1023:" the majority of the time. A cost center is a department or staff which incurs expenses, or "costs", within a company rather than generating profits or revenue streams. Modern businesses rely heavily on technology for their day-to-day operations, so the expenses delegated to cover technology that facilitates business in a more efficient manner are usually seen as "just the cost of doing business." IT departments are allocated funds by senior leadership and must attempt to achieve the desired deliverables while staying within that budget. Government and the private sector might have different funding mechanisms, but the principles are more-or-less the same. This is an often overlooked reason for the rapid interest in automation and
1109:
1097:
1085:
1061:
1073:
458:
3085:
921:
738:
725:
429:
989:
system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, and others) and characteristic features — ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easily perceived and remembered by a person addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example,
3109:
3097:
824:, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007, almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally: 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3
477:, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.
1041:
has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems". The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning
709:
Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. During the year of 2002, Americans exceeded $ 28 billion in goods just over the
Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $ 289 billion in sales.
995:
Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size
1231:
On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual
1018:
Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry." These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for "tech companies;" which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology
988:
The technology and services it provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the
697:
Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people were able to access different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were
1004:
A software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the
Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of
705:
Along with technology revolutionizing society, millions of processes could be done in seconds. Innovations in communication were also crucial as people began to rely on the computer to communicate through telephone lines and cable. The introduction of the email was considered revolutionary as
689:
had been redefined as "The development of cable television was made possible by the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (…generally known in
Britain as information technology)." We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the
1009:
sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern
Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines).
880:
All DMS consist of components, they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a
324:
usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system. IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require
962:): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global
1679:
992:); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in the general case, they address each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs.
970:
Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited". To address that issue, the field of
572:, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. The first recognizably modern
1096:
416:, defined as the study of procedures, structures, and the processing of various types of data. As this field continues to evolve globally, its priority and importance have grown, leading to the introduction of computer science-related courses in
1108:
346:
and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of
492:
were considered some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as
794:. However, the information stored in it and delay-line memory was volatile in the fact that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the
1232:
term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."
702:, which was equivalent to 51 million households. Along with the Internet, new types of technology were also being introduced across the globe, which has improved efficiency and made things easier across the globe.
1439:
Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and
966:
capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.
1084:
1072:
1060:
1034:, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.
1276:
942:
XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s, particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented
1005:
programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on
710:
And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century.
2767:
2663:
397:
Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD),
691:
3028:
1038:
252:
1301:
3141:
2485:
595:
allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the
215:
1027:, but the constant pressure to do more with less is opening the door for automation to take control of at least some minor operations in large companies.
2317:
332:
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed, the term
2110:
1946:
1196:
675:
285:
1918:
3232:
1677:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13
4020:
3631:
3049:
2977:
2959:
2941:
2923:
2905:
2887:
2869:
2851:
2833:
2811:
2793:
2751:
2726:
2596:
2378:
2174:
2149:
1770:
1745:
1484:
870:
845:
emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was
470:
49:
901:
3113:
2278:"Americas events – Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010"
1859:
1830:
1050:
Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies, as well as
2703:
599:, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the
2222:
Hilbert, Martin; LĂłpez, Priscila (1 April 2011), "The World's
Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information",
1425:
900:
to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort." As an evolution of the
329:
planning, seamless integration, and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.
975: — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data" — emerged in the late 1980s.
3089:
2277:
1898:
1867:
1838:
1207:
850:
245:
1175:
Research suggests that IT projects in business and public administration can easily become significant in scale. Work conducted by
2080:
1042:
and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced.
3252:
3214:
3134:
3101:
2717:
Bynum, Terrell Ward (2008), "Norbert Wiener and the Rise of
Information Ethics", in van den Hoven, Jeroen; Weckert, John (eds.),
4109:
924:
IBM card storage warehouse located in
Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the government kept storage of punched cards.
205:
3815:
1102:
U.S. projected percent change in employment in selected occupations in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020
4119:
2326:
1890:
127:
117:
67:
2671:
1359:
706:"companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world..."
4114:
3931:
3784:
3779:
3247:
452:
3805:
2037:
1601:
4010:
387:
238:
2968:
Wright, Michael T. (2012), "The Front Dial of the
Antikythera Mechanism", in Koetsier, Teun; Ceccarelli, Marco (eds.),
3583:
3127:
854:
225:
1258:
3989:
3911:
1149:
1019:
and software. It is also worth noting that from a business perspective, Information technology departments are a "
816:
computer system. Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as
719:
2191:
1316:"The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems"
4015:
3624:
2495:
511:, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered the earliest known mechanical
122:
3747:
3063:
600:
82:
2330:
1187:
of $ 15 million or more) often failed to maintain costs within their initial budgets or to complete on time.
3994:
3490:
2999:
1024:
943:
627:
577:
494:
338:
2116:
1933:
634:
and
Lincoln Derick in 1955, the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957, the
3840:
3460:
3429:
3409:
3174:
1020:
406:
398:
165:
112:
92:
4073:
3984:
3975:
3945:
3893:
3831:
3394:
3267:
3262:
520:
508:
462:
457:
301:
200:
170:
97:
1176:
1138:
Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
1114:
U.S. projected average annual percent change in output and employment in selected industries, 2010–2020
374:. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including
1914:
774:. Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of
4079:
3954:
3845:
3617:
3569:
3525:
3495:
3257:
3164:
2233:
1799:
1522:
1315:
1180:
1078:
U.S. Employment in the computer systems and design related services industry, in thousands, 1990–2011
892:(XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal
783:
569:
545:
526:
444:
277:
195:
87:
1134:
in the 1940s. Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:
3835:
3696:
3588:
3564:
3389:
3292:
3277:
3199:
3169:
897:
107:
102:
60:
35:
869:
and the familiar concepts of tables, rows, and columns. In 1981, the first commercially available
4104:
4036:
3970:
3906:
3902:
3810:
3742:
3542:
3515:
3434:
2490:
2259:
1125:
936:
874:
611:
474:
297:
77:
3017:
1787:
548:
computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete
465:, which is considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC.
497:
began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.
3774:
3737:
3209:
3194:
3045:
3013:
2973:
2955:
2937:
2919:
2901:
2883:
2865:
2847:
2829:
2807:
2789:
2747:
2722:
2612:
2592:
2374:
2251:
2224:
2170:
2145:
2049:
1894:
1863:
1834:
1766:
1741:
1656:
1609:
1546:
1538:
1480:
1421:
1414:
1337:
1212:
1202:
963:
931:
has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception. It can be broadly categorized as
928:
775:
763:
671:
619:
592:
557:
538:
503:
have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a
485:
375:
363:
309:
1884:
1090:
U.S. Occupational growth and wages in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020
770:, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now
3949:
3850:
3717:
3671:
3578:
3475:
3315:
3184:
2241:
1807:
1733:
1706:
1648:
1530:
1472:
1327:
905:
791:
749:
436:
413:
402:
175:
1476:
17:
4041:
3897:
3859:
3732:
3701:
3535:
3530:
3510:
3500:
3455:
3439:
3414:
3364:
3320:
3272:
3189:
3179:
2825:
1466:
882:
866:
809:
799:
659:
655:
596:
581:
512:
352:
281:
2637:
2285:
1970:
Information technology. (2003). In E.D. Reilly, A. Ralston & D. Hemmendinger (Eds.),
2237:
1803:
1526:
782:
signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. The first
4046:
3915:
3854:
3676:
3520:
3505:
3470:
3399:
3379:
3354:
3339:
3242:
3033:
2088:
1694:
1131:
1006:
959:
909:
745:
647:
639:
515:, and the earliest known geared mechanism. Comparable geared devices did not emerge in
343:
155:
3084:
920:
4098:
3864:
3800:
3681:
3374:
3325:
3204:
2589:
Optimizing and
Assessing Information Technology: Improving Business Project Execution
2539:
2263:
2139:
1923: Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959
1886:
To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology
1811:
1639:
Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998), "Some early transistor applications in the UK",
1184:
858:
821:
813:
787:
663:
607:
541:
432:
180:
150:
1468:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
737:
724:
3940:
3404:
3384:
3287:
3023:
958:
Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of
932:
767:
757:
741:
623:
561:
553:
489:
428:
31:
1066:
U.S. Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011
30:"IT" redirects here. For the customer service colloquially referred to as IT, see
3008:
2561:
2368:
1534:
1390:
3359:
3297:
3237:
3150:
1941:
1365:
1164:
1156:
1051:
990:
972:
893:
853:(IMS), which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later. IMS stores data
802:, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.
795:
643:
631:
603:
and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.
573:
504:
481:
185:
1737:
1674:
4062:
3980:
3661:
3559:
3424:
3344:
2970:
Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012
2057:
1617:
1501:
Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology
1332:
862:
615:
588:
391:
371:
367:
366:, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as
348:
326:
317:
160:
3009:
Southern Innovator Magazine Issue 1: Mobile Phones and Information Technology
2053:
1725:
1660:
1613:
1542:
1341:
3722:
3666:
3547:
3419:
3282:
3108:
2916:
Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes
2246:
1652:
1412:
Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011), "Information technology",
549:
523:
capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.
2255:
1550:
417:
3096:
1513:
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets",
469:
Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the
3691:
3609:
3597:
3553:
3465:
3330:
1144:
1031:
837:
771:
699:
651:
383:
379:
355:, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.
313:
305:
273:
132:
3058:
Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999).
1320:
International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS)
3485:
3349:
1259:"What Is Information Technology? A Beginner's Guide to the World of IT"
1183:
suggested that half of all large-scale IT projects (those with initial
1160:
825:
565:
500:
359:
220:
2896:
Ralston, Anthony; Hemmendinger, David; Reilly, Edwin D., eds. (2000),
2704:"U.S. Careers in the growing field of information technology services"
1765:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321.
1710:
1695:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
935:, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or
904:(SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both
336:
in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the
4067:
3727:
3686:
3334:
1141:
Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
817:
635:
516:
440:
210:
42:
2768:
Delivering large-scale IT projects on time, on budget, and on value
3574:
3480:
919:
779:
736:
723:
670:
in 1971. These important inventions led to the development of the
667:
534:
530:
456:
427:
1130:
The field of information ethics was established by mathematician
828:
in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years.
519:
until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first
3936:
3593:
2141:
The Essential Guide to Computer Data Storage: From Floppy to DVD
947:
842:
3613:
3123:
2517:
3119:
2001:
Encyclopedia of world trade: from ancient times to the present
1999:
Northrup, C.C. (2013). Computers. In C. Clark Northrup (Ed.),
889:
846:
805:
272:) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems,
2299:
2297:
2295:
1163:
to monitor a user's online activities, which may be used by
950:, describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".
320:
equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an
3060:
Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World
2432:
2430:
1788:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"
861:
proposed an alternative relational storage model based on
284:
and information processing, and storage. IT forms part of
1934:"Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"
1499:
Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson,
1452:
2562:"Manifesto Hatched to Close Gap Between Business and IT"
1030:
Many companies now have IT departments for managing the
2996:
Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s
2405:
2403:
2012:
939:, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.
41:"Infotech" redirects here. For the Indian company, see
2165:
Wang, Shan X.; Taratorin, Aleksandr Markovich (1999),
1983:
Stewart, C.M. (2018). Computers. In S. Bronner (Ed.),
3012:: United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation.
1304:, published 10 September 2020, accessed 23 June 2023
4055:
4029:
4003:
3963:
3924:
3886:
3877:
3824:
3793:
3767:
3760:
3710:
3654:
3647:
3448:
3306:
3223:
3157:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2880:Open and Novel Issues in XML Database Applications
2820:Han, Jiawei; Kamber, Micheline; Pei, Jian (2011),
1413:
2770:, published 1 October 2012, accessed 23 June 2023
996:of messages in the mailbox (personal for users).
630:in 1959, silicon dioxide surface passivation by
3071:Information Technology — A Luddite Analysis
1384:
1382:
1302:16 Key Steps To Successful IT Project Management
1389:Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958),
1361:A History of Information Technology and Systems
584:, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.
2994:Allen, T.; Morton, M. S. Morton, eds. (1994),
2952:Computer Science and Communications Dictionary
2864:(2nd ed.), The British Computer Society,
692:International Organization for Standardization
3625:
3135:
3029:The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
2192:"How Much Information Is There in the World?"
1039:Information Technology Association of America
246:
8:
2932:Ward, Patricia; Dafoulas, George S. (2006),
2518:"Our programmes, campaigns and partnerships"
2472:
2460:
2448:
2354:
2303:
820:. Until 2002 most information was stored on
3069:Webster, Frank, and Robins, Kevin. (1986).
2719:Information Technology and Moral Philosophy
1641:Engineering Science & Education Journal
1420:(first ed.), Oxford University Press,
544:, completed in 1941, was the world's first
3883:
3764:
3651:
3632:
3618:
3610:
3142:
3128:
3120:
2784:Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N. (2010),
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2115:, University of Manchester, archived from
2038:"Early computers at Manchester University"
1792:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
683:National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review
537:, began to appear in the early 1940s. The
253:
239:
56:
2900:(4th ed.), Nature Publishing Group,
2664:"Industry Overview: Information Services"
2638:"Follow Information Services on Index.co"
2245:
2024:
1730:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories
1587:
1575:
1453:Ralston, Hemmendinger & Reilly (2000)
1331:
1197:Information and communications technology
778:was developed to remove the clutter from
676:information and communications technology
286:information and communications technology
3785:society as information processing system
3780:humans as information processing systems
3044:, Holt-Saunders International Editions,
3042:Introduction to Computer Data Processing
2766:Bloch, M., Blumberg, S. and Laartz, J.,
1726:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device"
1465:Slotten, Hugh Richard (1 January 2014).
1353:
1351:
674:(PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence of
3006:Gitta, Cosmas and South, David (2011).
2436:
2409:
2394:
2319:A Platform for Enterprise Data Services
2167:Magnetic Information Storage Technology
1503:. (3rd ed.). . New York: Facts On File.
1416:A Dictionary of Media and Communication
1364:, University of Arizona, archived from
1249:
1224:
1056:
638:demonstration by a Bell Labs team. the
141:
66:
59:
1699:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1563:
681:By the year of 1984, according to the
412:Information technology is a branch of
4021:philosophy of artificial intelligence
2013:Alavudeen & Venkateshwaran (2010)
1995:
1993:
1860:Springer Science & Business Media
1831:Springer Science & Business Media
1786:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960).
1263:Technology Blog, Rasmussen University
871:relational database management system
471:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
50:Information Technology (constituency)
7:
2822:Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
2613:"Top Information Services companies"
2421:
1856:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1827:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1763:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1477:10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001
902:Standard Generalized Markup Language
728:Ferranti Mark I computer logic board
304:, or, more specifically speaking, a
48:For the Hong Kong constituency, see
3711:information processing abstractions
3066:, Massachusetts: Course Technology.
2198:, University of Southern California
1987:. . Johns Hopkins University Press.
1952:from the original on 17 August 2019
1600:Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998),
1314:Hindarto, Djarot (30 August 2023).
798:, invented in 1932 and used in the
762:Early electronic computers such as
2706:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2085:Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics
25:
3655:information processes by function
2914:van der Aalst, Wil M. P. (2011),
2882:, Information Science Reference,
2862:A History of Manchester Computers
2786:Computer Integrated Manufacturing
2316:Olofson, Carl W. (October 2009),
1693:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
1208:Outline of information technology
843:Database Management Systems (DMS)
812:in 1956, as a component of their
568:German messages. Although it was
3775:nature as information processing
3253:Failure of electronic components
3107:
3095:
3083:
2898:Encyclopedia of Computer Science
2804:Computer Organization and Design
2744:Ethics in Information Technology
2373:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
1985:Encyclopedia of American studies
1972:Encyclopedia of computer science
1277:"Computer Technology Definition"
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
790:, which was based on a standard
2846:, Manchester University Press,
786:digital storage device was the
606:Several other breakthroughs in
560:developed the first electronic
382:, electronics, semiconductors,
358:The term is commonly used as a
206:Library and information science
3088:Learning materials related to
2972:, Springer, pp. 279–292,
2721:, Cambridge University Press,
2702:Lauren Csorny (9 April 2013).
2367:Silberschatz, Abraham (2010).
2079:Universität Klagenfurt (ed.),
1891:Johns Hopkins University Press
1862:. pp. 120 & 321–323.
128:Science and technology studies
1:
3932:information processing theory
851:Information Management System
453:History of computing hardware
290:information technology system
4011:computational theory of mind
3248:List of emerging electronics
2486:"Technology Sector Snapshot"
2473:Han, Kamber & Pei (2011)
2461:Han, Kamber & Pei (2011)
2449:Han, Kamber & Pei (2011)
1812:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5
1602:"Computing's Golden Jubilee"
1535:10.1126/science.211.4479.283
698:personally connected to the
480:Looking at early computing,
351:and mathematical methods to
142:Related fields and subfields
2934:Database Management Systems
2138:Khurshudov, Andrei (2001),
1883:Bassett, Ross Knox (2007).
1471:. Oxford University Press.
1300:Forbes Technology Council,
1037:In a business context, the
443:. The Zuse Z3 is the first
226:Quantum information science
18:Information technology (IT)
4136:
3912:computational neuroscience
3816:human–computer interaction
2802:Chaudhuri, P. Pal (2004),
2587:Proctor, K. Scott (2011),
2355:Ward & Dafoulas (2006)
2304:Ward & Dafoulas (2006)
1738:10.1142/9789814503464_0076
1179:in collaboration with the
1152:accessing online databases
1123:
890:extensible markup language
835:
755:
720:Electronic data processing
717:
450:
47:
40:
29:
4016:philosophy of information
3040:Price, Wilson T. (1981),
2954:, vol. 2, Springer,
2936:, Cengage Learning EMEA,
2860:Lavington, Simon (1998),
2842:Lavington, Simon (1980),
2742:Reynolds, George (2009),
2591:, John Wiley & Sons,
1391:"Management in the 1980s"
1333:10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512
896:, it is commonly held in
27:Computer-based technology
3806:brain–computer interface
2662:Publishing, Value Line.
2370:Database System Concepts
873:(RDBMS) was released by
601:University of Manchester
3995:artificial intelligence
3925:in cognitive psychology
3878:Information processing
3491:Electromagnetic warfare
3000:Oxford University Press
2844:Early British Computers
2247:10.1126/science.1200970
1395:Harvard Business Review
1025:Artificial Intelligence
748:to store and represent
628:Fairchild Semiconductor
610:technology include the
578:stored-program computer
495:artificial intelligence
339:Harvard Business Review
4110:Information technology
3990:computational circuits
3985:information structures
3841:bio-inspired computing
3761:Information processors
3641:Information processing
3461:Automotive electronics
3410:Robotic vacuum cleaner
3370:Information technology
3175:Electronic engineering
3114:Information technology
3112:Quotations related to
3102:Information technology
3090:Information technology
2878:Pardede, Eric (2009),
2003:. . London: Routledge.
1257:Cosker, Glynn (2023),
925:
753:
729:
687:information technology
466:
448:
435:replica on display at
334:information technology
266:Information technology
191:Information technology
113:Knowledge organization
34:. For other uses, see
4120:Mass media technology
4074:Decoding the Universe
3946:cognitive informatics
3880:theories and concepts
3648:Information processes
3395:Portable media player
3268:Molecular electronics
3263:Low-power electronics
3073:. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
2950:Weik, Martin (2000),
2112:The Manchester Mark 1
1653:10.1049/esej:19980301
1155:Web sites installing
923:
888:In recent years, the
808:introduced the first
740:
727:
591:in the late 1940s at
521:mechanical calculator
509:Antikythera mechanism
463:Antikythera mechanism
460:
431:
302:communications system
278:programming languages
201:Intellectual property
171:Computer data storage
4115:Intellectual capital
4080:information overload
3955:behavior informatics
3846:ubiquitous computing
3589:Terahertz technology
3570:Open-source hardware
3526:Consumer electronics
3496:Electronics industry
3258:Flexible electronics
3165:Analogue electronics
3104:at Wikimedia Commons
2746:, Cengage Learning,
1181:University of Oxford
1046:Information services
898:relational databases
552:machine. During the
527:Electronic computers
196:Intellectual freedom
3964:in computer science
3903:genetic informatics
3565:Nuclear electronics
3390:Networking hardware
3293:Quantum electronics
3278:Organic electronics
3200:Printed electronics
3170:Digital electronics
2336:on 25 December 2013
2288:on 18 January 2012.
2238:2011Sci...332...60H
2119:on 21 November 2008
1804:1960JPCS...14..131L
1527:1981Sci...211..283S
1358:Butler, Jeremy G.,
857:, but in the 1970s
587:The development of
409:(1940 to present).
405:(1840 — 1940), and
61:Information science
36:It (disambiguation)
4037:information theory
3976:computation theory
3971:neural computation
3907:cellular computing
3811:physical computing
3543:Marine electronics
3516:Integrated circuit
3435:Video game console
3233:2020s in computing
3215:Thermal management
2540:"Cyberstates 2016"
2498:on 13 January 2017
2491:The New York Times
2169:, Academic Press,
2048:(4), Summer 1992,
1854:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1825:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1761:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1724:KAHNG, D. (1961).
1145:Unsolicited emails
1126:Information ethics
1014:Commercial effects
937:telecommunications
926:
754:
730:
612:integrated circuit
475:Harvard University
467:
449:
362:for computers and
298:information system
296:) is generally an
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4030:interdisciplinary
3873:
3872:
3756:
3755:
3738:stream processing
3728:signal processing
3723:sign processesing
3607:
3606:
3584:Radio electronics
3210:Schematic capture
3195:Power electronics
3100:Media related to
3051:978-4-8337-0012-2
2979:978-94-007-4131-7
2961:978-0-7923-8425-0
2943:978-1-84480-452-8
2925:978-3-642-19344-6
2907:978-1-56159-248-7
2889:978-1-60566-308-1
2871:978-1-902505-01-5
2853:978-0-7190-0810-8
2835:978-0-12-381479-1
2813:978-81-203-1254-8
2795:978-81-203-3345-1
2753:978-0-538-74622-9
2728:978-0-521-85549-5
2598:978-1-118-10263-3
2568:. 22 October 2020
2380:978-0-07-741800-7
2176:978-0-12-734570-3
2151:978-0-130-92739-2
2144:, Prentice Hall,
2060:on 28 August 2017
1772:978-3-540-34258-8
1747:978-981-02-0209-5
1711:10.1149/1.2428650
1620:on 9 January 2012
1521:(4479): 283–285,
1486:978-0-19-976666-6
1213:Knowledge society
1203:IT infrastructure
964:telecommunication
929:Data transmission
776:delay-line memory
672:personal computer
620:Texas Instruments
614:(IC) invented by
593:Bell Laboratories
539:electromechanical
486:J. Presper Eckert
403:electromechanical
388:telecom equipment
376:computer hardware
364:computer networks
344:Harold J. Leavitt
263:
262:
16:(Redirected from
4127:
3950:neuroinformatics
3884:
3851:artificial brain
3765:
3748:state processing
3743:agent processing
3718:event processing
3652:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3579:Radio navigation
3476:Data acquisition
3185:Microelectronics
3144:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3054:
3002:
2982:
2964:
2946:
2928:
2910:
2892:
2874:
2856:
2838:
2824:(3rd ed.),
2816:
2806:, PHI Learning,
2798:
2788:, PHI Learning,
2771:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:. Archived from
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:. Archived from
2482:
2476:
2475:, p. xxiii.
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2329:, archived from
2324:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2290:
2289:
2284:. Archived from
2274:
2268:
2266:
2249:
2219:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2087:, archived from
2076:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2056:, archived from
2034:
2028:
2025:Lavington (1998)
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1616:, archived from
1597:
1591:
1588:Lavington (1980)
1585:
1579:
1576:Chaudhuri (2004)
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1368:on 5 August 2012
1355:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1233:
1229:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
792:cathode ray tube
646:in 1959,and the
554:Second World War
437:Deutsches Museum
414:computer science
308:— including all
255:
248:
241:
176:Cultural studies
57:
21:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4051:
4042:decision theory
4025:
3999:
3959:
3920:
3898:systems biology
3879:
3869:
3860:virtual reality
3820:
3789:
3752:
3733:data processing
3706:
3702:decision-making
3643:
3638:
3608:
3603:
3536:Small appliance
3531:Major appliance
3511:Home automation
3501:Embedded system
3456:Audio equipment
3444:
3440:Washing machine
3365:Home theater PC
3321:Central heating
3316:Air conditioner
3308:
3302:
3273:Nanoelectronics
3225:
3219:
3190:Optoelectronics
3180:Instrumentation
3153:
3148:
3080:
3052:
3039:
2993:
2990:
2988:Further reading
2985:
2980:
2967:
2962:
2949:
2944:
2931:
2926:
2913:
2908:
2895:
2890:
2877:
2872:
2859:
2854:
2841:
2836:
2826:Morgan Kaufmann
2819:
2814:
2801:
2796:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2674:on 20 June 2021
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:, p. xiii.
2435:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2232:(6025): 60–65,
2221:
2220:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2091:on 21 June 2006
2081:"Magnetic drum"
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:. p. 120.
1824:
1823:
1819:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1193:
1173:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1048:
1016:
1002:
986:
981:
956:
918:
883:database schema
867:predicate logic
840:
834:
810:hard disk drive
800:Ferranti Mark 1
760:
746:early computers
735:
722:
716:
714:Data processing
660:Masatoshi Shima
656:Federico Faggin
597:Ferranti Mark I
582:Manchester Baby
529:, using either
513:analog computer
455:
426:
401:(1450 — 1840),
353:decision-making
306:computer system
259:
230:
137:
68:General aspects
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4047:systems theory
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3916:neurocomputing
3909:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:mind uploading
3848:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:Communications
3591:
3586:
3581:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3521:Home appliance
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Home appliance
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Control system
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Microwave oven
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Bioelectronics
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3092:at Wikiversity
3079:
3078:External links
3076:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3037:
3034:Pantheon Books
3021:
3004:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2965:
2960:
2947:
2942:
2929:
2924:
2911:
2906:
2893:
2888:
2875:
2870:
2857:
2852:
2839:
2834:
2817:
2812:
2799:
2794:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2752:
2734:
2727:
2709:
2685:
2654:
2629:
2604:
2597:
2579:
2553:
2531:
2509:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2437:Pardede (2009)
2426:
2424:, p. 361.
2414:
2410:Pardede (2009)
2399:
2395:Pardede (2009)
2387:
2379:
2359:
2347:
2308:
2291:
2269:
2209:
2182:
2175:
2157:
2150:
2130:
2102:
2071:
2029:
2017:
2015:, p. 178.
2005:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1925:
1906:
1899:
1893:. p. 46.
1875:
1868:
1846:
1839:
1817:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1746:
1716:
1685:
1666:
1647:(3): 100–106,
1631:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1566:, p. 279.
1556:
1505:
1492:
1485:
1457:
1455:, p. 869.
1445:
1427:978-0199568758
1426:
1404:
1378:
1347:
1326:(2): 151–161.
1306:
1293:
1268:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1185:cost estimates
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1132:Norbert Wiener
1124:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1015:
1012:
1007:World Wide Web
1001:
998:
985:
982:
980:
977:
955:
952:
917:
914:
910:human-readable
855:hierarchically
836:Main article:
833:
830:
822:analog devices
756:Main article:
734:
731:
718:Main article:
715:
712:
648:microprocessor
640:planar process
451:Main article:
425:
422:
418:K-12 education
261:
260:
258:
257:
250:
243:
235:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
166:Classification
163:
158:
156:Categorization
153:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:in philosophy
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:computational
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3866:
3865:virtual world
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:mixed reality
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:communication
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Clothes dryer
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Semiconductor
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3024:Gleick, James
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2566:TechNewsWorld
2563:
2557:
2554:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:The Economist
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2190:Wu, Suzanne,
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1948:
1945:. June 2018.
1944:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1900:9780801886393
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1869:9783540342588
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1840:9783540342588
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 11.
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:Wright (2012)
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1000:Search system
999:
997:
993:
991:
983:
978:
976:
974:
968:
965:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
801:
797:
796:magnetic drum
793:
789:
788:Williams tube
785:
784:random-access
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
751:
747:
744:were used in
743:
742:Punched tapes
739:
732:
726:
721:
713:
711:
707:
703:
701:
695:
693:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Stanley Mazor
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:semiconductor
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
464:
459:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
345:
341:
340:
335:
330:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
236:
234:
233:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Data modeling
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:Bibliometrics
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4072:
3941:intelligence
3640:
3449:Applications
3430:Water heater
3405:Refrigerator
3385:Mobile phone
3369:
3288:Piezotronics
3116:at Wikiquote
3070:
3059:
3041:
3032:. New York:
3027:
3007:
2995:
2969:
2951:
2933:
2918:, Springer,
2915:
2897:
2879:
2861:
2843:
2821:
2803:
2785:
2777:Bibliography
2762:
2743:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:the original
2667:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2617:VentureRadar
2616:
2607:
2588:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2489:
2480:
2468:
2463:, p. 8.
2456:
2451:, p. 5.
2444:
2417:
2412:, p. 4.
2397:, p. 2.
2390:
2369:
2362:
2357:, p. 3.
2350:
2338:, retrieved
2331:the original
2318:
2311:
2306:, p. 2.
2286:the original
2281:
2272:
2229:
2223:
2202:10 September
2200:, retrieved
2195:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2140:
2133:
2121:, retrieved
2117:the original
2111:
2105:
2093:, retrieved
2089:the original
2084:
2074:
2062:, retrieved
2058:the original
2045:
2042:Resurrection
2041:
2032:
2027:, p. 1.
2020:
2008:
2000:
1984:
1979:
1974:. (4th ed.).
1971:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:
1909:
1885:
1878:
1855:
1849:
1826:
1820:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1729:
1719:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1669:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1622:, retrieved
1618:the original
1606:Resurrection
1605:
1595:
1583:
1578:, p. 3.
1571:
1559:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1467:
1460:
1448:
1438:
1431:, retrieved
1415:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1370:, retrieved
1366:the original
1360:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1227:
1174:
1165:data brokers
1129:
1052:data brokers
1049:
1036:
1029:
1017:
1003:
994:
987:
969:
957:
954:Manipulation
941:
933:broadcasting
927:
916:Transmission
894:file systems
887:
879:
841:
804:
768:punched tape
766:made use of
761:
758:Data storage
708:
704:
696:
686:
682:
680:
650:invented by
624:Robert Noyce
605:
586:
570:programmable
564:computer to
546:programmable
525:
499:
490:John Mauchly
479:
468:
461:This is the
445:programmable
411:
396:
357:
337:
333:
331:
321:
293:
289:
269:
265:
264:
216:Preservation
190:
83:Architecture
54:
32:Tech support
3556:electronics
3360:Home cinema
3298:Spintronics
3238:Atomtronics
3151:Electronics
2422:Weik (2000)
1956:17 December
1942:Nobel Prize
1798:: 131–136.
1732:: 583–596.
1281:Law Insider
1171:IT projects
1021:cost center
973:data mining
960:Moore's law
685:, the term
644:Jean Hoerni
632:Carl Frosch
589:transistors
505:tally stick
482:Alan Turing
349:statistical
186:Informatics
4099:Categories
4063:infosphere
3981:algorithms
3887:in biology
3832:processors
3825:artificial
3662:perception
3560:Multimedia
3550:technology
3425:Television
3355:Home robot
3345:Dishwasher
3307:Electronic
2668:Value Line
2546:12 January
2524:12 January
2502:12 January
2123:24 January
1915:US 3025589
1705:(9): 547.
1675:US2802760A
1440:telephone.
1240:References
863:set theory
616:Jack Kilby
574:electronic
473:(MIT) and
407:electronic
399:mechanical
392:e-commerce
372:telephones
368:television
342:; authors
327:meticulous
322:IT project
318:peripheral
288:(ICT). An
161:Censorship
123:Philosophy
93:Management
4105:Computers
3836:processes
3687:reasoning
3677:operating
3672:influence
3667:attention
3548:Microwave
3420:Telephone
3309:equipment
3283:Photonics
3064:Cambridge
3018:2222-9280
2542:. CompTIA
2264:206531385
2095:21 August
2054:0958-7403
1661:0963-7346
1614:0958-7403
1543:0036-8075
1342:2776-3242
1245:Citations
1032:computers
944:protocols
832:Databases
814:305 RAMAC
550:computing
447:computer.
294:IT system
98:Retrieval
3692:learning
3598:Wireless
3554:Military
3486:e-health
3466:Avionics
3335:Notebook
3331:Computer
3224:Advanced
3158:Branches
2642:Index.co
2572:22 March
2520:. TechUK
2340:7 August
2256:21310967
2196:USC News
2064:19 April
1947:Archived
1624:19 April
1551:17748027
1433:1 August
1372:2 August
1191:See also
1177:McKinsey
979:Services
946:such as
906:machine-
859:Ted Codd
838:Database
826:exabytes
772:obsolete
764:Colossus
700:Internet
652:Ted Hoff
580:was the
576:digital
558:Colossus
384:internet
380:software
314:software
310:hardware
274:software
133:Taxonomy
118:Ontology
88:Behavior
3768:natural
3697:storing
3350:Freezer
3026:(2011).
2678:8 March
2647:8 March
2622:8 March
2234:Bibcode
2225:Science
1800:Bibcode
1523:Bibcode
1515:Science
1286:11 July
1161:spyware
1157:cookies
1150:Hackers
818:CD-ROMs
733:Storage
694:(ISO).
678:(ICT).
566:decrypt
562:digital
542:Zuse Z3
501:Devices
433:Zuse Z3
424:History
360:synonym
221:Privacy
108:Society
103:Seeking
4068:inforg
3481:e-book
3415:Tablet
3375:Cooker
3340:Camera
3226:topics
3048:
3016:
2976:
2958:
2940:
2922:
2904:
2886:
2868:
2850:
2832:
2810:
2792:
2750:
2725:
2595:
2377:
2262:
2254:
2173:
2148:
2052:
1920:
1897:
1866:
1837:
1769:
1744:
1681:
1659:
1612:
1608:(20),
1549:
1541:
1483:
1424:
1340:
1120:Ethics
875:Oracle
662:, and
636:MOSFET
535:valves
531:relays
517:Europe
507:. The
488:, and
441:Munich
390:, and
316:, and
280:, and
211:Memory
78:Access
43:Cyient
4056:other
3794:mixed
3594:Wired
3575:Radar
3400:Radio
2334:(PDF)
2323:(PDF)
2260:S2CID
1950:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1219:Notes
1199:(ICT)
984:Email
780:radar
668:Intel
3983:and
3948:and
3939:and
3937:mind
3914:and
3905:and
3896:and
3853:and
3834:and
3596:and
3577:and
3046:ISBN
3014:ISSN
2974:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2680:2021
2649:2021
2624:2021
2593:ISBN
2574:2021
2548:2017
2526:2017
2504:2017
2375:ISBN
2342:2012
2252:PMID
2204:2013
2171:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2125:2009
2097:2011
2066:2008
2050:ISSN
1958:2019
1895:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1657:ISSN
1626:2008
1610:ISSN
1547:PMID
1539:ISSN
1481:ISBN
1435:2012
1422:ISBN
1374:2012
1338:ISSN
1288:2022
948:SOAP
908:and
865:and
750:data
622:and
370:and
300:, a
282:data
2327:IDC
2242:doi
2230:332
1808:doi
1734:doi
1707:doi
1703:104
1649:doi
1531:doi
1519:211
1473:doi
1328:doi
1159:or
849:'s
847:IBM
806:IBM
666:at
642:by
626:at
618:at
533:or
439:in
4101::
3062:.
2998:,
2828:,
2688:^
2666:.
2640:.
2615:.
2564:.
2488:.
2429:^
2402:^
2325:,
2294:^
2280:.
2258:,
2250:,
2240:,
2228:,
2212:^
2194:,
2083:,
2044:,
2040:,
1992:^
1939:.
1889:.
1858:.
1829:.
1806:.
1796:14
1794:.
1790:.
1740:.
1728:.
1701:.
1697:.
1655:,
1643:,
1604:,
1545:,
1537:,
1529:,
1517:,
1479:.
1437:,
1399:11
1397:,
1393:,
1381:^
1350:^
1336:.
1322:.
1318:.
1279:.
1261:,
1054:.
912:.
885:.
877:.
658:,
654:,
556:,
484:,
420:.
394:.
386:,
378:,
312:,
276:,
270:IT
3633:e
3626:t
3619:v
3333:/
3143:e
3136:t
3129:v
3055:.
3036:.
3020:.
3003:.
2757:.
2732:.
2682:.
2651:.
2626:.
2602:.
2576:.
2550:.
2528:.
2506:.
2385:.
2383:.
2345:.
2267:.
2244::
2236::
2207:.
2180:.
2155:.
2128:.
2100:.
2069:.
2046:1
1960:.
1903:.
1872:.
1843:.
1814:.
1810::
1802::
1775:.
1750:.
1736::
1713:.
1709::
1664:.
1651::
1645:7
1629:.
1554:.
1533::
1525::
1489:.
1475::
1443:.
1402:.
1344:.
1330::
1324:3
1290:.
1266:.
752:.
292:(
268:(
254:e
247:t
240:v
52:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.