102:
were of sufficient quality to permit determinations in the period 2–12 December 2006, which spanned the main stimulation and the decline in the event rate. During the post-stimulation period from 13 December 2006 onward, a further 350 locatable events were detected up to 2 May 2007, by which time events were occurring sporadically at around one per day. In all, locations for more than 3,500 events were determined.
52: 2.9 six days after the main stimulation was started on December 2, despite precautionary reduction of the injection rate earlier that same day upon reaching earlier "soft" thresholds. However, further tremors exceeding magnitude 3 were recorded on 6 January (measuring 3.1), 16 January 2007 (3.2), and 2 February 2007 (3.2).
72: 2.9 and a peak ground velocity of 5 millimeters per second were established by the project as independent criteria for a "red alert" that entailed halting fluid injection and bleeding-off to minimum wellhead pressure. Lesser operational curtailments were triggered for lower magnitude and peak ground velocity thresholds.
101:
The largest event prompted concern from local residents. The six borehole seismometers installed near the Basel injection well to monitor the natural background seismicity and the geothermal stimulation recorded more than 13,500 potential events connected with the geothermal project, from which 3,124
63:
On 8 December 2006, only 6 days after the main stimulation started on 2 December, the HDR project in Basel was suspended when an earthquake tripped a 4-level "traffic light" scheme established for halting operations in the event of unacceptable induced earthquake occurrences. Trip points of
129:
Following a three-year study, the Basel HDR project canceled in
December 2009. The study predicted that the town would have continued to experience small earthquakes a few times a year over the 30-year lifetime of the project. The USA soon reacted with new regulations on deep geothermal energy
55:
In all, between
December 2006 and March 2007, the six borehole seismometers installed near the Basel injection well recorded more than 13,500 potential events connected with the geothermal project. The 200 largest were between magnitudes 0.7 and 3.4. Nine of these events had an
60: of 2.5 or larger. The remainder were too small to be observed or felt at the surface. Between December 2 and January 24, 168 seismic events with magnitude greater than 0.6 occurred within 1 km of the wellbore, at depths of 4–5 km, near the well bottom.
109:
and the
Seismological Service of Baden-Wuerttemberg, The remainder were too small to be observed or felt at the surface. For the period through 24 January 2007, there were 168 earthquakes with magnitudes > 0.6, 15 with
125:
Damage claims arose from the largest of the events. Eventually, some 2,700 claims were processed by the project's insurer for an estimated 7 million – 9 million Swiss francs (about 6.5 million to 8.3 million U.S dollars)
41:. But the Basel project, although it had established an operational approach for addressing induced earthquakes, had not performed a thorough seismic risk assessment before starting geothermal stimulation.
122: of 2.5 or larger in the borehole vicinity for the period through 2007. Five occurred in December 2006, two in January 2007, and one each February and March.
671:
118: > 3. All of these were within 1 km of the wellbore, and at depths between 4 and 5 km, near the well bottom. There were only 9 events with an M
518:
90: , a level-three "orange alert" was declared—the injection was stopped at 11:34 and the well shut-in, maintaining the pressure. However, a 2.7 M
764:
392:
720:
299:
544:
105:
Of these more than 3,500 events, only the 200 largest (magnitudes between 0.7 and 3.4) were also observed by the earthquake networks of the
486:
352:
185:
144:
680:
29:
project. A seismic-hazard evaluation was then conducted, resulting in the cancellation of the project in
December 2009.
273:
98: event at 16:48, and so in accordance with the response strategy, the well was bled off as soon as practicable.
106:
26:
393:"Part 2: Microseismic aspects of the Basel 1 geothermal reservoir Presentation at the 5th Swiss Geoscience Meeting"
545:"Die vom Schweizerischen Erdbebendienst erfassten Daten [The Swiss Seismological Service recorded data]"
45:
623:
574:
448:
233:
459:
417:
324:
139:
353:"Characterization of Microseismic Events with Larger Magnitude Collected at Basel, Switzerland in 2006"
399:
248:
167:
306:
552:
654:
605:
83: and 0.5 mm/s thresholds. As a precaution, the injection rate was reduced at 04:04.
17:
75:
Earlier that day, a "yellow alert"—the second level—was called at 03:06 local time after a 2.6 M
705:
494:
65:
646:
638:
597:
589:
367:
256:
38:
472:
430:
337:
200:
79: event with peak ground velocity of 0.55 mm/s, which exceeded the "soft" 2.3 M
252:
759:
753:
658:
609:
186:"All Geothermal Energy from Fractured Reservoirs – Dealing with Induced Seismicity"
34:
650:
642:
593:
442:
440:
735:
722:
601:
498:
300:"Geological and hydraulic evaluation of the Basel 1 geothermal reservoir"
260:
673:
Jahresbericht 2007 der
Geopower Basel AG [Annual Report 2007]
37:
and most of the city was destroyed in a magnitude 6.5 earthquake in
391:
Schanz, Ulrich; Ben Dyer; Florentin Lander; Markus Haring (2007).
30:
21:
624:"Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2007"
575:"Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2006"
234:"Microseismic imaging of a geothermal reservoir stimulation"
447:
Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, Zurch (2007-02-06).
168:"Quake Threat Leads Swiss to Close Geothermal Project"
184:
Bromley, C.J. & Mongillo, M.A. (February 2007),
94: event occurred at 15:46, followed by a 3.4 M
86:
Following further events that were larger than 2.0M
44:Seismic events in Basel reached the trip point of
8:
232:Dyer, B.; Schanz, U.; et al. (2008),
161:
159:
706:"Geothermal Drilling Safeguards Imposed"
487:"Hot Rock Firm Looks at Earthquake Risk"
274:"Geothermal project shakes Basel again"
155:
33:, Switzerland sits atop a historically
549:Das Deep-Heat-Mining-Projekt in Basel
468:
457:
426:
415:
351:Mukuhira, Yusuke; et al. (2008).
333:
322:
227:
225:
223:
221:
219:
25:led to suspension of its hot dry rock
7:
622:Deichmann, N.; et al. (2008),
14:
145:Electricity sector in Switzerland
679:. GeoPower Basel. Archived from
298:Ladner, Florentin (2007-11-16).
114: > 2, and three with M
765:Renewable energy in Switzerland
573:Baer, M.; et al. (2007),
519:"Man-made tremor shakes Basel"
1:
543:Swiss Seismological Service.
631:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
582:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
704:Glanz, James (2010-01-15),
166:Glanz, James (2009-12-10),
107:Swiss Seismological Service
27:enhanced geothermal systems
781:
643:10.1007/s00015-008-1304-y
594:10.1007/s00015-007-1242-0
449:"DHM-Basel: Statement 1"
305:. Geneva. Archived from
366:: 87–94. Archived from
467:Cite journal requires
425:Cite journal requires
332:Cite journal requires
199:(7): 5, archived from
491:Sydney Morning Herald
140:Energy in Switzerland
732: /
253:2008LeaEd..27..856D
736:47.5854°N 7.5958°E
710:The New York Times
651:20.500.11850/14671
555:on August 17, 2009
172:The New York Times
18:Induced seismicity
602:20.500.11850/4249
261:10.1190/1.2954024
66:Richter magnitude
46:Richter Magnitude
772:
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
713:
712:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
685:
678:
668:
662:
661:
628:
619:
613:
612:
579:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
551:. Archived from
540:
534:
533:
531:
530:
515:
509:
508:
506:
505:
483:
477:
476:
470:
465:
463:
455:
453:
444:
435:
434:
428:
423:
421:
413:
411:
410:
404:
398:. Archived from
397:
388:
382:
381:
379:
378:
372:
360:GRC Transactions
357:
348:
342:
341:
335:
330:
328:
320:
318:
317:
311:
304:
295:
289:
288:
286:
285:
270:
264:
263:
241:The Leading Edge
238:
229:
214:
213:
212:
211:
205:
193:IEA Open Journal
190:
181:
175:
174:
163:
780:
779:
775:
774:
773:
771:
770:
769:
750:
749:
741:47.5854; 7.5958
740:
738:
734:
731:
726:
723:
721:
719:
718:
716:
703:
702:
698:
689:
687:
683:
676:
670:
669:
665:
626:
621:
620:
616:
577:
572:
571:
567:
558:
556:
542:
541:
537:
528:
526:
517:
516:
512:
503:
501:
485:
484:
480:
466:
456:
451:
446:
445:
438:
424:
414:
408:
406:
402:
395:
390:
389:
385:
376:
374:
370:
355:
350:
349:
345:
331:
321:
315:
313:
309:
302:
297:
296:
292:
283:
281:
272:
271:
267:
236:
231:
230:
217:
209:
207:
203:
188:
183:
182:
178:
165:
164:
157:
153:
136:
121:
117:
113:
97:
93:
89:
82:
78:
71:
59:
51:
12:
11:
5:
778:
776:
768:
767:
762:
752:
751:
715:
714:
696:
663:
637:(3): 659–667,
614:
588:(3): 517–528,
565:
535:
510:
493:. 2007-01-02.
478:
469:|journal=
436:
427:|journal=
383:
343:
334:|journal=
290:
265:
247:(7): 856–869,
215:
176:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
142:
135:
132:
119:
115:
111:
95:
91:
87:
80:
76:
69:
57:
49:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
777:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
755:
748:
745:
711:
707:
700:
697:
686:on 2012-03-12
682:
675:
674:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
569:
566:
554:
550:
546:
539:
536:
524:
520:
514:
511:
500:
496:
492:
488:
482:
479:
474:
461:
450:
443:
441:
437:
432:
419:
405:on 2011-07-06
401:
394:
387:
384:
373:on 2011-07-22
369:
365:
361:
354:
347:
344:
339:
326:
312:on 2011-07-06
308:
301:
294:
291:
279:
275:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
216:
206:on 2012-06-09
202:
198:
194:
187:
180:
177:
173:
169:
162:
160:
156:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
108:
103:
99:
84:
73:
67:
61:
53:
47:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
19:
717:
709:
699:
688:. Retrieved
681:the original
672:
666:
634:
630:
617:
585:
581:
568:
557:. Retrieved
553:the original
548:
538:
527:. Retrieved
525:. 2006-12-09
523:Swissinfo.ch
522:
513:
502:. Retrieved
490:
481:
460:cite journal
418:cite journal
407:. Retrieved
400:the original
386:
375:. Retrieved
368:the original
363:
359:
346:
325:cite journal
314:. Retrieved
307:the original
293:
282:. Retrieved
280:. 2007-01-06
278:Swissinfo.ch
277:
268:
244:
240:
208:, retrieved
201:the original
196:
192:
179:
171:
128:
124:
104:
100:
85:
74:
62:
54:
43:
35:active fault
16:
15:
739: /
754:Categories
724:47°35′07″N
690:2009-06-30
559:2009-07-04
529:2009-07-04
504:2009-07-04
409:2010-09-09
377:2010-09-09
316:2009-07-04
284:2009-07-04
210:2010-01-07
151:References
130:projects.
727:7°35′45″E
659:128399575
610:129907349
499:0312-6315
134:See also
249:Bibcode
657:
608:
497:
760:Basel
684:(PDF)
677:(PDF)
655:S2CID
627:(PDF)
606:S2CID
578:(PDF)
452:(PDF)
403:(PDF)
396:(PDF)
371:(PDF)
356:(PDF)
310:(PDF)
303:(PDF)
237:(PDF)
204:(PDF)
189:(PDF)
31:Basel
22:Basel
495:ISSN
473:help
431:help
338:help
39:1356
647:hdl
639:doi
635:101
598:hdl
590:doi
586:100
257:doi
20:in
756::
708:,
653:,
645:,
633:,
629:,
604:,
596:,
584:,
580:,
547:.
521:.
489:.
464::
462:}}
458:{{
439:^
422::
420:}}
416:{{
364:32
362:.
358:.
329::
327:}}
323:{{
276:.
255:,
245:27
243:,
239:,
218:^
197:48
195:,
191:,
170:,
158:^
693:.
649::
641::
600::
592::
562:.
532:.
507:.
475:)
471:(
454:.
433:)
429:(
412:.
380:.
340:)
336:(
319:.
287:.
259::
251::
120:L
116:L
112:L
110:M
96:L
92:L
88:L
81:L
77:L
70:L
68:M
58:L
56:M
50:L
48:M
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.