Asbestos and the law - Knowledge (XXG)

1809:. The first draft regulations were announced in November 2005 for public comment and again in September 2007. The regulations prohibited the use, processing, manufacturing, and import and export of any asbestos or asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). A grace period of 120 days was allowed to give people or traders currently dealing in asbestos or ACMs to clear their stock. Exemptions would be granted under strict control. The regulations did not prohibit the continued use of asbestos-containing materials that were already in place such as asbestos-cement roof sheets or ceilings, the department was satisfied that there was "no undue risk" and they would be replaced in due time. Penalties for the continued use of asbestos include a fine which would not exceed R100 000 and/or imprisonment of less than ten years. Prior to the regulations' implementation, asbestos had been in the process of being phased out from as early as 2003. Requests from 2134:

claimants, and 96% of the R381 million that formed the ART. An additional sum of R35 million went to environmental rehabilitation, and about R20 million was added to the ART to contribute to supplementary and additional payments. After some time and publicity claims against The Cape Plc list had grown from 2 000 in January 1999 and to 7 500 in August 2001. The ART settlement was open, and made provision for compensation to any person who met the compensation criteria set out in the Trust deed, until the year 2028. Many companies agreed to compensate the workers which were exposed to asbestos in addition to the compensation payable under the Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act (ODMWA) The settlement included environmentally expose victims of ARDS. This settlement model was achieved by personal communication, Georgina Jephson, attorney at Richard Spoor Inc. Attorneys.

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1970s, and culminating in the 1980s and 1990s. Current trends indicate that the rate at which people are diagnosed with asbsestos-related disease will likely increase through the next decade. Analysts have estimated that the total costs of asbestos litigation in the USA alone will eventually reach $ 200 to $ 275 billion. The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases. A multi-district litigation (MDL) complex filing has remained pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for over 20 years. As many of the scarring-related injury cases have been resolved, asbestos litigation continues to be hard-fought among the litigants, mainly in individually brought cases for terminal cases of asbestosis, mesothelioma, and other cancers.

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have mesothelioma; the balance would have asbestosis and/or pleural thickening. No definitive figures were provided for the expected ARD1/ ARD2 ratio. The amounts payable for compensation vary, but the average amount of compensation since 2003 has been about R40 000, R80 000, R170 000 and R350 000 for each of the categories ARD 1-4 described above. These amounts are paid over and above any compensation that the claimants might receive under the ODMWA. In order for a case to be compensable, a victim needs to show that he/she was both exposed to asbestos from one of the operations run by the funders of the ART, and has a compensable disease.

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research team based at Llandough Hospital initially reported that the minimum amount of fibers that needed to be present for a claim to be valid was 20 million (only 7 million were found in the sample taken from Mrs Sabin's husband Leslie). However, a subsequent US study suggested that, due to the fact that Leslie had lived for more than forty years after his exposure, a large number of fibers would have cleared from his body naturally; had he died twenty years earlier the asbestos count in his lungs would have been about 35 million fibers per gram. The judge preferred this evidence, and ruled in favor of Mrs Sabin.

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injury." Mr Justice Holland rejected the insurers' arguments, and counsel for workers hailed the decision as a "victory that puts people before profits." However this decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal. On 17 October 2007, the House of Lords confirmed the Court of Appeal's decision. Pleural plaques no longer constitute actionable injury in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scottish government introduced legislation in 2009 to preserve the status of pleural plaques as an actionable injury in Scotland and there are proposals to introduce similar legislation in Northern Ireland.

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asbestos-containing materials and the likelihood of disturbance and exposure. Human exposure potential depends on the number of occupants in a building and the frequency and duration of use, and the nature of any disturbance: for example, intrusive maintenance activity within the building increases the risk of exposure - removing a number of asbestos-containing ceiling tiles to undertake works above the ceiling level would raise greater risks than changing a light bulb. Buildings may be ranked according to whether disturbance activity is undertaken:

168:"A review of the scholarly literature indicates a substantial degree of indifference to the causes of this civil justice system failure. Many of the published articles on asbestos litigation focus on transactional costs and ways in which the flow of money from defendants to plaintiffs and their lawyers can be expeditiously and efficiently prioritized and routed. The failure to acknowledge, let alone analyze, the overriding reality of specious claiming and meritless claims demonstrates a disconnect between the scholarship and the reality of the 62:

such as Australia have amended their laws relating to limitations to accumulate starting from time of discovery rather than time when the cause of action accrued. The first employee claims for injury from exposure to asbestos in the workplace were made in 1927, and the first lawsuit against an asbestos manufacturer was filed in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed. As a result of the litigation, manufacturers sold off subsidiaries, diversified, produced asbestos substitutes, and started asbestos removal businesses.

2188: 1318: 254: 1682: 1335: 1843:. In January 2009, a full-fledged ban on all types of asbestos occurred when the government banned the manufacture, import, sale, storage, transport or use of asbestos or any substance containing more than 0.1% of asbestos. In 2011, South Korea became the world's sixth country to enact an asbestos harm aid act, which entitles any Korean citizen to free lifetime medical care as well as monthly income from the government if they are diagnosed with an asbestos-related disease. 374: 1716: 100:- A lung disease first found in textile workers, asbestosis is a scarring of the lung tissue resulting from the production of growth factors that stimulate fibroblasts (the scar-producing lung cells) to proliferate and synthesize the scar tissue in response to injury by the inhaled fibers. The scarring may eventually become so severe that the lungs can no longer function. The latency period (meaning the time it takes for the disease to develop) is often 10–20 years. 306: 1892:' ruling that workers who have pleural plaques as a result of asbestos exposure will no longer be able to seek compensation as it does not in itself constitute a disease. This ruling was, however, superseded, so far as sufferers of pleural plaques in Scotland are concerned, by the passing of the Damages (Asbestos-related Conditions)(Scotland) Act 2009, which provides that in Scots law pleural plaques are to be considered an actionable type of personal injury. 460: 1387: 1062: 1010: 1027: 891: 1267: 1182: 1044: 839: 1216: 993: 925: 959: 908: 665: 614: 237: 2615: 1250: 1233: 1131: 648: 494: 409: 357: 1913:

people are not exposed to any asbestos-based materials during the course of their work. The Asbestos Register states the presence or non-presence of asbestos related to the inside and outside of the structure. The exception is where the property age (post-1999 when chrysotile asbestos was banned) would indicate that such products will not have been used during the construction of the building.

1405: 1369: 1165: 752: 700: 683: 545: 528: 477: 426: 289: 272: 220: 2262: 77:, however, there continues to be a high use of friable or dust-based asbestos in compressed asbestos fiber (CAF) gaskets, ropes, cloth, gland packings, millboards, insulation, brake liners, and other products which are being exported without adequate knowledge and information to the other countries. Asbestos use is prevalent in India because there is no effective enforcement of the rules. 1352: 1199: 1079: 976: 874: 857: 822: 769: 631: 443: 340: 942: 580: 511: 392: 1148: 597: 1096: 735: 718: 2503:-containing products. As 95% of the products used in the United States historically were mostly chrysotile, this claim is widely disputed by health officials and medical professionals. The World Health Organization recognizes that exposure to all types of asbestos fibers, including chrysotile, can cause cancer of the lung, larynx, and ovary, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. 1301: 1113: 562: 323: 1284: 804: 786: 2399:

the diagnosis of disease caused by asbestos that is set forth in this bill is not consistent with the diagnostic criteria established by the American Thoracic Society. If the bill is to deliver on its promise of fairness, these criteria will need to be revised." Also opposing the bill were the American Public Health Association and the Asbestos Workers' Union.

1526: 177:"Many of those who I see in my surgeries have worked in a number of workplaces and they could have been exposed to asbestos in each of them, but medical science is such that no one can identify which of them it is. As a result, there has been a long and complex history of legal discussion on how to apportion 2329:

in U.S. history, involving more than 8,000 defendants and 700,000 claimants. Since asbestos-related disease has been identified by the medical profession in the late 1920s, workers' compensation cases were filed and resolved in secrecy, with a flood of litigation starting in the United States in the

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South Africa has the highest prevalence of mesothelioma in the world. Richard Spoor, a lawyer who represented the claimants against Gencor says: "The environmental scale of the disaster we are seeing unfold in the Northern Cape is on a level with the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, in terms of impact,

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Asbestos Relief Trust (ART) is regarded as a model of efficient occupational disease compensation in South Africa. Gencor was a major contributor to the Richard Meeran-run Cape Plc case and the Richard Spoor-run Gencor case. Glencor provided 29% of the R138 million that went to the Cape Plc's set of

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One of the major issues relating to asbestos in civil procedure is the latency of asbestos-related diseases. Most countries have limitation periods to bar actions that are taken long after the cause of action has lapsed. For example, in Malaysia the time period to file a tort action is six years from

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The manufacture and import of Blue and Brown Asbestos were banned in the United Kingdom in 1985 by The asbestos (Prohibitions) Regulations 1985. The use of White Asbestos was banned in England, Scotland and Wales in 1999 by The Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations 1999. Asbestos was banned

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The outcome of the risk assessment will identify priorities for management of the locations and materials containing asbestos, for example areas which require urgent attention, materials which are not suited to any form of containment may need to be removed or encased, minor repairs may be needed, or

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It became an offence to acquire, process, package or repackage, manufacture or distribute these products from after July 28, 2008. Kgalagadi Relief Trust (KRT) chair Brian Gibson stated that asbestos may still be imported into South Africa for research or analysis. Asbestos may also be imported into

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Asbestos was banned in South Africa in 2008. Prior to this, the country was one of the global leaders in asbestos production, and consequently had one of the highest rates of mesothelioma. Regulations to ban asbestos in South Africa occurred in March 2008 under the leadership of Environmental Affairs

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There continues to be a high usage of friable or dust based asbestos in compressed asbestos fiber (CAF) gaskets, ropes, cloth, gland packings, millboards, insulation and brake liners in factories and industries within India as well as inadvertently exported by equipment manufacturers without adequate

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White asbestos (chrysotile asbestos) is implicated in so many studies with the following diseases: Mesothelioma (cancer of pleura), Lung Cancer, Peritoneal Cancer, Asbestosis, and is also considered as a cause for Ovarian Cancer, Laryngeal Cancer, Other Cancererous Diseases are produced in the person

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The import of amosite or crocidolite to Hong Kong was banned in 1996 by the Air Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 311). On 4 April 2014, the Air Pollution Control (Amendment) Ordinance 2014 came into force, completely banning the import, transshipment, supply and installation of all forms of asbestos

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of asbestos-related diseases. Most countries have limitation periods to bar actions that are taken long after the cause of action has lapsed. For example, in Malaysia the time period to file a tort action is six years from the time the tort occurred. Due to several asbestos-related actions, countries

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In August 2017, in what is known in Brazil as a "direct action for the declaration of unconstitutionality", an instrument to declare the unconstitutionality of law or federal norms, with respect to the current Constitution (the equivalent in the U.S. as a "judicial review"), the constitutionality of

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were introduced in the UK in November 2006 and were an amalgamation of three previous sets of legislation (Asbestos Prohibition, Asbestos Licensing and the Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations) aimed at minimising the use and disturbance of asbestos containing materials within British workplaces.

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The National Asbestos Profile of India made in cooperation by Peoples Training and Research Centre, Vadodara, Occupational & Environmental Health Network of India, New Delhi and Asia Monitor Resource Centre, Hong Kong is the first such attempt and resource for identifying total asbestos usage in

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Asbestos is listed as a category of controlled waste under Annex I of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal . Specifically, any waste streams having asbestos (dust and fibers) as constituents are controlled (Item Y36). In general terms,

2649:, and actual violations of the Clean Air Act and Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. The crimes involved a 10-year scheme to illegally remove asbestos. The RICO counts included obstruction of justice, money laundering, mail fraud and bid rigging, all related to the asbestos cleanup. 2426:

Since the bankruptcy filing of Johns-Manville in 1984, many U.S. and U.K. asbestos manufacturers have escaped litigation by filing bankruptcy. Once in bankruptcy, these companies typically are required to fund special "bankruptcy trusts" that pay pennies on the dollar to injured parties. However,

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in New York City, testified before the US Senate Committee on the Judiciary against this proposed legislation. He testified that many of the bill's provisions were unsupported by medicine and would unfairly exclude a large number of people who had become ill or died from asbestos: "The approach to

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Several legislative remedies have been considered by the U.S. Congress but each time rejected for a variety of reasons. In 2005, Congress considered but did not pass legislation entitled the "Fairness in Asbestos Injury Resolution Act of 2005". The act would have established a $ 140 billion trust

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A model by the ART estimated that about 16 800 individuals would submit claims to the Trust, of which approximately 5 036 (30%) would be successful. This was subsequently revised to 5 162. Of these, 219 (4.2%) would be environmental claimants, 150 (2.9%) would have lung cancer and 556 (10.8%) would

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Regulation 4 prescribes that each non-domestic building's "dutyholder", as defined in law, has a duty to manage the risk from asbestos and mandates that "a suitable and sufficient assessment is carried out". Risk assessment involves a combination of factors relating to the type and condition of the

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In 2018, the Canadian federal government posted proposed regulations planned for implementation later that year, which would prohibit use, sale, import, and export of all forms of asbestos. Since 30 December 2018, the import, sale, and use of raw asbestos have been formally prohibited, and products

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Asbestos abatement (removal of asbestos) has become a thriving industry in the United States. Strict removal and disposal laws have been enacted to protect the public from airborne asbestos. The Clean Air Act requires that asbestos be wetted during removal and strictly contained, and that workers

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Defendants in the first category have contested liability on the grounds that nearly all of them either did not ship asbestos-containing parts with their products at all (that is, asbestos was installed only by end users) or did not sell replacement parts for their own products (in cases where the

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Statistically, mesothelioma and asbestos related lung cancer sufferers receiving the highest payments of R71,500 each. Due to Gencor's significant contribution settlements, it was prohibited for those who had received compensation under the Cape agreement to later be paid by the ART, even if the

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The removal of high-risk asbestos products from non-domestic properties is tightly controlled by the HSE and high-risk products such as thermal insulation must be removed under controlled conditions by licensed contractors. Further guidance on which products this applies to can be found on the HSE

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The Control of Asbestos Regulations were amended and the revised regulations came into force on 6 April 2012 to take account of the European Commission's view that the UK had not fully implemented the EU Directive on exposure to asbestos (Directive 2009/148/EC). These changes were relatively minor

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Before the 1980s, use of the material was common in construction, manufacturing, and shipping. The government banned the use of most asbestos products in public areas in 1978. The Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Special Regulation (Cap. 59X), which came into force in 1986, and the

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Straif K. The Carcinogenicity of Asbestos – Evaluations by IARC and WHO, Recent Developments and Global Burden of Asbestos-Related Cancer. Abstract SY02-07 of paper presented during Symposia: Asbestos – A Global Disaster in Seoul, Korea. Page 28-29, Collection of Conference Abstracts of The XVIII

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plaques. Diffuse or localised fibrosis of the pleura, or pleural plaques, is less serious than asbestosis or mesothelioma, but is also considered a disease closely linked to the inhalation of asbestos. However, insurers claimed the plaques are "simply a marker for asbestos exposure rather than an

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This was a voluntary agreement which was reached in 2006. The agreement enabled ex-miners of the Kuruman and Danielskuil Cape Blue Asbestos (KCBA and DCBA) mines in the Northern Cape province to apply under similar conditions as the open settlement of the ART. The Kgalagadi Relief Trust (KRT) was

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The first employee claims for injury from exposure to asbestos in the workplace were made in 1927, and the first lawsuit against an asbestos manufacturer was filed in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed. As a result of the litigation, manufacturers sold off subsidiaries, diversified,

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settlements, designed to limit liability, came before the court in 1997 and 1999. Both settlements were ultimately rejected by the court because they would exclude future claimants, or those who later developed asbestos-related illnesses. These rulings addressed the 20-50 year latency period of

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Dutyholders of all non-domestic properties within the UK must establish an asbestos register and a management plan. The definition of "non-domestic" is "a property or structure (commercial, domestic or residential) where work is carried out" and the obligation of a "dutyholder" is to ensure that

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caused by negligent exposure to asbestos, on the grounds that although it is in itself asymptomatic, it is linked to development of diffuse pleural thickening, which causes lung impairment. It has been highly contentious, however, as to the probability of pleural plaques developing into pleural

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A nationwide ban on importing and using all forms asbestos took effect on 31 December 2003. Reflecting the ban, the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) revised asbestos-related material to promote a consistent approach to controlling exposure to workplace asbestos and to

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In February 2010 a court ruling set a new precedent for asbestosis claims. The case, in which widow Della Sabin attempted to claim compensation following her husband's death from asbestosis, hinged on the issue of how many asbestos fibers must be present in the lungs for a claim to be valid. A

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In May 2006, the House of Lords ruled that compensation for asbestos injuries should be reduced where responsibility could not be attached to a single employer. Critics, including trade unions, asbestos groups and Jim Wallace, former justice minister, have condemned the ruling. They said it

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to be excepted from the prohibition were denied. South Africa also terminated all import of asbestos or ACMs from Zimbabwe. South Africa would allow products to pass through its borders while in transit under strict conditions and if registered with the department of Environmental Affairs and

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On January 10, 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Adamo when it held that the trial court did have jurisdiction to review the standard in a criminal proceeding and also agreed with the trial court that the requirements in the act were "not standards" but "procedures" and therefore the

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started a trust to compensate those who have suffered from asbestos related diseases as a result of Cape's historical activities. To date, this Trust has paid out over £30m to those who have become sick or to their dependents. The Scheme of Arrangement was approved by the High Court and is

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On 5 May 2017, India opposed listing of asbestos under the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) list of hazardous substances during the 2017 United Nations Rotterdam Convention. As such, India is the second democracy (after Russia) to have such a stance, globally. Besides India, Russia, Kazakhstan,

69:) have banned the use of asbestos. It is listed as a category of controlled waste under Annex I of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal . This means that parties to the convention are required to prohibit the export of 1480:, halted operations. The following year, Quebec's government announced a halt to asbestos mining and the federal government announced that it would end its opposition to adding chrysotile asbestos to the list of hazardous substances under the international Rotterdam Convention. 2082:

thus created. The terms of the trust are not clarified however in practice R136 million was paid over for compensation purposes, for payouts until 2026. The trustees of the KRT requested the ART to administer the KRT settlement as the two trusts were very similarly structured.

118:, mesothelioma has no association with smoking. The only established causal factor is exposure to asbestos or similar fibers. The latency period for mesothelioma may be 20–50 years. The prognosis for mesothelioma is grim, with most patients dying within 12 months of diagnosis. 2236:'s liabilities, which argued that asbestos claims were the "greatest single threat" to Lloyd's of London's existence. Of note is that Lloyd's of London had been sued for fraud by its investors, who claimed Lloyd's misrepresented pending losses from asbestos claims. 1878:

The HSE does not assume that there is any minimum threshold for exposure to asbestos below which a person is at zero risk of developing mesothelioma, since they consider that it cannot currently be quantified for practical purposes; they cite evidence from

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TeWaterNaude JM. Spectrum of disease in 13000 exasbestos miners. Academic papers presented at the Neil White Memorial Seminar, at the SASOM/ARAOH congress in Boksburg on 27 August 2011. Available at: www.asbestostrust.co.za in Resources. Accessed 2 August

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On December 12, 2004, owners of New York asbestos abatement companies were sentenced to the longest federal jail sentences for environmental crimes in U.S. history, after they were convicted on 18 counts of conspiracy to violate the Clean Air Act and the

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and included additional requirements for non-licensed asbestos work. These changes mean that some non-licensed asbestos work now requires notification, and has additional requirements for managing this work (e.g. record keeping and health surveillance).

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In the late 19th century and early 20th century, asbestos was considered an ideal material for use in the construction industry. It was known to be an excellent fire retardant, to have high electrical resistance, and was inexpensive and easy to use.

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plaintiff was allegedly exposed well after any factory-original asbestos-containing parts would have been replaced), and either way cannot be responsible for toxic third-party parts that they did not manufacture, distribute, or sell. In 2008, the

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A lack of facilities for terminally ill mesothelioma sufferers results in a larger burden of service, according to Sister Phemelo Magabanyane, a palliative care nurse who has cared for over 100 mesothelioma and lung cancer sufferers in the greater

2579:(EPA) investigation, violation of the Clean Air Act, providing asbestos materials to schools and local residents, and conspiracy to release asbestos and cover up health problems from asbestos contamination. According to the Baltimore Sun the 2000:

the time the tort occurred. Due to several asbestos-related actions, countries such as Australia have amended their laws relating to limitations to accumulate starting from time of discovery rather than time when the cause of action accrued.

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started photographing victims after a friend died of mesothelioma despite never being in close proximity to a mine. It has been reported that she picked up the disease from rubbing a blue asbestos rock ornament that she kept in her home.

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Corporation, filed for reorganization and protection under the United States Bankruptcy Code in August 1982. At the time, it was the largest company ever to file bankruptcy, and was one of the richest. Manville was then 181st on the

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claims related to asbestos exposure and alleged subsequent medical consequences. Some measure of the vast range of views expressed in legal and political circles can perhaps be exemplified by the two quotes below, the first from Prof.

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labelling and provision of information may be sufficient to ensure that significant health risks can be avoided, e.g. for a little-used store room it may be sufficient to keep the door locked and attach a warning notice to the door.

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spread and longevity," he also says that children are particularly vulnerable to mesothelioma. Since September 2016, five of the 1 600 claimants he represents in the Northern Cape have died. Internationally renowned photographer

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approved an amendment to the act which would have allowed victims of mesothelioma $ 1.1M within 30 days of their claim's approval. This version would have also expanded eligible claimants to people exposed to asbestos from the

2346:, a South Carolina attorney, as "the greatest corporate mass murderer in history." Court documents show that the corporation had a long history of hiding evidence of the ill effects of asbestos from its workers and the public. 1426:

Parties to the convention are required to prohibit and not permit the export of hazardous wastes to the Parties which have prohibited the import of such wastes via the notification procedure in Article 13 of the convention.

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The Ban Asbestos Network of India (BANI) has been working towards an asbestos free India to safeguard the health of the present and future generations amidst the misinformation campaign of the White Chrysotile Industry.

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The dangers related to asbestos arise mainly when the fibers become airborne and are inhaled. Because of the size of the fibers, the lungs cannot expel them. These fibers are also sharp and penetrate internal tissues.

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On January 11, 2006, San Diego Gas & Electric Co., two of its employees, and a contractor were indicted by a federal grand jury on charges that they violated safety standards while removing asbestos from pipes in

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charge of "knowing endangerment" because some of the defendant officials had left the company before the five-year statute of limitations had begun to run. The wire fraud charge was dropped by prosecutors in March.

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fund in lieu of litigation, but as it would have proactively taken funds held in reserve by bankruptcy trusts, manufacturers and insurance companies, it was not widely supported either by victims or corporations.

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Poland fully banned asbestos in 1997. Since then the import of asbestos and products containing it, production of anything containing asbestos and circulation of asbestos and products which have it is prohibited.

3132: 2016:(STF) voted to maintain the law (12.684/07) which prohibits the use of any product which utilizes asbestos in São Paulo State. It was expected then the decision would be extended to include the whole country. 1624:

The Government of India is considering the ban on use of chrysotile asbestos in India to protect the workers and the general population against primary and secondary exposure to Chrysotile form of Asbestos."

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The Centre for Pollution Control Board struggles to enforce their own guidelines for asbestos as hazardous waste and relies on industries and companies to volunteer themselves to follow Safety Regulations.

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Asbestosis is yet another occupational disease of the Lungs which is on an increase under similar circumstances warranting concentrated efforts of all stake holders to evolve strategies to curb this menace

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reversed the decision of the trial court, stating that it erred in determining that it had jurisdiction to review the validity of the standard in a criminal proceeding. Adamo's attorneys appealed to the

1867:(HSE) has promoted rigorous controls on asbestos handling, based on reports linking exposure to asbestos dust or fibres with thousands of annual deaths from mesothelioma and asbestos-related lung cancer. 3184:

Maule, Magnani, Dalmasso, Mirabelli, Merletti & Biggeri, "Modeling Mesothelioma Risk Associated with Environmental Asbestos Exposure", Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 115, No 7, July 2207, pg

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introduce best-practice health and safety measures for asbestos management, control and removal. The ban does not cover asbestos materials or products already in use at the time the ban was implemented.

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In June 1982, a retired boilermaker, James Cavett, won an award of $ 2.3 million compensatory and $ 1.5 million in punitive damages against Johns-Manville. The Manville Corporation, formerly the

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and asbestos-containing materials in Hong Kong by amending the existing Air Pollution Control Ordinance. Buildings built before the mid 1980s may continue the use of asbestos-containing materials.

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subsequent Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Regulation (Cap. 59AD) implemented controls on the use of asbestos in the workplace and banned the use of amphibole asbestos completely.

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Example of an asbestos warning label that must be put on boilers, flanges, pipes, pumps, and furnaces using asbestos-based products such as CAF gaskets, gland packings, insulation, millboard, etc.

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The Joint Secretary, Government of Uttarakhand in Case No.2951/30/0/2011, submitted to the NHRC that "There is no cure for Asbestos Diseases. Stopping all exposure to Asbestos is only essential."

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Since the 1980s, Canada has not permitted crocidolite asbestos to be used and has had limitations on certain uses of other types of asbestos, notably in some construction materials and textiles.

185:' families have been riven by the consequences of litigation in trying to get some compensation for a disease that has been contracted through no fault of theirs. That is cruel and unacceptable." 34:

is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations that relate to its production and use, including mining, manufacturing, use and disposal. Injuries attributed to asbestos have resulted in both

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Scott GI, teWaterNaude JM. Asbestos-related disease modelling for a South African compensation trust. Paper presented at the 2006 Convention of the Actuarial Society of South Africa, Cape Town.

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considered it constitutional and even incidentally declared the unconstitutionality of Art. 2 of Federal Law nº 9.055/95, that authorized the use of chrysotile asbestos in a controlled manner.

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Scott GI, teWaterNaude JM. Asbestos-related disease modelling for a South African compensation trust. Paper presented at the 2006 Convention of the Actuarial Society of South Africa, Cape Town

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disaster area in 2002, and the EPA has spent $ 54 million in cleanup. Grace was ordered by a court to reimburse the EPA for cleanup costs, but the bankruptcy court must approve any payments.

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dismissed the criminal indictment on the ground that it was not an "emission standard," but a "work practice standard," which under the terms of the statute, did not carry criminal liability.

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studies of asbestos-exposed groups to argue that even if there is any such threshold for mesothelioma, it must be at a very low level. Previously it was possible to claim compensation for

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had entered into bankruptcy proceedings, and discovery in the case uncovered evidence of fraud that led to a reduction in estimated future liability to a tenth of what was estimated.

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even though it spends massive amounts of money to remove it from Canadian homes and offices. While India recognizes it as a hazardous substance and has banned asbestos mining and its

203:) have banned the use of asbestos. Exemptions for minor uses are permitted in some countries listed; however, all countries listed must have banned the use of all types of asbestos. 4582:

South Africa. Department of Health. Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act, 78 of 1973. Pretoria: Government Printer, 1973. GG 4042, GN R 1813 of 5 October 1973.Available at:

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The current regulations show that it is a legal requirement that all who may come across asbestos in their day-to-day work have been provided with the relevant asbestos training.

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This is significant as a 2007 study found that California and Washington were the two most influential state supreme courts in the United States in the period from 1940 to 2005.

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On April 2, 1998, three men were indicted in a conspiracy to use homeless men for illegal asbestos removal from an aging Wisconsin manufacturing plant. Then-US Attorney General

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overturned the traditional Scottish law to such cases, and was a breach of natural justice. As a result of this outcry, the ruling has been overturned by section three of the

181:. The lawyers and the judiciary have wrestled, rightly and valiantly, with complex and difficult law, but it has created despair for the families whom we represent. Many of my 4411: 1700:

In spite of the health hazards, asbestos is widely used in India without any restriction. Activists in India and abroad have tried to persuade the governments of Canada and

2631: 4167: 3129: 3247: 2634:(RICO) related to the operations. Often these involve contractors who hire undocumented workers without proper training or protection to illegally remove asbestos. 3148:

Selikoff, I.J. et al., The occurrence of asbestosis among insulation workers in the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences., 132, pp139-155, 1966

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these trusts do permit larger numbers of claimants to receive some kind of compensation, even if greatly reduced from potential recoveries in the tort system.

1729:

Since the use of asbestos is affecting human health, its usage should gradually be minimised and ended. As far as I know, its use is declining, but it must end

4382: 1704:

to stop asbestos mining in Quebec and exporting to India. The Canadian government has repeatedly blocked asbestos being listed as a hazardous chemical by the

5413:

http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/Useful%20Document%20-%20OHS%20-%20Asbestos%20guidelines.doc

1759:

Italy fully banned the use of asbestos in 1992 with law 257/92 art. 1 and set up a comprehensive plan for asbestos decontamination in industry and housing.

3955: 1851:

In 1984, the import of raw amphibole (blue and brown) asbestos into New Zealand was banned. In 2002, the import of chrysotile (white) asbestos was banned.

5302: 3794: 1674:

However, there is no enforcement of the rules at ground level, hence asbestos usage is prevalent without following even the simplest basic safety rules.

1655: 4147: 3213:

Brickman, Lester (1 February 2004). "On the Theory Class's Theories of Asbestos Litigation: The Disconnect Between Scholarship and Reality" (Document).

2073:

The Havelock chrysotile mine cases were suspended in 2003 because Turner and Newall, the company that owned the mine, had filed for bankruptcy in 2001.

4583: 1461:

The São Paulo State law 12.684/07 prohibits the use of any product which utilizes asbestos. This legislation has been formally upheld by the Brazilian

3893: 3261: 1905:

Essentially this legislation bans the import and use of most asbestos products and sets out guidelines on how best to manage those currently in situ.

1593: 1438:

Although Australia has only a third of the UK's population, its asbestos disease fatalities approximate Britain's of more than 3,000 people per year.

3311: 3119:

Murray, H.M., Departmental Committee for Compensation for Industrial Diseases. Cd 3495 and 3496. London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1907, p.127

3995: 5449: 5407: 3700: 3665: 1633:

The Indian Factory Act and Bureau of Indian Standard already have rules and regulations for safe usage of asbestos contaminated products such as:

124:- Cancer of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and larynx have been linked to asbestos. The latency period for cancer is often 15–30 years. 4873:

Carroll, Stephen J.; Hensler, Deborah R.; Gross, Jennifer; Sloss, Elizabeth M.; Schonlau, Matthias; Abrahamse, Allan; Ashwood, J. Scott (2005).

4825: 4623:

Brian Gibson. Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET).Occupational Health Southern Africa, Volume 20, Issue 6, Nov 2014, p. 24 - 25.

3508: 5261: 2742: 1649: 1504:

The import, shipment, supply of, and use of all forms of asbestos is banned in Hong Kong under the Air Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 311).

4851: 2787: 2437:

Owners of premises at which asbestos-containing products were installed (which includes virtually anyone who owned a building prior to 1980);

2279: 1550: 73:

to parties which have prohibited the import of such wastes via the notification procedure in Article 13 of the convention. In places such as

3750: 3353: 3386: 2485: 2380: 2315: 1970: 1901: 1823:

the country for disposal from Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries that were unable to dispose of the waste themselves.

3436: 2859: 1652:: Guidelines for Safe Usage of Asbestos Sealing and Insulation Products like CAF Gaskets, Gland Ropes, Insulation, Rope Lagging, Millboard 5392: 4348: 4255: 2225:

Insurance companies allege that asbestos litigation has taken too heavy a toll on insurance and industry. A 2002 article in the British

3544: 2580: 2527:

Adamo was one of a number of demolition contractors indicted throughout the country for the alleged violation of the Clean Air Act. The

2138: 3572: 4605:

The Asbestos Relief Trust and the Kgalagadi Relief Trusts. Available at: www.asbestostrust.co.za in Trust Deed. Accessed 2 August 2017

2540: 4573:

The Asbestos Relief Trust – A ten year history, 2003 – 2013. Available at: www.asbestostrust.co.za in History. Accessed 1 August 2017

4894: 4458:

The Asbestos Relief Trust – A ten year history, 2003 – 2013 available at: www.asbestostrust.co.za in History. Accessed 1 August 2017

4325: 4300: 2965: 2301: 1739:

Kyrgyzstan, Syria, and Zimbabwe also opposed the listing. While, all the other countries opposing are producers of asbestos; India (

1568: 5377: 2583:

said 1,200 residents had developed asbestos-related diseases and some had died, and there could be many more injuries and deaths.

4048: 4030: 2349:

By the early 1990s, "more than half of the 25 largest asbestos manufacturers in the US, including Amatex, Carey-Canada, Celotex,

1614:

Hence, Use of White Asbestos should be completely banned in India and the same may be replaced by some safer alternative material

1667: 17: 4164: 3340: 1643: 1751:

India. This extensive profile documents the manufacturers, consumers, health and disease statistics of asbestos use in India.

1603:

The Secretary of the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER, Chandigarh also voiced its opinion "

2283: 1938:

The HSE uses a priority scoring tool which combines assessment of the material containing asbestos and the disturbance risk.

1637: 4119: 3725: 2782: 4091: 3229: 5244: 4073: 2521: 2055:

victims. Mrs Lubbe was exposed to asbestos while working for a South African subsidiary company of the UK parent company,

2450:

Corporations that allegedly conspired with asbestos manufacturers to deliberately conceal the dangers of asbestos (e.g.,

2440:

Banks that financed ships or buildings where asbestos was installed (on the grounds that no rational lender would take a

5056: 3979: 3666:"Russia's Manipulation Of UN Convention And Influence Over U.S. Politics Could Leave More Americans Exposed To Asbestos" 3372: 3199: 2802: 2646: 2575:, knowing endangerment of residents by concealing air monitoring results, obstruction of justice by interfering with an 2524:

by knowingly causing the emission of asbestos by failure to wet and remove friable asbestos materials from demolitions.

1988: 1442: 58: 1541: 4545: 2672: 2474: 1864: 1661: 133:

Considerable international controversy exists regarding the perceived rights and wrongs associated with litigation on

5027: 4492: 1860: 5149: 4991: 4584:

http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_190734.pdf

3590: 2630:

wear safety gear and masks. The federal government has prosecuted dozens of violations of the act and violations of

1991:(TSCA). The United States has extensive laws regulating the use of asbestos at the federal, state, and local level. 1598:

Replace all asbestos sheets roofing with roofing made up of some other material that would not be harmful to inmates

5444: 5439: 5393:"Low-Dose Exposure to Asbestos and Lung Cancer", American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 155, No. 11 : 1016-1022 4390: 3894:

http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/asbestos-still-a-persistent-problem-in-south-africa-2008-10-31/rep_id:4136

2403: 2395: 2342:, but was the defendant of 16,500 lawsuits related to the health effects of asbestos. The company was described by 2048: 5382: 4508:

5. Meeran R. Cape Plc: South African mineworkers' quest for justice. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2003; 9: 218–229.

3015:"Asbestosis, pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening: three distinct benign responses to asbestos exposure" 2272: 2702: 1779:

is banned as early as 2000 through Administrative Order for the Chemical Control Order of Asbestos issued by the

3963: 3626: 5408:

https://web.archive.org/web/20171025093417/http://www.nioh.ac.za/assets/files/Asbestos%20Regulations%202002.pdf

4748: 4449:

Meeran R. Cape Plc: South African mineworkers' quest for justice. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2003; 9: 218–229.

3843: 3540: 2727: 2641:

said, "Knowingly removing asbestos improperly is criminal. Exploiting the homeless to do this work is cruel."

2470: 1640:: Guidelines for Safe Usage of Asbestos Cement Products like Asbestos Cement Sheets and Asbestos Cement Blocks. 1493: 1462: 161: 4470:

Meeran R. Cape Plc: South African mineworkers' quest for justice. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2003; 9: 218–229

3802: 3686: 134: 35: 4144: 2657:. The defendants were charged with five counts of conspiracy, violating asbestos work practice standards and 2447:

Retailers of asbestos-containing products (including hardware, home improvement and automotive parts stores);

2419:. Ultimately, the bill's reliance on funding from private entities large and small, as well as debate over a 172:

that is nearly as wide as the disconnect between rates of disease claiming and actual disease manifestation".

5110: 2658: 2654: 2587: 2560: 2434:

Manufacturers of machinery that are alleged to have required asbestos-containing parts to function properly;

1961:

in Northern Ireland in 2000 by the Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000.

1806: 1767:

Japan did not fully ban asbestos until 2004. Its government has been held responsible for related diseases.

3265: 1694: 4006: 3287: 2325:

Litigation related to asbestos injuries and property damages has been claimed to be the longest-running

2241: 2187: 2028: 2021: 2013: 1984: 1646:: Guidelines for Safe Usage of Asbestos Friction Products like Asbestos Friction Sheets and Brake Liners 1484:

containing asbestos are also banned except for certain specialized uses, such as in nuclear facilities.

148: 4527:

The Asbestos Relief Trust. Available at: www.asbestostrust.co.za in Trust Deed. Accessed 2 August 2017.

3704: 2031:

prohibited the extraction, industrialization and commercialization of asbestos throughout the country.

1681: 4479:

The Asbestos Relief Trust. Available at: www.asbestostrust.co.za in Trust Deed. Accessed 2 August 2017

3319: 1607:." In their complete statement and recommendation to NHRC they have clearly expressed their concern: " 1449:(a company that had been the Colonial Sugar Refinery). The main manufacturer of asbestos products was 5024:"JURIST - Paper Chase: Senate Judiciary Committee wants sickest asbestos victims compensated fastest" 4662: 3778: 3751:"Review and Development of relevant legislations, regulations, and guidelines pertaining to Asbestos" 3515: 2777: 2679: 2408: 2233: 1888:

thickening or other asbestos-related illnesses. On October 17, 2007, this point was clarified by the

157: 1664:: Safety and Health Requirements related to Occupational Exposure to Asbestos contaminated Products. 1536: 1496:(WTO) upheld France's right to the ban in 2000. In addition, France has called for a worldwide ban. 5341:

An Air That Kills : How the Asbestos Poisoning of Libby, Montana, Uncovered a National Scandal

2884: 2391: 2383:

issued regulations requiring certain U.S. companies to report the asbestos used in their products.

2227: 1784: 1582: 757: 5402: 3604: 3565: 1587:

Alternatives to asbestos may be used to the extent possible and use of asbestos may be phased out.

5280: 5266: 3649: 3214: 3158:

Muscat JE, Wynder EL (1991). "Cigarette smoking, asbestos exposure, and malignant mesothelioma".

2772: 2707: 2697: 2602: 2365: 2214: 1776: 1477: 182: 3444: 2097:

province. The majority of the claimants in the ART settlement (around 78%) were exposed in the

5454: 5434: 4890: 4352: 4321: 4296: 3937: 3241: 3167: 3036: 2946: 2517: 2441: 2412: 1979:) has no general ban on the use of asbestos. However, asbestos was one of the first hazardous 51: 4266: 4184: 2822: 2371:

after 1980 and the court has dealt with several asbestos-related cases since 1986. Two large

2217:

reported a test-case ruling in 2005, that allowed thousands of workers to be compensated for

1658:: Pictorial Warning to be implemented on equipment containing Asbestos Contaminated Products. 4880: 4228: 3927: 3919: 3645:"Will look for alternatives to carcinogenic asbestos: Environment Minister - Times of India" 3026: 2938: 2930: 2916:"Preserving workers' dignity in workers' compensation systems: An international perspective" 2762: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2420: 2044: 2040: 1724: 2473:, the first to reach the issue, decided in favor of the defense. On January 12, 2012, the 5419: 5303:"12/23/2004: Father and Son Sentenced to Longest U.S. Jail Terms for Environmental Crimes" 4703: 4590: 4496: 4171: 4151: 3983: 3411:"The Government of Canada takes measures to ban asbestos and asbestos‑containing products" 3360: 3136: 2712: 2358: 2354: 2202: 1884: 1067: 178: 139: 70: 5397: 4952: 4688: 3869: 3571:. Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Government of India. August 2017. 2423:

and the impact on the U.S. budgetary process caused the bill to fail to leave committee.

4931: 1685:

Factory displaying using asbestos and listing it under Hazardous as per CPCB guidelines.

3932: 3907: 2792: 2591: 2568: 2455: 2416: 2368: 2361:

had declared bankruptcy. Filing for bankruptcy protects a company from its creditors."

2334: 1715: 1705: 1392: 465: 200: 66: 4052: 4034: 3996:"Health and Safety Executive: Asbestos-related disease statistics, Great Britain 2022" 3825: 2849:"ICOH Statement: Global Asbestos Ban and the Elimination of Asbestos-Related Diseases" 1727:, Union Minister of Environment, Forest & Climate Change categorically specified " 1605:

Asbestos is definitely a harmful material, it causes cancer and other related diseases

5428: 5360: 4624: 2461:

Manufacturers of tools which were used to cut or shape asbestos-containing parts; and

2430:

Since 2002, asbestos lawsuits in the U.S. have included the following as defendants:

2173: 2102: 2094: 1980: 1818:

Tourism. Everite, a building company, supported the government's ban on imports from

1032: 896: 153: 1697:

reiterated the guidelines laid down by it in the 1995 judgement regarding asbestos.

5281:"Three men indicted in conspiracy to use homeless men for illegal asbestos removal" 4434: 3354:

Quebec Budget: Finance Minister Nicolas Marceau tightens spending, levies new taxes

3087: 3014: 2767: 2757: 2752: 2614: 2372: 2350: 1945:

The HSE points out that "Regulation 4 is a duty to manage, not a duty to survey".

1880: 1450: 1272: 1187: 43: 4973: 4910: 4799: 3779:

Ustawa z dnia 19 czerwca 1997 r. o zakazie stosowania wyrobów zawierających azbest

1747:) consumer and importer of asbestos still opposing its inclusion on the PIC List. 4773: 4123: 3977:

Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 05-November-2004, Vol 117 No 1205

3031: 4095: 3976: 3729: 2797: 2622: 2564: 2394:, professor and chair of the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine at 2339: 2261: 2191:

A Victorianised house in Wynberg, Cape Town with an asbestos cement roof in 2014

1840: 1832: 1709: 1446: 1323: 1049: 1015: 844: 115: 111: 47: 3923: 3288:"Dusty death: how asbestos hit Australia | World news | The Observer" 3063: 2137:

The Trust provides compensation for people in these four categories related to

4489: 2717: 2638: 2572: 2556: 2496: 2492: 2343: 2181: 2110: 1221: 998: 930: 169: 107: 39: 5334:

Fatal Deception: The Terrifying True Story of How Asbestos is Killing America

4874: 4638:"Outlawed asbestos leaves trail of death, suffering, claims and mining shame" 2130:

separately funded. Its funds being administered by two independent trustees.

38:

claims and injury litigation. Health problems attributed to asbestos include

3228:

Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons.

2997: 2595: 2500: 2326: 1931: 1889: 964: 913: 670: 619: 259: 242: 106:- A cancer of the mesothelial lining of the lungs and the chest cavity, the 5387: 3941: 3465: 2950: 2117:

worker had worked on the Kuruman or Penge mines when under Gencor control.

4932:"Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997)" 3492: 3171: 3040: 5355:

Magic Mineral to Killer Dust: Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard

4229:"Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000" 3670: 3391: 2692: 2126: 2056: 1819: 1810: 1476:

In late 2011, Canada's remaining two asbestos mines, both located in the

1255: 1238: 1136: 653: 499: 414: 362: 143: 57:

One of the major issues relating to asbestos in civil proceedings is the

31: 3196:"Daily Times - Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle" 2966:"International Product Liability Claims under the Alien Tort Claims Act" 2148:(ARD2) -lung function impairment or with severe lung function impairment 2004:

produced asbestos substitutes, and started asbestos removal businesses.

1927:

periodic disturbance activity, e.g. industrial use or vehicular movement

2942: 2934: 2619: 2451: 2286: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2218: 2169: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2086: 1836: 1410: 1374: 1170: 705: 688: 602: 550: 533: 482: 431: 311: 294: 277: 225: 2563:

and seven top executives on February 5, 2005, for its operations of a

1871:"Over 5,000 asbestos-related disease deaths per year currently (2022)" 5173:

1987–1988 Preview of U.S. Sup. Ct. Cas. 1 Issue 3, September 19, 1977

2495:-defense, under which manufacturers of some products containing only 2177: 2085:

Seventy-five percent of the claimants in the Cape Plc case came from

1814: 1701: 1357: 1340: 1306: 1204: 1118: 1084: 981: 879: 862: 827: 774: 636: 567: 448: 379: 345: 328: 2687:

Amchem Products Inc. v. British Columbia Worker's Compensation Board

2411:

on the World Trade Center, and to construction debris in hurricanes

2232:

s associate quoted Equitas, the reinsurance vehicle which assumed

3013:

Gevenois, PA; de Maertelaer, V; Madani, A; et al. (May 1998).

4885: 4737:

Damages (Asbestos-related Conditions) Bill (Northern Ireland) 2010

4383:"Acompanhamento Processual :: STF - Supremo Tribunal Federal" 3701:"Ministero della Salute - In primo piano - Normativa sull'amianto" 2747: 2613: 2520:, indicted Adamo Wrecking Company for violating provisions of the 2186: 2184:

which can be diagnosed up to 40 years after exposure to asbestos.

1839:, commonly known as blue and brown asbestos, were fully banned in 1714: 1680: 1289: 1153: 947: 809: 791: 585: 516: 397: 74: 2858:. International Commission on Occupational Health. Archived from 2529:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

5365:

Asbestos and Fire: Technological Tradeoffs and the Body at Risk.

5126:"Defense attorney: Judges should look for asbestos claims fraud" 3514:. Legislative Council Secretariat. 18 April 2011. Archived from 2052: 1775:

The Philippines has a limited ban on asbestos. While the use of

1101: 740: 723: 199:

Worldwide, 68 countries and territories (including those in the

65:

Worldwide, 67 countries and territories (including those in the

18:

Industrial health and safety issues in asbestos-related diseases

5403:

https://mg.co.za/article/1997-10-17-sowetos-dust-danger-ignored

4349:"Asbestos Hazards Handbook - Chapter 9: The Asbestos Producers" 3130:"Fibrosis of the lungs due to the inhalation of asbestos dust." 4974:"15 U.S. Code § 2607 - Reporting and retention of information" 4488:

The Kgalagadi Relief Trust. An initial history. Available at:

2829:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 12 March 2013 2255: 1934:

containing asbestos-insulating boards which is in constant use

1519: 5095:, 53 Cal.4th 335, 135 Cal. Rptr. 3d 288, 266 P.3d 987 (2012). 4372:

Jornal do Brasil, 5th. of June 2008, Year 118, No.58, Page A7

3491:

Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Regulation (

2590:

faced fines of up to $ 280 million for polluting the town of

2145:(ARD1)- asbestosis / pleural thickening with mild to moderate 1874:

The TUC (UK) cited a figure of 5,000 deaths per year in 2004.

1723:

On 15 August 2016, in the strongest statement till date, the

5262:

Father and Son Get Long Terms In Defective Asbestos Removal"

5245:"USATODAY.com - Indictment charges W.R. Grace over asbestos" 4320:. Waltham, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 6. 3230:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 13 Jun 2006 (pt 0006)" 1670:: Waste Disposal Procedure for Asbestos Containing Products. 1581:

The Vision Statement on Environment and Human Health of the

2885:"Prohibition of Asbestos and Asbestos Products Regulations" 2062:

The Richard Meeran-run Cape Plc case was settled in 2003.

27:

Legal and regulatory issues involving the mineral asbestos

4852:"Wigan widow wins landmark legal ruling on asbestos case" 4826:"Wigan widow wins landmark legal ruling on asbestos case" 4728:

Damages (Asbestos-related Conditions) (Scotland) Act 2009

4435:

Lubbe and Others and Cape Plc. and Related Appeals (2000)

5206:"Summary of Actions by Supreme Court on Various Cases", 4412:"Informativo STF :: STF - Supremo Tribunal Federal" 3058: 3056: 2089:

province and the remaining twenty-five percent from the

1921:

rare disturbance activity, e.g. a little-used store room

1622:

The Union Ministry of Labour's concept paper declared, "

3000:. EPA publication on Asbestos. Retrieved 15 April 2006. 2065:

The Richard Spoor-run Gencor case was settled in 2003.

5398:

EU Research: Determining the damage caused by asbestos

4569: 4567: 1787:

is allowed for use in specific high density products.

1441:

Western Australia' center of blue asbestos mining was

5018: 5016: 3312:"Notícias STF :: STF - Supremo Tribunal Federal" 2970:

Tulane Journal of International & Comparative Law

2381:

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

2047:

case, which is also significant for the question of "

2020:

the prohibitive law of São Paulo was questioned. The

5106:" Followed Rates" and Leading State Cases, 1940-2005 3082: 3080: 3341:"Asbestos mining stops for first time in 130 years" 2491:Some defendants raise what is sometimes called the 2454:, a well-known insurance company which worked with 2176:. Mesothelioma is a life-threatening cancer of the 1987:, and many applications have been forbidden by the 1492:France banned the use of asbestos in 1997, and the 5348:Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects, Fifth Edition 4625:https://journals.co.za/content/ohsa/20/6/EJC162601 4295:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 349. 4293:Asbestos Exposure and the Law in the United States 4254:Farquhar, Doug; Hendrick, Scott (7 October 2009). 3566:"Vision Statement on Environment and Human Health" 3262:"New and revised NOHSC codes support asbestos ban" 2632:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act 2464:Manufacturers of respiratory protective equipment. 1690:knowledge and information to the other countries. 5367:New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013. 5026:. Jurist.law.pitt.edu. 2005-05-12. Archived from 4437:UKHL 41 (20th July, 2000), accessed 6 August 2017 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4318:Construction Hazardous Materials Compliance Guide 3306: 3304: 2444:in an asset without studying the risks involved); 2353:, Forty-Eight Insulations, Manville Corporation, 3464:Air Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 311) 2069:400 Swaziland ARD victims from the Havelock mine 1546:Needs proper references instead of inline links. 93:Health problems attributed to asbestos include: 3589:PGE India - PILOT Gaskets (29 September 2016). 2601:On June 8, 2006, a federal judge dismissed the 2105:province, with the balance exposed at Penge in 1781:Department of Environment and Natural Resources 5388:British Government Health and Safety Executive 4185:"The asbestos (prohibitions) regulations 1985" 4076:. WalesOnline - Wales News. 18 October 2007 . 3591:"Supreme Court of India Judgement on Asbestos" 3088:"Chronology of Asbestos Bans and Restrictions" 2516:On February 20, 1973, a federal grand jury in 2499:fibers claim that these are not as harmful as 5357:, Oxford University Press, USA (May 24, 2001) 5270:, December 24, 2004. Retrieved April 4, 2008. 4557: 4555: 4466: 4464: 4445: 4443: 1612:." It concludes its position by specifying, " 8: 5139:World Congress on Safety and Health at Work. 4291:Craighead, John E.; Gibbs, Allen R. (2008). 3844:"It's official: Asbestos to be banned in SA" 3503: 3501: 3246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1712:, it keeps its price low through patronage. 5283:. U.S. Department of Justice. 24 April 1998 4490:http://www.asbestostrust.co.za/KRTindex.htm 3685:PGE India - PILOT Gaskets (28 April 2017). 3605:"SC refuses to ban asbestos in the country" 2113:province, which were equally proportioned. 4092:"The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006" 3956:"헬스오 - 1970~80년대 석면 다룬 산업 근로자, 폐암 정기검사 필수" 3620: 3618: 3008: 3006: 1924:low disturbance activity, e.g. office work 205: 5383:Asbestos - National Cancer Institute, USA 5079:, 165 Wn.2d 373, 198 P.3d 493 (2008) and 4884: 4704:"Workers win test case in asbestos claim" 4263:National Conference of State Legislatures 4094:. Opsi.gov.uk. 2011-07-04. Archived from 3931: 3437:"France Calls For Worldwide Asbestos Ban" 3030: 2998:http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/asbe.pdf 2895:(1). Government of Canada. 6 January 2018 2302:Learn how and when to remove this message 1569:Learn how and when to remove this message 3687:"The National Asbestos Profile of India" 2477:also decided in favor of the defense in 2364:Asbestos-related cases increased on the 1949:website along with a list of licensees. 1831:In May 1997, the manufacture and use of 4601: 4599: 4114: 4112: 4049:"Statistics - Asbestos related disease" 4033:. Trades Union Congress. Archived from 3870:"Everite | Home of Nutec Products" 3509:"Fact Sheet: Asbestos ban in Hong Kong" 3286:David Fickling in Sydney (2004-08-22). 2923:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2814: 1594:National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 4120:"Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012" 4074:"Asbestos workers lose right to claim" 3908:"Overview of Asbestos Issues in Korea" 3387:"Canada introduces new asbestos rules" 3239: 2914:Lippel, Katherine (21 February 2012). 2803:Wittenoom, former asbestos mining town 2743:Environmental movement in South Africa 114:(a sac surrounding the heart). Unlike 5083:, 165 Wn.2d 341, 197 P.3d 127 (2008). 3373:"Canada won't oppose asbestos limits" 2788:Phase I Environmental Site Assessment 2547:proceedings were properly dismissed. 1975:The Environmental Protection Agency ( 7: 2993: 2991: 2486:Gray v. Garlock Sealing Technologies 2376:serious asbestos-related illnesses. 2316:Asbestos and the law (United States) 2284:adding citations to reliable sources 2151:(ARD3) -asbestos-related lung cancer 1971:Asbestos and the law (United States) 5049:"Leading News Resource of Pakistan" 4992:"Testimony of Dr. Philip Landrigan" 4165:Asbestos management - how is yours? 4145:Material and priority scoring tools 3545:Environmental Protection Department 2357:, Standard Insulation, Unarco, and 2139:Acute respiratory distress syndrome 1983:regulated under Section 112 of the 4850:Crook, Amanda (20 February 2010). 4800:"Asbestos pay-out fight continues" 3962:. 27 February 2013. Archived from 3906:Kim, Hyoung Ryoul (12 June 2009). 3784:, Dz. U., 1997, vol. 101, No. 628 3625:Charnalia, Ameya (July 29, 2012). 3108:Casarrett & Doull's Toxicology 2571:. The indictment accused Grace of 1930:high disturbance activity, e.g. a 1626:The Concept paper further notes, " 25: 5155:. World Health Organization. 2014 4978:LII / Legal Information Institute 4702:Dyer, Clare (February 16, 2005). 3477:"Crucial test for asbestos law". 3290:. London: Observer.guardian.co.uk 2484:In a decision from January 2014, 5378:World Health Organization report 5104:Jake Dear and Edward W. Jessen, 4663:"Chernobyl of the Northern Cape" 4544:. 6 January 2017. Archived from 4080:from the original on 2008-07-25. 3578:from the original on 2017-12-15. 3399:from the original on 2023-04-10. 2625:sealed off for asbestos removal. 2586:According to the Baltimore Sun 2534:The government appealed and the 2260: 1524: 1403: 1385: 1367: 1350: 1333: 1316: 1299: 1282: 1265: 1248: 1231: 1214: 1197: 1180: 1163: 1146: 1129: 1111: 1094: 1077: 1060: 1042: 1025: 1008: 991: 974: 957: 940: 923: 906: 889: 872: 855: 837: 820: 802: 784: 767: 750: 733: 716: 698: 681: 663: 646: 629: 612: 595: 578: 560: 543: 526: 509: 492: 475: 458: 441: 424: 407: 390: 372: 355: 338: 321: 304: 287: 270: 252: 235: 218: 4211:"Asbestos: general information" 4005:. November 2022. Archived from 3801:. 28 March 2008. Archived from 3703:. Salute.gov.it. Archived from 3664:Reinstein, Linda (4 May 2017). 2823:"Asbestos Laws and Regulations" 2577:Environmental Protection Agency 2271:needs additional citations for 1902:Control of Asbestos Regulations 1896:Control of Asbestos Regulations 5450:Occupational safety and health 5305:. Yosemite.epa.gov. 2004-12-23 5124:Gvillo, Heather Isringhausen. 5111:41 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 683, 694 5077:Braaten v. Saberhagen Holdings 4542:Asbestos Scheme of Arrangement 4031:"Health and Safety - Asbestos" 3826:"Mesothelioma in South Africa" 2536:Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals 1: 4774:"Names take Lloyd's to court" 4749:"Equitas warns on asbestosis" 4747:Dunne, Helen (22 June 2002). 3795:"SA bans all use of asbestos" 3611:. Chennai, India. 2011-01-21. 3481:. 28 January 1986. p. 2. 1610:involved in Asbestos Industry 5001:. U.S. Senate. 26 April 2005 4913:. PointofLaw.com. 2004-05-21 4351:. Lhc.org.uk. Archived from 4256:"State Asbestos Enforcement" 4051:. Hse.gov.uk. Archived from 3443:. 2006-06-06. Archived from 3032:10.1183/09031936.98.11051021 3019:European Respiratory Journal 2647:Toxic Substances Control Act 2012:In June 2008, the Brazilian 1989:Toxic Substances Control Act 3728:. Nhk.or.jp. Archived from 2783:Pizarreño asbestos disaster 2673:Adams v Cape Industries plc 2475:Supreme Court of California 1865:Health and Safety Executive 1544:. The specific problem is: 5471: 5329:.New York, Pantheon, 1985. 5232:Environmental Law Reporter 5195:Environmental Law Reporter 5183:National Resources Journal 4999:Senate Judiciary Committee 4953:"Ortiz V. Fibreboard Corp" 4316:Woodson, R. Dodge (2012). 4174:, accessed 5 December 2020 4163:Assurity Consulting Ltd., 4154:, accessed 5 December 2020 3924:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.3.363 3359:November 29, 2012, at the 3234:publications.parliament.uk 2404:Senate Judiciary Committee 2396:Mount Sinai Medical Center 2313: 2049:lifting the corporate veil 2027:On November 29, 2017, the 1968: 1540:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 128:Diffuse pleural thickening 110:(abdominal cavity) or the 4854:. Greater Manchester News 4689:"Research and innovation" 4499:. Accessed 2 August 2017. 2703:Asbestos Convention, 1986 1596:has clearly directed to " 1592:In Case No.693/30/97-98, 195:Complete bans on asbestos 4593:. Accessed 1 August 2017 3479:South China Morning Post 3064:"National Asbestos Bans" 2964:Slawotsky, Joel (2007). 2728:Celotex Corp. v. Catrett 2594:. Libby was declared a 2471:Washington Supreme Court 1693:On 21 January 2011, the 1494:World Trade Organization 1463:Supremo Tribunal Federal 5081:Simonetta v. Viad Corp. 4830:Manchester Evening News 2659:making false statements 2655:Lemon Grove, California 2588:W. R. Grace and Company 2561:W. R. Grace and Company 2551:W. R. Grace and Company 2390:On April 26, 2005, Dr. 2109:province and Msauli in 1807:Marthinus van Schalkwyk 4627:Accessed 2 August 2017 2626: 2512:Adamo Wrecking Company 2402:On June 14, 2006, the 2192: 1741:where mining is banned 1720: 1695:Supreme Court of India 1686: 1445:. The mine was run by 187: 174: 5327:Outrageous Misconduct 5150:"Chrysotile Asbestos" 4642:www.environment.co.za 3139:B.M.J., 2, 147, 1924. 2617: 2581:Department of Justice 2507:Criminal prosecutions 2242:Compensation Act 2006 2190: 2029:Supreme Federal Court 2022:Supreme Federal Court 2014:Supreme Federal Court 1985:Clean Air Act of 1970 1805:and Tourism Minister 1718: 1684: 175: 166: 149:Pepperdine Law Review 36:workers' compensation 5353:Tweedale, Geoffrey, 4879:. Rand Corporation. 3758:Rotterdam Convention 3415:Government of Canada 3090:. ibasecretariat.org 3066:. ibasecretariat.org 2778:Occupational illness 2680:Donoghue v Stevenson 2409:September 11 attacks 2280:improve this article 2154:(ARD4) -mesothelioma 1551:improve this section 158:Member of Parliament 142:, an American legal 5350:, Aspen Press, 2005 5339:Schneider, Andrew, 5222:, January 11, 1978. 5093:O'Neil v. Crane Co. 4876:Asbestos Litigation 4780:. February 28, 2000 4753:The Daily Telegraph 3960:health.joseilbo.com 2479:O'Neil v. Crane Co. 2392:Philip J. Landrigan 2228:The Daily Telegraph 2093:Koegas area in the 2077:Swiss Eternit Group 2043:case UKHL 41 is a 1785:chrysotile asbestos 1583:Government of India 5418:2017-08-02 at the 5346:Castleman, Barry, 5267:The New York Times 5220:The New York Times 5208:The New York Times 5185:, vol. 18, p. 677. 4832:. 20 February 2010 4669:. 10 February 2003 4589:2017-08-02 at the 4495:2013-07-23 at the 4233:Legislation.gov.uk 4189:Legislation.gov.uk 4170:2022-08-16 at the 4150:2022-01-20 at the 4037:on 12 August 2004. 3982:2008-10-22 at the 3799:Brand South Africa 3650:The Times of India 3627:"Invader in white" 3541:"Asbestos Control" 3215:Yeshiva University 3135:2011-07-07 at the 3110:(2001), pp 520-522 2935:10.1002/ajim.22022 2708:Asbestos Mountains 2698:Asbestos abatement 2627: 2366:U.S. Supreme Court 2215:Guardian Unlimited 2193: 1861:British Government 1777:amphibole asbestos 1721: 1687: 1478:Province of Quebec 1379:September 6, 2022 384:December 31, 2018 264:December 31, 2003 164:on July 13. 2006: 160:, speaking in the 5445:Product liability 5440:Environmental law 5332:Bowker, Michael, 4955:. Law.cornell.edu 4934:. Law.cornell.edu 3896:Accessed 1 August 3874:www.everite.co.za 3653:. 15 August 2016. 3633:. Chennai, India. 3417:. 18 October 2018 2518:Detroit, Michigan 2442:security interest 2312: 2311: 2304: 2234:Lloyd's of London 2051:" in relation to 1579: 1578: 1571: 1542:quality standards 1533:This section may 1421:International law 1418: 1417: 16:(Redirected from 5462: 5336:Touchstone, 2003 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5277: 5271: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5249:www.usatoday.com 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5210:, April 5, 1977. 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5055:. 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196: 193: 191: 188: 152:, and second, 131: 130: 125: 119: 101: 82: 79: 67:European Union 50:, and diffuse 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5467: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5197:, 7 ELR 2001. 5196: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5059:on 2011-06-06 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5030:on 2011-01-11 5029: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5000: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4896:0-8330-3078-7 4892: 4887: 4886:10.7249/mg162 4882: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4866: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4393:on 2017-09-18 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327:9780124158412 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4302:9780195178692 4298: 4294: 4287: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4126:on 2009-05-19 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4098:on 2010-07-24 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4055:on 2011-10-30 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4012:on 2022-03-05 4008: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3732:on 2011-04-23 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3707:on 2011-02-08 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3447:on 2007-09-26 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3322:on 2008-06-05 3321: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3268:on 2006-08-22 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3166:(9): 2263–7. 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128:Cooke, W.E., 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929:(6): 519–36. 2928: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2541:Supreme Court 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2522:Clean Air Act 2519: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2379:In 1988, the 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2320: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2295: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2269:This section 2267: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2252:United States 2251: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2196:The aftermath 2195: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:Northern Cape 2171: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2121:Relief 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