2022
2861:2022
2835:2019
2801:2022
2775:link
2761:2019
2734:2022
2708:2022
2682:2022
2656:2022
2627:2019
2599:2022
2573:2022
2547:2022
2521:2022
2495:2022
2473:2022
2448:2022
2392:2022
2366:2022
2336:2022
2309:2022
2250:2018
2219:2022
2191:2022
2165:2022
2134:2022
2102:ISBN
2048:2022
1922:ISBN
1820:2022
1724:ISBN
1673:2022
1573:buis
1345:Cebu
1284:ikat
1162:Biri
1086:and
910:The
881:Bali
861:buko
841:lawa
813:ilog
772:nipa
768:wood
749:The
731:tree
676:buis
611:moog
485:jars
445:moog
192:Ekek
2075:doi
1868:hdl
1620:);
1608:);
1600:);
1592:or
1571:as
1563:as
1555:as
1543:or
1519:or
1272:Asi
969:in
961:in
831:),
815:),
733:in
521:or
468:or
458:or
3425::
3291:.
3230:.
3204:.
3192:^
3175:.
3129:.
3102:.
3072:.
3042:.
3017:.
2986:.
2960:.
2930:.
2903:.
2878:.
2851:.
2792:.
2771:}}
2767:{{
2751:.
2725:.
2699:.
2673:.
2647:.
2635:^
2590:.
2564:.
2538:.
2512:.
2464:.
2439:.
2382:.
2352:.
2325:.
2300:.
2236:.
2210:.
2199:^
2182:.
2156:.
2142:^
2125:.
2071:26
2069:.
2065:.
2034:.
2004:.
1984:11
1982:.
1978:.
1893:14
1828:^
1806:.
1757:.
1753:.
1738:^
1681:^
1664:.
1628:,
1531:,
1274:,
994:,
978:.
887:.
879:,
699::
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674::
665:,
661::
644:,
640::
631::
622::
613:,
609::
600:,
596:,
592:,
586::
577::
568:,
564:,
560:,
556:,
552:,
548:,
544::
513:,
509:,
447:.
85:A
3396:.
3356:.
3329:.
3302:.
3241:.
3215:.
3186:.
3145:.
3114:.
3088:.
3058:.
3028:.
3002:.
2972:.
2946:.
2915:.
2889:.
2863:.
2803:.
2777:)
2763:.
2736:.
2710:.
2684:.
2658:.
2601:.
2575:.
2549:.
2523:.
2497:.
2475:.
2450:.
2394:.
2368:.
2338:.
2311:.
2252:.
2221:.
2193:.
2167:.
2136:.
2110:.
2083:.
2077::
2050:.
2020:.
2010:8
1930:.
1905:.
1876:.
1870::
1822:.
1791:.
1781:8
1759:9
1732:.
1675:.
1640:)
1636:(
1616:(
1604:(
1596:(
952:.
918:.
835:(
819:(
757:.
741:.
718:.
525:(
366:e
359:t
352:v
50:)
46:(
42:.
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
