1290:
61:, which served to establish the primary and immediate proposition. For scholars, this constitutes the principle of demonstrative science. The Greek philosopher, however, did not develop a detailed theory of induction. Some sources even state that the Aristotelian conceptualization of induction is different from its modern mainstream interpretations due to its position that inductive arguments are deductively valid.
1314:
1278:
83:, which articulated his belief that it is imperative to cover the unobservably small features of the world through a methodology that has a strong empirical base. Here, the speculative hypothesis was replaced by induction from premises obtained through observation and experiment.
68:. This can be demonstrated in the way Bacon favored the steady and incremental collection of empirical evidence using a method that derives general principles from the senses and particulars, gradually leading to the most general principles.
95:, who maintained that inductionism is the initial act in the formulation of a general law using the deductive approaches to science. There are thinkers who propose a model that is considered anti-inductionism. These include
91:
It is noted that no law of science can be considered mere inductive generalization of facts because each law does not exist in isolation. This is for, instance, demonstrated by thinkers such as
451:
1355:
43:. An application of inductionism can show how experimental evidence can confirm or inductively justify the belief in generalization and the laws of nature.
99:, who argued that science could progress without making any use of induction and that there is a fundamental asymmetry between induction and deduction.
1070:
507:
736:
907:
417:
392:
132:
1384:
27:" from sets of data. As an example, one might measure the strength of electrical forces at varying distances from charges and induce the
729:
444:
479:
1090:
1085:
1038:
719:
367:
256:
142:
1348:
1100:
1374:
1270:
437:
334:
309:
281:
228:
203:
196:
Aristotle, Posterior
Analytics II.19: Introduction, Greek Text, Translation and Commentary Accompanied by a Critical Analysis
175:
1379:
960:
953:
1341:
812:
787:
772:
985:
965:
873:
869:
792:
484:
990:
630:
615:
604:
581:
1228:
975:
970:
943:
878:
832:
827:
762:
655:
1183:
1173:
591:
517:
474:
24:
1321:
1033:
1028:
980:
948:
938:
897:
677:
554:
460:
36:
20:
1013:
1008:
883:
767:
672:
645:
527:
1075:
757:
650:
625:
610:
539:
108:
72:
40:
1223:
1178:
1065:
888:
709:
544:
534:
28:
167:
1282:
1153:
1055:
912:
702:
667:
561:
500:
413:
388:
363:
359:
330:
305:
277:
252:
224:
199:
171:
138:
64:
The early form of modern inductionism is associated with the philosophies of thinkers such as
1325:
1253:
1208:
1188:
724:
714:
697:
351:
159:
92:
1243:
1203:
1125:
1080:
917:
822:
807:
782:
596:
576:
53:
1294:
1163:
1023:
662:
571:
32:
1368:
1213:
1148:
1120:
1048:
777:
692:
352:
160:
65:
1289:
1258:
1238:
1193:
1168:
1158:
1130:
1060:
1018:
892:
846:
797:
76:
1248:
1233:
1218:
1198:
1115:
1043:
860:
850:
837:
802:
752:
682:
635:
522:
512:
354:
The A-Z of Social
Research: A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts
96:
1313:
1135:
864:
855:
842:
586:
549:
902:
495:
58:
35:. This concept is considered one of the two pillars of the old view of the
51:
Some aspects of induction has been credited to
Aristotle. For example, in
922:
640:
429:
223:. Translated by Salazar, Christine. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. p. 58.
620:
687:
251:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 138.
249:
An
Aristotelian Account of Induction: Creating Something from Nothing
566:
198:. Saint-Nicolas, Quebec: Presses Université Laval. p. 195.
433:
327:
Knowledge, Innovation and
Economy: An Evolutionary Exploration
166:. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media. pp.
304:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. 273.
1329:
329:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 6.
276:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 21.
1108:
1099:
1001:
931:
745:
467:
358:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Pyblications. pp.
221:Aristotle: The Rise of For-Profit Universities
1349:
445:
131:Hsieh, Ching-Yao; Ye, Meng-Hua (2016-09-16).
8:
350:Miller, Robert Lee; Brewer, John D. (2003).
1356:
1342:
1105:
452:
438:
430:
162:Philosophy, Science, Education and Culture
1071:Relationship between religion and science
385:Philosophy of Science: A Unified Approach
71:Inductionism is also said to be based on
408:Hsieh, Ching-Yao; Ye, Meng-Hua (2016).
120:
302:Kant's Philosophy of Physical Science
7:
1310:
1308:
295:
293:
242:
240:
189:
187:
126:
124:
158:Nola, Robert; Irzik, Gurol (2005).
1328:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
1091:Sociology of scientific knowledge
1086:Sociology of scientific ignorance
1039:History and philosophy of science
410:Economics, Philosophy and Physics
134:Economics, Philosophy and Physics
1312:
1288:
1276:
81:Rule of Reasoning in Philosophy
480:Analytic–synthetic distinction
387:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 8.
1:
1385:Philosophy of science stubs
813:Hypothetico-deductive model
788:Deductive-nomological model
773:Constructivist epistemology
57:, he proposed an inductive
1401:
1307:
325:Kwasnicki, Witold (1996).
1267:
874:Semantic view of theories
793:Epistemological anarchism
730:dependent and independent
274:Advancing Family Theories
194:Biondi, Paolo C. (2004).
616:Intertheoretic reduction
605:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
582:Functional contextualism
383:Schurz, Gerhard (2013).
1101:Philosophers of science
879:Scientific essentialism
828:Model-dependent realism
763:Constructive empiricism
656:Evidence-based practice
247:Groarke, Louis (2009).
219:Hoffe, Otfried (2003).
1324:-related article is a
1184:Alfred North Whitehead
1174:Charles Sanders Peirce
300:Butts, Robert (1986).
47:Origin and development
1375:Metatheory of science
1322:philosophy of science
1283:Philosophy portal
1034:Hard and soft science
1029:Faith and rationality
898:Scientific skepticism
678:Scientific Revolution
461:Philosophy of science
272:White, James (2005).
75:. This is evident in
37:philosophy of science
21:scientific philosophy
1009:Criticism of science
884:Scientific formalism
768:Constructive realism
673:Scientific pluralism
646:Problem of induction
1380:Inductive reasoning
1076:Rhetoric of science
1014:Descriptive science
758:Confirmation holism
651:Scientific evidence
611:Inductive reasoning
540:Demarcation problem
412:. Oxon: Routledge.
109:Inductive reasoning
1295:Science portal
1224:Carl Gustav Hempel
1179:Wilhelm Windelband
1066:Questionable cause
889:Scientific realism
710:Underdetermination
545:Empirical evidence
535:Creative synthesis
29:inverse square law
1337:
1336:
1302:
1301:
1144:
1143:
1056:Normative science
913:Uniformitarianism
668:Scientific method
562:Explanatory power
419:978-1-315-48923-0
394:978-1-134-10115-3
73:Newtonian physics
1392:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1254:Bas van Fraassen
1209:Hans Reichenbach
1189:Bertrand Russell
1106:
932:Philosophy of...
715:Unity of science
508:Commensurability
454:
447:
440:
431:
424:
423:
405:
399:
398:
380:
374:
373:
357:
347:
341:
340:
322:
316:
315:
297:
288:
287:
269:
263:
262:
244:
235:
234:
216:
210:
209:
191:
182:
181:
165:
155:
149:
148:
128:
93:John Stuart Mill
39:, together with
23:where laws are "
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1263:
1244:Paul Feyerabend
1204:Michael Polanyi
1140:
1126:Galileo Galilei
1095:
1081:Science studies
997:
927:
918:Verificationism
823:Instrumentalism
808:Foundationalism
783:Conventionalism
741:
577:Feminist method
463:
458:
428:
427:
420:
407:
406:
402:
395:
382:
381:
377:
370:
349:
348:
344:
337:
324:
323:
319:
312:
299:
298:
291:
284:
271:
270:
266:
259:
246:
245:
238:
231:
218:
217:
213:
206:
193:
192:
185:
178:
157:
156:
152:
145:
130:
129:
122:
117:
105:
89:
54:Prior Analytics
49:
12:
11:
5:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1317:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:W. V. O. Quine
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Rudolf Steiner
1161:
1156:
1154:Henri Poincaré
1151:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Exact sciences
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1002:Related topics
999:
998:
996:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
961:Social science
958:
957:
956:
954:Space and time
946:
941:
935:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
886:
881:
876:
867:
858:
853:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
733:
732:
727:
717:
712:
707:
706:
705:
700:
695:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
663:Scientific law
660:
659:
658:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
601:
600:
599:
594:
584:
579:
574:
572:Falsifiability
569:
564:
559:
558:
557:
547:
542:
537:
532:
531:
530:
520:
515:
510:
505:
504:
503:
501:Mill's Methods
493:
482:
477:
471:
469:
465:
464:
459:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
426:
425:
418:
400:
393:
375:
368:
342:
335:
317:
310:
289:
282:
264:
257:
236:
229:
211:
204:
183:
176:
150:
143:
119:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
104:
101:
88:
87:Opposing views
85:
48:
45:
33:electrostatics
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Rudolf Carnap
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Auguste Comte
1147:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Francis Bacon
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:Pseudoscience
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:Structuralism
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
871:
870:Received view
868:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:Contextualism
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
744:
738:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
491:
487:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
470:
466:
462:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
432:
421:
415:
411:
404:
401:
396:
390:
386:
379:
376:
371:
369:0-7619-7133-5
365:
361:
356:
355:
346:
343:
338:
332:
328:
321:
318:
313:
307:
303:
296:
294:
290:
285:
279:
275:
268:
265:
260:
258:9780773535954
254:
250:
243:
241:
237:
232:
226:
222:
215:
212:
207:
201:
197:
190:
188:
184:
179:
173:
169:
164:
163:
154:
151:
146:
144:9781315489230
140:
137:. Routledge.
136:
135:
127:
125:
121:
114:
110:
107:
106:
102:
100:
98:
94:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
66:Francis Bacon
62:
60:
56:
55:
46:
44:
42:
41:verifiability
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1330:expanding it
1319:
1304:
1259:Larry Laudan
1239:Imre Lakatos
1194:Otto Neurath
1169:Karl Pearson
1159:Pierre Duhem
1131:Isaac Newton
1061:Protoscience
1019:Epistemology
893:Anti-realism
891: /
872: /
863: /
849: /
847:Reductionism
845: /
818:Inductionism
817:
798:Evolutionism
603:
490:a posteriori
489:
485:
409:
403:
384:
378:
353:
345:
326:
320:
301:
273:
267:
248:
220:
214:
195:
161:
153:
133:
90:
80:
77:Isaac Newton
70:
63:
52:
50:
17:Inductionism
16:
15:
1249:Ian Hacking
1234:Thomas Kuhn
1219:Karl Popper
1199:C. D. Broad
1116:Roger Bacon
1044:Non-science
986:Linguistics
966:Archaeology
861:Rationalism
851:Determinism
838:Physicalism
803:Fallibilism
753:Coherentism
683:Testability
636:Observation
631:Objectivity
592:alternative
523:Correlation
513:Consilience
97:Karl Popper
1369:Categories
1136:David Hume
1109:Precursors
991:Psychology
971:Economics‎
865:Empiricism
856:Pragmatism
843:Positivism
833:Naturalism
703:scientific
587:Hypothesis
550:Experiment
336:1858983495
311:9027723095
283:0761929053
230:0791456331
205:2763780814
177:1402037694
115:References
976:Geography
944:Chemistry
903:Scientism
698:ladenness
518:Construct
496:Causality
59:syllogism
1271:Category
923:Vitalism
746:Theories
720:Variable
641:Paradigm
528:function
486:A priori
475:Analysis
468:Concepts
103:See also
981:History
949:Physics
939:Biology
737:more...
725:control
621:Inquiry
25:induced
19:is the
693:choice
688:Theory
626:Nature
555:design
416:
391:
366:
333:
308:
280:
255:
227:
202:
174:
141:
1320:This
1326:stub
597:null
567:Fact
488:and
414:ISBN
389:ISBN
364:ISBN
331:ISBN
306:ISBN
278:ISBN
253:ISBN
225:ISBN
200:ISBN
172:ISBN
139:ISBN
168:215
79:'s
31:of
1371::
362:.
360:68
292:^
239:^
186:^
170:.
123:^
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1332:.
453:e
446:t
439:v
422:.
397:.
372:.
339:.
314:.
286:.
261:.
233:.
208:.
180:.
147:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.