Infantry tactics - Knowledge (XXG)

3079: 4069: 307: 2830: 3578:. Jungle terrain tended to break up and isolate units. It tended to fragment the battle. It called for greater independence and leadership among junior leaders, and all the major powers increased the level of training and experience level required for junior officers and NCOs. But fights in which squad or platoon leaders found themselves fighting on their own also called for more firepower. All the combatants, therefore, found ways to increase both the firepower of individual squads and platoons. The intent was to ensure that they could fight on their own ... which often proved to be the case. 3980:—all of which represented a rapid increase in the firepower available to low-level commanders. There was a growing emphasis on field craft, especially in the British and Dominion Armies, where night-patrolling and raiding tactics soon also demanded an increase in map-reading and navigation skills. The infantryman of 1914 was content to be trained in rifle and bayonet and usually attacked in battalion formations. By 1917 he was used to grenades, rifle grenades, light machine-guns and more specialized weapons and usually worked his way forward using platoon or section tactics. 3911: 3709: 3409:

to fully fledged "fire and movement". The riflemen were ordered to fall to the ground as if they had been shot, and then crawl to a good firing position. They took rapid aim and fired independently until the squad commander called for cease fire. On some occasions the Bren group advanced by bounds, to a position where it could effectively commence fire, preferably at 90 degrees to the main assault. In this case both the groups would give each other cover fire. The final attack was made by the riflemen who were ordered to fire at the hip as they went in.

2891:, a formation less than a hundred men wide and containing an entire brigade in tight formation and mostly advanced to contact with the bayonet. The constant movement and sheer mass of this formation could break through most enemy lines, but was susceptible to being broken by well-drilled or large volumes of fire as it could not fire as it advanced. Its main advantage was its ability to march rapidly and then deploy into line comparatively easily, especially with well-drilled and motivated troops such as those available to Napoleon after the 2647:. Knights could often easily overrun infantry armed with swords, axes, and clubs. Infantry typically outnumbered knights somewhere between five and ten to one. They supported the knights and defended any loot the formation had. Infantry armed with spears could counter the threat posed by enemy cavalry. At other times pits, caltraps, wagons or sharpened wooden stakes would be used as protection from charging cavalry, while archers brought down the enemy horsemen with arrows; the English used stakes to defend against French knights at the 3553: 3009: 255: 3668:). It did not have the range of the Japanese 50 mm mortar. However, it was handier, and could still lay down indirect high-explosive fire, and provide support with both smoke and illumination rounds. The US Army also had 60 mm mortars. This was a bigger, more capable weapon than the Japanese 50 mm weapon. But it was too heavy for use on the squad or even the platoon level. These were only deployed on the company level. 3601:

bullets to keep the opponent's head down while friendly troops advanced. The light mortar gave the squad leader an indirect "hip-pocket artillery" capability. It could fire high-explosive and fragmentation rounds to flush enemy out of dugouts and hides. It could fire smoke to conceal an advance, or illumination rounds to light up any enemy target at night. The sniper gave the squad leader a long-range point-target-killing capability.

179: 3957:" was largely unsuccessful. The nature of no man's land (filled with barbed wire and other obstructions) was one factor. For a unit to get to an enemy trench line, it had to cross this area, secure the enemy position, then face counterattack by opposing reserves. It also depended on the ability of friendly artillery to suppress enemy infantry and artillery, which was frequently limited by "bombproofs" ( 77: 3440:. The pair stood close together in order to communicate with each other. The small sub-sections would be slightly separated, thus decreasing the effect of enemy fire. If the enemy did not immediately mobilize, the second stage of defense, entrenching, was employed. These trenches were constructed behind the main line where soldiers could be kept back under cover until they were needed. 36: 3078: 3690:, whose experience is 100% in primary and secondary jungle as well as rubber plantation terrain, took the trend one step further. Their squad contained only seven men, but fielded two squad automatic gunners (with 5.56mm squad automatic weapons), two grenadiers with M16/203 underslung grenade launchers, and one anti-tank gunner with rocket launcher and assault rifle. 2674: 3130:

as late as June 1944 were still not fully motorized. Although there were trucks in World War I, their mobility could never be fully exploited because of the trench warfare stalemate, as well as the terribly torn up terrain at the front and the ineffectiveness of vehicles at the time. During World War II, infantry could be moved from one location to another using

3254:, though men were often firing at will. Victory went to the side able to concentrate the most fire on target most quickly. Generally, soldiers were ordered to hold fire until the enemy was 600 metres (660 yards) or closer, when troops opened fire on mainly large targets; individuals were fired upon only from 400 metres (440 yards) or below. 3397:. The loose file formation was a slightly more scattered line suitable for rapid movement, but vulnerable to enemy fire. Arrowheads could deploy rapidly from either flank and were hard to stop from the air. The Extended Line was perfect for the final assault, but it was vulnerable if fired upon from the flank. 2853:

important. There were many reasons for this, one being that until the invention of smokeless powder, retaining contact with the men on either side of you was sometimes the only way of knowing which way to advance. Infantry in line was extremely vulnerable to cavalry attack, leading to the development of the

2794:, made a number of tactical innovations, one of which was to break his infantry into smaller and more mobile units, rather than the traditional clumsy and slow-moving squares. The introduction of volley fire helped compensate for the inaccuracy of musket fire by and was first used in European combat at 2915:

undulating ground as individuals slowed or sped up across uneven ground. The only antidote was slow movement and the column afforded tactical battlefield manoeuvrability and as such a chance to outflank or outmanoeuvre the enemy, or, more importantly, concentrate against weaknesses in the enemy lines.

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Urban warfare draws roots from a variety of tactics and strategies. Typically fought in towns and cities, Urban combatants would encounter problems such as bystanders, buildings, and restricted mobility. Unlike the battles of Napoleon, a modern military would be restricted by narrow alleys and roads.

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was expected to dig in at 30 to 40 metres (33 to 44 yd) (the maximum that a squad leader could effectively oversee). Other cover such as single trees and crests were said to attract too much enemy fire and were rarely used. While digging, one member of the squad was to stand sentry. Gaps between

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moved mostly on tracks and it presented a small target on the front. In some cases, the machine gun could be deployed while the rest of the squad held back. In most cases, the soldiers took advantage of the terrain, keeping behind contours and cover, and running out into the open when there were none

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The late 17th century emphasised the defence and assault of fortified places and avoiding battle unless on extremely favourable terms. In the 18th century, changes in infantry tactics and weapons meant a greater willingness to accept battle and so drill, discipline and retaining formation became more

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in 1600. These changes required well-drilled troops who could maintain formation while repeatedly loading and reloading, combined with better control and thus leadership. The overall effect was to professionalise both officers and men; Maurice is sometimes claimed as the creator of the modern officer

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So in short, jungle warfare increased the number of short/sharp engagements on the platoon or even squad level. Platoon and squad leaders had to be more capable of independent action. To do this, each squad (or at least platoon) needed a balanced allocation of weapons that would allow it to complete

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took a slightly different approach. They believed the experience in Vietnam showed the value of smaller squads carrying a higher proportion of heavier weapons. The traditional 12-man squad armed with semi-automatic rifles and an automatic rifle was knocked down to 9 men: The squad leader carried the

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of 50 mm that threw high explosive, illumination and smoke rounds out to as far as 400 metres. Set on the ground and fired with arm outstretched, the operator varied the range by adjusting the height of the firing pin within the barrel (allowing the mortar to be fired through small holes in the

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Company is made up of platoons. Usually some platoons are “line” platoons, meaning they consist of soldiers with standard weapons, and then there is a support element (totaling the size of another platoon), with heavier weapons, namely mortars, heavier machine guns. It also has a larger supply unit,

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In some instances, especially when a squad was working independently to seize an enemy position, the commander ordered the squad to attack in sub-teams. "Team Able", made up of two riflemen scouts, would locate the enemy; "Team Baker", composed of a BAR man and three riflemen, would open fire. "Team

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was the main offensive in the squad action. The commander made an assault whenever he was given the opportunity rather than being ordered to do so. The whole section was rushed into the assault while the commander led the way. Throughout the assault, the enemy had to be engaged with the maximum rate

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implemented many military reforms to change the nature of warfare. Napoleon's single greatest legacy in warfare was the extensive use and elaboration of the disseminated army; he separated groups of units in his army to spread them out over a wider area but kept them under his central command unlike

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Soldiers armed with arquebuses were usually placed in three lines so one line would be able to fire, while the other two could reload. This tactic enabled an almost constant flow of gunfire to be maintained and made up for the inaccuracy of the weapon. In order to hold back cavalry, wooden palisades

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legion was an improvement over the phalanx on which it was based, providing flexibility and responsiveness unequalled before that time. By increasing dispersal, triple that of a typical phalanx, the manipular legion had the unanticipated benefit of reducing the lethality of opposing weapons. Coupled

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Infantry tactics are the oldest method of warfare and span all eras. In different periods, the prevailing technology of the day has had an important impact on infantry tactics. In the opposite direction, tactical methods can encourage the development of particular technologies. Similarly, as weapons

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with tanks and small units of assault infantry protected by air support and short intense artillery barrages while the main infantry force followed and seized strongpoints. This forced the Germans back and after less than three months the allies had made the largest territorial gains on the western

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Tactics of a battalion gave a lot more flexibility to the commander. In 20th century, usual deployment involved certain amount of units deployed, with specific weapon systems supporting it, creating a chess style scenario, where the side on the offensive would generally try to attack least powerful

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team and second in command that formed one element, while the main body of the riflemen with the squad commander formed another. The larger group that contained the commander was responsible for closing in on the enemy and advancing promptly when under fire. When under effective fire, riflemen went

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Another major development was the means of transportation; no longer did soldiers have to walk (or ride a horse) from location to location. The prevalence of motor transport, however, has been overstated; Germany used more horses for transport in World War II than in World War I, and British troops

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during combat. The role of the infantry on the battlefield is, typically, to close with and engage the enemy, and hold territorial objectives; infantry tactics are the means by which this is achieved. Infantry commonly makes up the largest proportion of an army's fighting strength, and consequently

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For tactics, platoon can function independently, providing its own covering fire, and have an assaulting element. For this there is a division made by the platoon leader regarding what squads are assigned what combat task (defense or offense). Within offense (assault, fire support, or in reserve)

2503:. Perhaps the most important innovation was improving the quality of training to a level not seen before. Although individual methods were used by earlier generations, the Romans were able to combine them into an overwhelmingly successful army, able to defeat any enemy for more than two centuries. 3600:

The result was that each squad was now a self-sufficient combat unit. Each squad had an automatic weapons capability. In a defensive role, the machine gun could be set to create a “beaten zone” of bullets through which no enemy could advance and survive. In an attack, it could throw out a hail of

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The defensive firefight was conducted by the machine gun at an effective range while riflemen were concealed in their foxholes until the enemy assault. Enemy grenades falling on the squad's position were avoided by diving away from the blast or by simply throwing or kicking the grenade back. This

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operations using helicopters to deliver men in a precise manner. Helicopters also provided fire support in many cases, and could be rushed to deliver precision strikes on the enemy. Thus, the infantry was free to range far beyond the conventional fixed artillery positions. They could even operate

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The column formation allowed the unit rapid movement, a very effective charge (due to weight of numbers) or it could quickly form square to resist cavalry attacks, but by its nature, only a fraction of its muskets would be able to open fire. The line offered a substantially larger musket frontage

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often became a substitute for communities and villages who could not afford large forces of heavy cavalry. The pike could be up to 18 feet (5.5 m) long, whereas the spear was only 6 to 8 feet (2.4 m) in length. Archers would be integrated into these forces of spearmen or pikemen to rain

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in earlier times when each separate division would have fought independently. This allowed him to force battle by turning or encircling the enemy army where in previous eras armies only fought by mutual consent or because a surprise manoeuvre had them trapped against an obstacle such as a river.

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to attack the aircraft as they were landing or taking off. The Stinger, however, was not the "weapon that won the war". Although it did have a significant effect on the conduct of war, it was not used to shoot down very many aircraft. It did force the Soviets to modify their helicopter tactics.

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did extensive fighting in the jungles and rubber plantations of Malaya during the Emergency, and in Borneo against Indonesia during the Confrontation. As a result of these experiences, the British increased the close-range firepower of their individual riflemen by replacing the pre-World War II

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attacks forced the British infantry to begin wearing khaki uniforms instead of their traditional red. The Boers were much more mobile than the British infantry and thus could usually choose where a battle would take place. These unconventional tactics forced the British to adopt some unorthodox

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This greatly surpassed other armies at the time which had to move slowly to keep their lines aligned and coherent and as such keep the cavalry from their interior; spaces could be guarded with musket fire, but the line had to be generally aligned and this could be lost over even apparently flat

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were fixed. They would move rapidly toward the enemy, firing and advancing in areas occupied by hostile soldiers. Such fire would usually be delivered in a standing position at a rapid rate. After taking the enemy's position, the commander would either order his squad to defend or continue the

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made their army into a complex professional organization, with a developed leadership structure and a rank system. The Romans made it possible for small-unit commanders to receive rewards and medals for valor and advancement in battle. Another major advantage was a new tactical formation, the

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positions but the tactics were intensely modified by employment of heavy artillery cover often firing in direct role and relentless air-strikes before the ground attack. As any daytime attack would be suicidal, all the attacks were made under the cover of darkness to minimize casualties. The

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Conventional infantry tactics are generally modified before implementation in mountain warfare as the defending side generally has a decisive advantage over the attacking side by holding the heights and forcing the enemy to attack uphill against a fully prepared well entrenched position. So

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that could withstand strikes from even some of the most powerful weapons of the 19th century before luring opposing forces into an ambush. Sometimes the natives would arm themselves with weapons similar or superior to those of the imperialistic country they were fighting. During the

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The mixed order remained a part of French tactical doctrine as the French army grew in discipline, capitalising as it did on the strengths of both the line and column formations while avoiding some of their inherent weaknesses. It was used extensively by Napoleon when commanding the

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man in front with riflemen in a line behind them roughly 60 paces long. This formation was easily controlled and maneuvered and it was suitable for crossing areas open to artillery fire, moving through narrow covered routes, and for fast movement in woods, fog, smoke, and darkness.

3298:(LMG) to open fire upon the enemy. If much cover existed and good fire effect was possible, riflemen took part early. Most riflemen had to be on the front later to prepare for the assault. Usually, they fired individually unless their commander ordered them to focus on one target. 2844:

Once this was resolved in the early 18th century, the accepted practice was for both sides to fire then charging with fixed bayonets; this required careful calculation since the closer the lines, the more effective the first volleys. One of the most famous examples of this was at

2639:. Armies (much like the states of the period) were more decentralized. There was little systematic organisation of supplies and equipment. Leaders were often incompetent; their positions of authority often based on birth, not ability. Most soldiers were much more loyal to their 3281:". This was used either with the entire squad, or the machine gun team down while riflemen advanced. Commanders were often cautioned not to fire the machine gun until forced to do so by enemy fire. The object of the firefight was to not necessarily to destroy the enemy, but 3277:, or skirmish line. The machine gun deployed on the spot, while riflemen came up on the right, left or both sides. The result was a ragged line with men about five paces apart, taking cover whenever available. In areas where resistance was serious, the squad executed " 3675:(BAR) gunner of World War II. The US Army discovered that an automatic rifle was a poor substitute for a real machine gun. A rifle fired in the sustained automatic role easily overheated, and its barrel could not be changed. In post-Vietnam, the US Army adopted the 2627:

in other wars, the Vikings could decide when and where to attack. In part because of their flat bottomed ships, which enabled them to sneak deep into Europe by river before carrying out an attack, the Vikings could frequently catch their enemies by surprise.

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Small unit tactics, squad in particular, had basic principles of assault, and support elements that were generally adopted by all the major combatants, with differences being in the exact size of units, placement of the elements and specialized guidance.

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with superb training and effective leaders, the Roman army was the finest in the world for centuries. The army's power on the field was such that its leaders avoided most fortifications, preferring to meet the enemy on open ground. To take an enemy-held

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Charlie", made up of the squad leader and the last five riflemen, would make the assault. The assault is given whenever possible and without regard to the progress of the other squads. After the assault, the squad advanced, dodging for cover, and the

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was not practical. The biggest disadvantage of crossbows was the slow reloading time. With the advent of steel and mechanical drawing aids, crossbows became more powerful than ever. Armor proof against longbows and older crossbows could not stop

3660:, and assistant gunner with M16). The addition of two M60 machine gun teams created more firepower on the platoon level. The platoon leader could arrange these to give covering fire, using his remaining three squads as his maneuver element. The 2759:

As firearms became cheaper and more effective, they grew to widespread use among infantry beginning in the 16th century. Requiring little training, firearms soon began to make swords, maces, bows, and other weapons obsolete. Pikes, as a part of

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Platoon is made up of squads and a command element. Usually 4 squads make up a platoon, but this can vary by the army and time period. Command element is small and is often just one officer and one NCO. Together a platoon is about 40 soldiers.

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Helicopters begun to cooperate more closely with the ground forces, fixed wing aircraft began flying at higher altitudes, and armor and anti-missile electronic defense systems were added to aircraft to help protect them from the Stinger.

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was an alternative to the skirmish line and was suitable for ready movement in any direction or for emerging from cover. Wedges were often used away from the riflemen's range of fire as it was much more vulnerable than the skirmish line.

2666:. The halberd could be the length of a spear, but with an axe head which enabled the user to stab or chop the enemy cavalry with either the front of the axe or a thin point on the opposite side. The Japanese also created polearms. The 3145:

behind enemy lines, hoping to catch the enemy off-guard. First used by the Germans in 1940, they were to seize key objectives and hold long enough for additional forces to arrive. They required prompt support from regulars, however;

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Four squads composed a platoon. There was no headquarters section, only the platoon leader and the platoon sergeant. In effect, the platoon could fight as four independent, self-contained battle units (a concept very similar to the

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quietly infiltrated the enemy's forward trenches, without the heavy bombardment that gave advance warning of an imminent attack. The French and British/Dominion Armies were also engaged in evolving similar infantry tactics. The

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usually 3-10 soldiers, a small medic unit, supply unit and a communication unit. Companies in 20th century varied quite a bit by country of origin, but for Germany, USA, and UK between 170 and 200 soldiers was about the normal.

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preferred to simply rush their enemies in a massive horde. These tribes would often win battles against more advanced enemies by achieving surprise and outnumbering their foes. Born out of the partition of the Roman Empire, the

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was the section that worked its way forward in a loose formation. Usually, the LMG formed the front of the attack. The farther the riflemen followed behind the LMG, the more easily the rear machine guns could shoot past them.

2417:, and the first scientific military research. Theban and Macedonian tactics were variations focused on a concentrated point to break through the enemy phalanx, following the shock of cavalry. Carefully organized—into 3648:

and AN/PRC-6 radio. He commanded two fire teams of four men apiece (each containing one team leader with M16, grenadier with M16/203, designated automatic rifleman with M16 and bipod, and an anti-tank gunner with

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dug-in squads may be left, but covered by fire. The placing of the machine gun was key to the German squad defence, which was given several alternative positions, usually being placed 50 metres (55 yards) apart.

2946:(regiments) were infamous for their bull horn tactic. It involved four groups - two in the front, one on the left, and one on the right. They would surround the enemy unit, close in, and destroy them with short 2768:. Although less accurate than the bow, an arquebus could penetrate most armours of the period and required little training. In response, armor thickened, making it very heavy and expensive. As a result, the 3820:

as they adapted and employed similar tactic used by them; tanks and aircraft were comparatively less effective due to terrain and enemy mobility in it. The only technology with a significant impact on

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Modern infantry tactics vary with the type of infantry deployed. Armoured and mechanised infantry are moved and supported in action by vehicles, while others may operate amphibiously from ships, or as

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Battalions are led by a Major or Lieutenant Colonel, with a staff of about 30-40 soldiers. Exception here are Soviet units which traditionally had smaller staffs than American or German counterparts.

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formation which could be a combination of one or more lines supported by one or more columns. This offered the extended firepower of the line with the rapid reaction ability of the column in support.

4041:, breaching the Allied trench lines and allowing supporting infantry to pour through a wide breach in the front lines. Even though most of the German forces were on foot, they were soon threatening 3887:

of 1999 when Indian forces were faced with the huge task of flushing out intruders and disguised Pakistani soldiers who had captured high mountain posts. Instead of employing blockade tactics,

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A common tactic used during the earlier stages of trench warfare was to shell an enemy trench line, at which point friendly infantry would leave the safety of their trenches, advance across

3632:) and these remained apportioned one per squad. They comprised the bulk of the squad's firepower, even after the introduction of the self-loading rifle (a semi-automatic copy of the Belgian 3585:(a machine gun fed from a magazine and light enough to be carried by one gunner and an assistant ammunition bearer). A designated sniper was also part of the team, as was a grenadier with a 2643:

than their state, and insubordination within armies was common. However, the biggest difference between previous wars and those of the Middle Ages was the use of heavy cavalry, particularly

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This allows an opponent to predict or limit the movement of one's motorized vehicles by using weapons such as IEDs, RPGs, and artillery. This forces the infantry to push those threats out.

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Napoleon was also an avid user of artillery —he began his career as an artillery officer— and used the artillery to great effect due to his specialist knowledge. The French army after the

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while fire-armed Zulus kept up a harassing fire. The Zulu warriors surprised and often overwhelmed their enemies, even much better armed and equipped enemies such as the British army.

3261:, or single file, formation, the commander took the lead, followed by the machine gunner and his assistants, then riflemen, with the assistant squad commander moving on the rear. The 2616:

were well-paid and led by commanders educated in military tactics and history. However, the army mostly relied on cavalry, making the infantry a smaller portion of its overall force.

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Japan, as one example, increased the number of heavy weapons in each squad. The "strengthened" squad used from 1942 onwards was normally 15 men. The Japanese squad contained one

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consisted of an approximately 6-foot (1.8 m) long shaft and a 2.5-foot (0.76 m) blade. The naginata was often used by women to guard a castle in the absence of men.

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gatherings of 2 to 4 men, hidden as well as possible. The regular single file formation was only used in certain circumstances, such as when the squad was advancing behind a

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teams, while tanks would provide cover for the infantry. Portable radios allowed field commanders to communicate with their HQs, allowing new orders to be relayed instantly.

2818:, while improving mobility by removing heavy armour. Perhaps the biggest change was to increase the numbers of musketeers and eliminating the need for pikemen by using the 4068: 3183:, allowed a more effective attack against armor from a distance. Thus, especially in the ruined urban zones, tanks were forced to enter accompanied by squads of infantry. 2724:. Like the crossbow, the gonne did not require trained soldiers and could penetrate the armor worn by enemy soldiers. Ranged weapon users were protected by soldiers with 2925:

Napoleon was eventually defeated, but his tactics were studied well into the 19th Century, even as improved weapons made massed infantry attacks increasingly hazardous.

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In the latter part of the war, emphasis was put on defense against armored vehicles. Defensive positions were built on a "tank-proof obstacle" composed of at least one

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in which artillery fire is laid immediately in front of advancing infantry to clear any enemy in their way. This played an important part in later battles such as the

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often suffers the heaviest casualties. Throughout history, infantrymen have sought to minimise their losses in both attack and defence through effective tactics. (

3209:. As with conventional infantry, the Marines used radios to communicate with their supporting elements. They could call in sea and air bombardment very quickly. 2587:, and force the enemy to attempt to stop them from reducing the fortification's walls to rubble. The Roman army's achievements were carefully carved in stone on 2567:) he would be made a citizen after doing so, upon completion of his term of service. Roman infantry discipline was strict and training constant and repetitive. 3451:

as well as artillery support directed by an observer. To intercept enemy tanks probing a defensive position, squads often patrolled with an anti-tank weapon.

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formation, survived a good deal longer. By the mid-16th century, firearms had become the main weapons in many armies. The main firearm of that period was the

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The squad's weaponry also included a grenade-launcher team armed with what some historians might often mistakenly call a "knee mortar". This was in fact a

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formation with their fellow soldiers. To motivate the Roman soldier to come within two metres (6 ft) of his enemy (as he was required to do with the

3320:, rifles, pistols, and entrenching tools, the squad tried to break the enemy resistance. The squad had to reorganize quickly once the assault was over. 2728:. Knights would be on either sides of this force and close in on the enemy to destroy them after they had been weakened by volleys. The introduction of 306: 3571: 1230: 3358:

formation. In it, the squad was deployed in a line roughly 60 paces long. It was suitable for short rapid dashes but was not easy to control. The

1657: 3118:, new infantry tactics were devised. More than ever, battles consisted of infantry working together with tanks, aircraft, artillery as part of 2903:

allowing for greater shooting capability but required extensive training to allow the unit to move over ground as one while retaining the line.

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The widespread availability of helicopters following World War II allowed the emergence of an air mobility tactics such as aerial envelopment.

3147: 4288: 3169:, some of which could be magnetically attached to the tank, required the user to get closer than was prudent. Later developments, such as the 2963:

fought their enemies by using a handful of riflemen to lure enemy riflemen into the range of concealed Sudanese spearmen. In New Zealand, the

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In World War II, some interesting variations are bicycle messengers in German infantry companies, and two snipers in a Soviet rifle company.

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method formations depended chiefly on the ground and the type of enemy fire that was encountered. Five squad formations were primarily used:

2559:. Roman soldiers were trained to stab with these swords instead of slash, always keeping their shields in front of them, maintaining a tight 2013: 2208: 1986: 601: 3229:

The main goal was to advance by means of fire and movement with minimal casualties while maintaining unit effectiveness and control.

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operations in support of humanitarian relief efforts have become particularly important. Tactics also vary with terrain. Tactics in

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on a scale not previously known. As Naval Infantry, both Japanese and American Marines enjoyed the support of naval craft such as

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generally, frontal assault is avoided by implementation of blockade tactics and cutting off the supply lines, thereby creating a

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Regiment is the final level in tactical infantry progression. After regiment you have division, and that is operational level.

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defensive squad tactics stressed the importance of integration with larger plans and principles in posts scattered in depth. A

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operation took time but was successful and all the positions were recaptured by the Indian Army after two months of fighting.

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Tactics start to become more complex at the company level, as more weapon systems are available at the commander's disposal.

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Paddy Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916-18, Yale University Press, 1994.

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were also introduced. Parachute drops, which tended to scatter a large number of men over the battlefield, were replaced by

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weapons usually consisted of metal tubes tied down to wooden staves. Usually, these weapons could only be fired once. These

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elements, while the defense would try to anticipate the correct threat and neutralize it with appropriate weapon systems.

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Generally, in all the armies of the 20th century, a company is the first unit that is designed to function autonomously.

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A battalion is the first level that intelligence, combat engineers, air-defense and anti-tank artillery entered a unit.

2203: 667: 120: 3943: 3636:). The British did not deploy a mortar on the squad level. However, there was one 2-inch mortar on the platoon level. 3429: 3027: 2803: 2213: 1400: 1202: 1073: 611: 205: 3070:(originally conceived for airborne), in which the enemy is not flanked to the left or right, but rather from above. 2632:

were common targets because they were seldom heavily defended and often contained substantial amounts of valuables.

3606: 3593: 3165:. Neither was particularly effective, especially if armor was accompanied by supporting infantry. These, and later 3100: 3086: 3016: 1677: 4395:

Custer suffered from insubordinate junior officers as much as superior enemy weapons, as shown in Sklenar, Larry.

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inserted by helicopter, parachute or glider, whereas light infantry may operate mainly on foot. In recent years,

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The final phases of an offensive squad action were the firefight, advance, assault, and occupation of position:

3134:, trucks, and even aircraft, which left them better rested and able to fight once they reached their objective. 2499:(adopted around 300BC), which could operate independently to take advantage of gaps in an enemy line, as at the 3863:

were forced to carry their own food in addition to weapons and military supplies. Another common tactic was to

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Three squads composed a platoon along with two three-man machine gun teams (team leader with M16, gunner with

3968:

The casualties caused by machine gun fire led to the widespread deployment of light machine guns such as the

2976:, Lt. Colonel George Custer and five out of twelve companies of the 7th Cavalry were destroyed by a force of 2939:

Countries which have not been major world powers have used many other infantry tactics. In South Africa, the

109: 3835:

As the Soviet operations stalled, they began retaliating against the civilian population for supporting the

3679:

to replace the automatic M16. With an interchangeable barrel and larger magazine, this weapon, known as the

3622: 3104: 2599:

After the fall of the Roman Empire, many of the ingenious tactics they used disappeared. Tribes such as the

2571: 2496: 2191: 2173: 1929: 1488: 1410: 1355: 953: 616: 4101: 4050: 3990: 3786:. This was because the Stinger was only effective at a range of 15,000 feet (4,600 m), requiring the 3680: 3671:

The deficiency of the US formation remained the automatic rifleman, a tradition that had gone back to the

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to overcome the deadlock of static positions but mechanical unreliability prevented them from doing so.

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and manpower problems prevented an Allied disaster. After this spring offensive, the Allies launched a

3871:. These tactics were not unlike those used by the United States in Vietnam, or by the Germans against 3628:

However, the British Army was already blessed in its possession of a good squad automatic weapon (the

3327:), the riflemen group up into twos or threes around the LMG so they could hear the section commander. 3157:

To counter the tank threat, World War II infantry initially had few options other than the so-called "

4013: 3994: 3665: 3067: 2795: 2698: 2410: 2038: 1940: 1797: 1792: 1610: 1575: 1310: 1130: 988: 924: 778: 748: 345: 3843:

an Afghan village in retaliation for an attack against Soviet soldiers. At other times they dropped

3444:

tactic was very dangerous and U.S. sources report American soldiers losing hands and feet this way.

2479:(cavalry) attached—and thoroughly trained, these proved exceedingly effective in the hands of 4274:, p. 19. Covering a wider area naturally reduces the tendency of any one soldier to be killed. 3984: 3915: 3848: 2815: 2781: 2648: 2636: 2635:

Battles of the Middle Ages were often smaller than those involving the Roman and Grecian armies of

2539:(a large convex shield) providing protection against most attacks without the inflexibility of the 2480: 1889: 1874: 1750: 1637: 1615: 1590: 1550: 1460: 1270: 1175: 1125: 892: 882: 847: 639: 629: 399: 323: 2995:. Boer marksmen would often pick off British soldiers from hundreds of yards away. These constant 2475: 3972:

within minor infantry units. Trench warfare also led to the rapid development of new designs of

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grenade launcher on the flanks. Another soldier provides liaison or extra firepower where needed.

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The German squad had two main formations while moving on the battlefield. When advancing in the

2725: 2588: 3008: 2401:, because of local geography, the phalanx was well developed in Greece and had superseded most 254: 4543: 4514: 4466: 4452: 4376: 4351: 4326: 4294: 4111: 4038: 3864: 3295: 3278: 3123: 3096: 3034: 2934: 2919: 2892: 2787: 2356: 2303: 2294: 2259: 2168: 2115: 2018: 2008: 2003: 1973: 1956: 1951: 1924: 1869: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1465: 1455: 1450: 1425: 1395: 1285: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1235: 1225: 1140: 1093: 1063: 902: 695: 672: 606: 134: 2987:

Unconventional infantry tactics often put a conventional enemy at a disadvantage. During the

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and full suits of armour, and only the most valuable cavalry wore more than a padded shirt.

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Battalion is made up of line companies, larger headquarters, and heavier support weapons.

2826:

overcame this issue but the technical problem of keeping it attached took time to perfect.

2547:

from up to 18 m (20 yd) (and frequently far less), followed by a volley of heavy

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was greatly motivated and after the reforms of 1791, well trained in the newest doctrine.

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tactical formation as far back as the third millennium BC. It was a tightly knit group of

2320: 2043: 2028: 1946: 1902: 1844: 1500: 1495: 1385: 1375: 1290: 1265: 1207: 1048: 978: 968: 907: 820: 805: 728: 700: 500: 480: 328: 267: 2964: 2908: 3756:, they were not able to completely destroy them because of the difficulty of countering 4421:

Tim Cook, Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917-1918, Viking Canada 2008

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in 1745 when the British and French troops allegedly invited each other to fire first.

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were able to be effective against stronger enemies through surprise and mobility. Like

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was a part. The tactic required close coordination in an era before widespread use of

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by being deployed by helicopter into areas identified as areas often transited by the

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put a ban on them, but the move toward using this lethal weapon had already started.

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Jungle warfare was heavily shaped by the experiences of all the major powers in the

3161:" (first used by Chinese troops against Japanese tanks around Shanghai in 1937) and 2732:

presaged a social revolution; even an illiterate peasant could kill a noble knight.

4018: 3776: 3613: 3575: 3313: 3054: 3020: 2992: 2819: 2791: 2717: 2491: 2324: 2252: 2178: 2158: 2153: 2048: 1993: 1627: 1622: 1445: 1360: 1108: 842: 743: 540: 444: 263: 2591:, and are well documented by artifacts strewn about battlefields all over Europe. 3122:. One example of this is how infantry would be sent ahead of tanks to search for 3954: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3888: 3779: 3735: 3563: 3245: 3190: 3179: 3138: 3131: 2940: 2896: 2629: 2580: 2560: 2394: 2378: 2163: 1914: 1879: 1718: 1405: 1370: 1083: 1026: 929: 713: 434: 429: 76: 4504: 17: 4046: 4005:

wire under fire was extremely hazardous. In response, the Germans devised the

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Dedicated supply section entered the military hierarchy at the company level.

3400:

The British squad would commonly break up into two groups for the attack. The

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behind enemy lines, and later be extracted by air. This led to the concept of

3058: 3050: 2811: 2613: 2518: 2369:, generally upper and middle-class men, typically eight to twelve ranks deep, 2302:

and tactics evolve, so do the tactical formations employed, such as the Greek

2120: 2090: 1812: 1181: 4002: 3969: 3962: 3931: 3856: 3844: 3825: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3676: 3645: 3336:

squad's basic formations were very similar to that of the Germans. The U.S.

3294:

was the fire unit section. The section commander usually only commanded the

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front since the war began. The Germans then sued for peace ending the war.

3499:

Ratio remains the same. Usually three line companies and one support unit.

3385:, single file, loose file, irregular arrowhead, and the extended line. The 2720:, were not very accurate, and would usually be fired from city walls or in 2673: 2658:

down arrows upon an enemy while the spears or pikes held the enemy at bay.

2861:; while not unknown, it was rare for cavalry to break a well-held square. 2822:. Its disadvantage was that the musket could not be fired once fixed; the 4282: 4280: 3973: 3800: 3783: 3405: 3394: 3241: 2981: 2765: 2729: 2689: 2667: 2659: 2584: 2459: 2365: 2283: 2125: 2100: 1733: 1365: 1340: 958: 513: 387: 2780:

or pikemen would be in front of arquebusiers. An example of this is the

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Handbook for the Commander and Soldier of the Machine Gun Squad, 1941

4499:

David Goldovt-Ryzhenkov (Translator from Russian) 2nd Edition, 2022:

3958: 3633: 3621:

with lighter, automatic weapons like the American M2 carbine and the

3597:

jungle canopy). The balance of the squad carried bolt-action rifles.

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of fire. The LMG took part in the assault, firing on the move. Using

3013: 2996: 2751: 2721: 2469: 2390: 2382: 2374: 2308: 1642: 1043: 860: 596: 4045:. Only timely and stiff resistance, the use of reserves, and German 3859:

with helicopter weapons. Without the support of the villagers, the

3683:

in U.S. inventory, provided the sustained automatic fire required.

4412:(London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 18, p.1929-20, "Molotov Cocktail". 4205: 4067: 4042: 3998: 3909: 3880: 3707: 3551: 3077: 3042: 3038: 3007: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2943: 2745: 2678: 2672: 2523: 2370: 2360: 1118: 654: 649: 253: 4410:

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare

3942:. Massed infantry charges were now essentially suicidal, and the 4027: 3174: 2397:, or in large numbers. Although the early Greeks focused on the 414: 409: 270:

formation tactics to fend off attacks of French cavalry, at the

3664:

combination was a particular American creation (along with its

3031: 287: 172: 70: 29: 2991:, the Boers used guerrilla tactics to fight the conventional 2282:

are the combination of military concepts and methods used by

3930:, the increasing lethality of more modern weapons, such as 3141:, was deployed as well. These lightly armed soldiers would 3953:, and seize the enemy trenches. However, this tactic of " 2579:, the Roman army would cut off any supply lines, build 197: 4255: 4253: 2543:. Generally, battle would open with a volley of light 4228: 4226: 3782:

and fixed wing aircraft in proximity of the military

2293:

For a wider view of battle and theater tactics see:

101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4399:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000. 3340:had the men strung out with the squad leader and 2393:. It was most effective in narrow areas, such as 4494:World War II Infantry Tactics: Squad and Platoon 4350:(Revised ed.). Da Capo Press. p. 131. 3839:. It was not uncommon for Soviet helicopters to 3832:were able to find ways to avoid and evade both. 3057:. New devices, including smaller radios and the 2662:were improved again with the development of the 2385:, armed with two-to-three metre (6~9 foot) 4375:(2017 ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 368. 3965:, poor ammunition, or simply inaccurate fire. 3467:It can also function as part of the company. 3285:- to beat down, silence, or neutralize them. 3240:(fire fight), then occupy key positions. The 2806:who increased the effectiveness and speed of 2260: 186:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 4373:Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards 3389:formation, first used in 1917, referred to 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4325:(2006 ed.). Basic Books. p. 61. 4204:, a formation equivalent to a modern army 2267: 2253: 277: 3248:teams were not separate, but part of the 242:Learn how and when to remove this message 224:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 3938:, forced a shift in infantry tactics to 3914:British infantry in a trench during the 2828: 2802:His innovations were further adapted by 2744: 2312:, the Napoleonic column, or the British 1231:List of military strategies and concepts 4122: 3748:. Although the Soviet Army had greater 3053:was the first major conflict following 2413:reorganized his army, with emphasis on 285: 4509:Dupuy, Trevor N., Colonel, U.S. Army. 4447:Dupuy, Trevor N., Colonel, U.S. Army. 3154:after being left essentially cut off. 4513:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1980. 4451:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1980. 4271: 4259: 4244: 4232: 4217: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 7: 4465:. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985. 4348:The Evolution Of Weapons And Warfare 4112:All-around defense/Perimeter defense 3828:and helicopters, although over time 3037:in the center and two soldiers with 99:adding citations to reliable sources 4033:The Germans used specially-trained 3428:Pairs of soldiers were deployed in 2612:created an effective military. Its 2533:(a short thrusting sword), and the 2486:However, as effective as the Greek 4290:Reader's Guide to Military History 3529:, trenches, ditches, foxholes and 2347:areas are all markedly different. 25: 3891:launched frontal assault against 3193:. These soldiers were capable of 2836:line infantry attack at the 1745 2755:in "bastioned square," in battle. 45:This article has multiple issues. 4511:Evolution of Weapons and Warfare 4449:Evolution of Weapons and Warfare 4037:to great effect in 1918, during 305: 177: 75: 34: 4196:could be combined into a grand 3816:tactics were effective against 3557:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 3752:and modern equipment than the 3531:Dragon's teeth (fortification) 3110:As part of the development of 2551:just before the clashing with 1: 3798:tactics in various ways. The 3562:sweeping a jungle during the 2701:from these improved weapons. 2583:around the perimeter, set up 3867:off and search villages for 3771:missile was supplied to the 3717:Army Mountain Warfare School 3273:could easily be formed into 3189:became prominent during the 3137:A new type of infantry, the 2967:hid in fortified bunkers or 4287:Messenger, Charles (2001). 3976:, rifle grenades and light 3323:When occupying a position ( 3101:Assault Amphibious Vehicles 3028:general purpose machine gun 2810:by using the more reliable 2517:On the infantry level, the 2409:. In the fourth century BC 1724:Military–industrial complex 1203:Operational manoeuvre group 200:, discuss the issue on the 27:Foot-soldier combat methods 4560: 4371:Mackinnon, Daniel (1883). 4293:. Routledge. p. 370. 4061: 3903: 3794:The Soviets countered the 3701: 3688:Republic of Singapore Army 3545: 3325:The Occupation of Position 3205:, and the newly developed 2932: 2873: 2527:(a piercing javelin), the 2510: 4408:Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. 4051:series of counter-attacks 3804:were used extensively in 3742:fought forces called the 3404:consisted of the two-man 2887:He relied heavily on the 2521:adapted new weapons: the 2507:The Roman tactical system 1788:Loss-of-strength gradient 645:Combat information center 4192:, p. 14 The simple 3946:ground to a standstill. 3812:, or sites of ambushes. 3673:Browning Automatic Rifle 3537:Infantry warfare by type 3354:was very similar to the 2974:Battle of Little Bighorn 2895:. He later utilised the 2838:Battle of Hohenfriedberg 2490:was, it was inflexible. 2481:Alexander III of Macedon 2106:Military science fiction 1591:Technology and equipment 1012:List of military tactics 4346:Dupuy, Trevor (1990) . 3983:An improvement was the 3955:preliminary bombardment 3775:, they began to ambush 3623:Sterling submachine gun 3572:Southeast Asian theatre 3533:were used extensively. 3492:Battalion level tactics 3074:Mobile infantry tactics 3041:assault rifles and one 2174:Wartime sexual violence 1930:Full-spectrum dominance 1741:Supply-chain management 4482:20th Century 1918–1939 4102:Reconnaissance by fire 4083: 3991:Battle of Arras (1917) 3923: 3883:. This changed in the 3727: 3587:rifle-grenade launcher 3583:squad automatic weapon 3567: 3513:Regiment level tactics 3148:First British Airborne 3107: 3046: 3012:A Romanian squad of a 3000:tactics of their own. 2841: 2790:, leader of the 1580s 2756: 2685: 2513:Roman infantry tactics 2389:and overlapping round 2086:Awards and decorations 2059:Peace through strength 2034:Low-intensity conflict 1668:Conscientious objector 1541:Area of responsibility 275: 4321:Dyer, Gwynne (1985). 4073:Israel Defense Forces 4071: 3913: 3847:from aircraft in the 3711: 3694:its mission unaided. 3574:of operations during 3555: 3521:Infantry entrenchment 3471:Company level tactics 3081: 3011: 2832: 2748: 2681:Jerusalem during the 2676: 678:Torpedo data computer 668:Ship gun fire-control 272:Battle of Quatre Bras 260:28th Regiment of Foot 257: 4075:soldiers practicing 4014:infiltration tactics 3296:light machine gunner 3236:squad would win the 3068:vertical envelopment 3023:arrangement, with a 3019:. This is a typical 2411:Philip II of Macedon 2204:Military occupations 2039:Military engineering 1941:Unrestricted Warfare 1798:Force multiplication 696:Military manoeuvrers 206:create a new article 198:improve this article 188:may not represent a 95:improve this article 3916:Battle of the Somme 2782:Battle of Nagashino 2741:Early modern period 2649:Battle of Agincourt 2288:tactical objectives 1890:Penal military unit 1875:Rules of engagement 1551:Command and control 1176:Operations research 640:Director (military) 630:Fire-control system 400:Command and control 281:Part of a series on 4505:Translated Manuals 4496:, 2004 Osprey Ltd. 4397:To Hell With Honor 4084: 4001:, and when laying 3924: 3855:, or shooting the 3806:special operations 3728: 3713:United States Army 3568: 3195:amphibious warfare 3108: 3094:amphibious warfare 3047: 2881:Napoleon Bonaparte 2876:Napoleonic tactics 2865:Late modern period 2842: 2772:replaced the mail 2757: 2686: 2407:Greco-Persian Wars 1999:Counter-insurgency 1920:Command of the sea 1865:Jewish laws on war 1840:Geneva Conventions 1376:Divide and conquer 1171:Military operation 1136:Tactical objective 635:Fire-control radar 612:Electronic-warfare 276: 110:"Infantry tactics" 4525:Post World War II 4357:978-0-306-80384-0 4247:, pp. 16–17. 4220:, pp. 13–14. 4144:, pp. 10–11. 4039:Operation Michael 3875:in World War II. 3732:Soviet–Afghan War 3413:Defensive tactics 3279:fire and movement 3225:Offensive tactics 3207:aircraft carriers 3150:was decimated at 3035:light machine gun 2935:Irregular warfare 2929:Irregular tactics 2920:French Revolution 2893:French Revolution 2804:Gustavus Adolphus 2788:Maurice of Nassau 2295:Military strategy 2277: 2276: 2169:Horses in warfare 2116:Anti-war movement 2019:Gunboat diplomacy 2009:Disaster response 1957:Philosophy of war 1952:Principles of war 1925:Deterrence theory 1870:Right of conquest 1793:Lanchester's laws 1561:Principles of war 1251:Counter-offensive 1236:Military campaign 1141:Target saturation 1064:Counterinsurgency 673:Gun data computer 607:Close air support 569:Aircraft carriers 252: 251: 244: 234: 233: 226: 208:, as appropriate. 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 4551: 4539:Military tactics 4492:Dr Steven Bull, 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4097:Suppressive fire 4081:counterterrorism 3986:creeping barrage 3873:Soviet partisans 3715:soldiers of the 3704:Mountain warfare 3698:Mountain warfare 3607:U.S. Army Ranger 3527:Second World War 3449:anti-tank weapon 3159:Molotov cocktail 2703:Pope Innocent II 2610:Byzantine Empire 2497:manipular legion 2280:Infantry tactics 2269: 2262: 2255: 2024:Humanitarian aid 1962:Security dilemma 1783:Power projection 1566:Economy of force 1546:Chain of command 1261:Defence in depth 1246:Commerce raiding 1069:Defeat in detail 405:Defense ministry 309: 300: 299: 290: 278: 258:Soldiers of the 247: 240: 229: 222: 218: 215: 209: 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4200:of four simple 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4093: 4066: 4060: 4026:introduced the 4008:elastic defence 3908: 3902: 3760:tactics in the 3721:Smugglers Notch 3706: 3700: 3658:M60 machine gun 3550: 3544: 3539: 3523: 3515: 3494: 3473: 3457: 3455:Platoon tactics 3415: 3318:machine pistols 3227: 3218: 3167:anti-tank mines 3163:anti-tank rifle 3112:armored warfare 3099:, supported by 3076: 3006: 2989:Second Boer War 2937: 2931: 2878: 2872: 2867: 2816:paper cartridge 2743: 2738: 2597: 2589:Trajan's Column 2515: 2509: 2501:Battle of Pydna 2405:tactics by the 2353: 2351:Ancient history 2321:airborne troops 2314:'thin red line' 2273: 2244: 2243: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2149: 2141: 2140: 2081: 2071: 2070: 2044:Multilateralism 2029:Law enforcement 1989: 1979: 1978: 1947:Just war theory 1905: 1895: 1894: 1845:Geneva Protocol 1815: 1805: 1804: 1778: 1768: 1767: 1709: 1699: 1698: 1606: 1596: 1595: 1536: 1526: 1525: 1491: 1481: 1480: 1411:Network-centric 1331: 1321: 1320: 1228: 1218: 1217: 1166: 1156: 1155: 1104:Rapid dominance 1009: 999: 998: 954:Electromagnetic 863: 853: 852: 839: 792: 740: 716: 706: 705: 701:Combat training 682: 659: 625:Combat systems: 621: 583: 579:Auxiliary ships 545: 505: 501:Military police 467: 390: 380: 379: 319: 293: 292: 291: 286: 248: 237: 236: 235: 230: 219: 213: 210: 195: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Infantry tactic 15: 12: 11: 5: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4507: 4497: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4461:Dyer, Gwynne. 4459: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4401: 4388: 4381: 4363: 4356: 4338: 4331: 4313: 4299: 4276: 4264: 4249: 4237: 4222: 4210: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4107:Spray and pray 4104: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4062:Main article: 4059: 4056: 3940:trench warfare 3906:Trench warfare 3904:Main article: 3901: 3900:Trench warfare 3898: 3893:Pakistani Army 3702:Main article: 3699: 3696: 3677:Belgian Minimi 3548:Jungle warfare 3546:Main article: 3543: 3542:Jungle warfare 3540: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3493: 3490: 3472: 3469: 3456: 3453: 3414: 3411: 3292:The Fire Fight 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3114:, typified by 3075: 3072: 3005: 3002: 2933:Main article: 2930: 2927: 2874:Main article: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2824:socket bayonet 2742: 2739: 2737: 2736:Modern history 2734: 2596: 2593: 2511:Main article: 2508: 2505: 2352: 2349: 2306:, the Spanish 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2209:Military terms 2206: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1967:Tripwire force 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1489:Administrative 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416:New generation 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391:Fleet in being 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1329:Grand strategy 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1316:Scorched earth 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193:Deep operation 1190: 1185: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 994:Unconventional 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 942: 940:Disinformation 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 911: 910: 905: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 864: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 845: 838: 837: 836: 835: 834: 833: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 791: 790: 789: 788: 787: 786: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 739: 738: 737: 736: 731: 726: 717: 712: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 698: 693: 691:Basic training 688: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 620: 619: 617:Reconnaissance 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 544: 543: 538: 536:Special forces 533: 528: 527: 526: 516: 511: 504: 503: 498: 493: 491:Reconnaissance 488: 483: 478: 473: 466: 465: 456: 451: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375: 370: 360: 359: 358: 353: 343: 342: 341: 334:Post-classical 331: 326: 320: 315: 314: 311: 310: 302: 301: 283: 282: 274:, 16 June 1815 250: 249: 232: 231: 192:of the subject 190:worldwide view 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4556: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4524: 4520: 4519:0-672-52050-8 4516: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4471:0-517-55615-4 4468: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4457:0-672-52050-8 4454: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4262:, p. 17. 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4235:, p. 16. 4234: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4180:, p. 13. 4179: 4174: 4171: 4168:, p. 12. 4167: 4162: 4159: 4156:, p. 11. 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4132:, p. 10. 4131: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077:urban warfare 4074: 4070: 4065: 4064:Urban warfare 4058:Urban warfare 4057: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035:stormtroopers 4031: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:no man's land 3947: 3945: 3944:Western Front 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356:Schützenkette 3353: 3352: 3351:skirmish line 3346: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3314:hand grenades 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3283:Niederkämpfen 3280: 3276: 3275:Schützenkette 3272: 3267: 3266:to be found. 3264: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3216:Squad tactics 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3120:combined arms 3117: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:pike and shot 2754: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2726:melee weapons 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2683:First Crusade 2680: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:fortification 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2455:chilliarchiae 2452: 2451:chilliarchiae 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:chilliarchiae 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2355:The infantry 2350: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Warrior caste 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2066:Show of force 2064: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2054:Peacebuilding 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910:Air supremacy 1908: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Islamic rules 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1830:Court-martial 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1729:Arms industry 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Broken-backed 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1188:Expeditionary 1186: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059:Counterattack 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 984:Psychological 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 920:Combined arms 918: 916: 913: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 862: 857: 856: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 793: 785: 782: 781: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 759:Fortification 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 741: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 719: 718: 715: 710: 709: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 580: 577: 575: 574:Landing craft 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 525: 522: 521: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 464: 460: 459:Standing army 457: 455: 452: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 389: 384: 383: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 364: 361: 357: 354: 352: 351:pike and shot 349: 348: 347: 344: 340: 337: 336: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 318: 313: 312: 308: 304: 303: 297: 289: 284: 280: 279: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 246: 243: 228: 225: 217: 214:December 2010 207: 203: 199: 193: 191: 184: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4510: 4500: 4493: 4487:World War II 4462: 4448: 4442:17th Century 4437:Bibliography 4426: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4396: 4391: 4372: 4366: 4347: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4289: 4267: 4240: 4213: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4085: 4032: 4019:shock troops 4012: 4007: 3985: 3982: 3967: 3948: 3936:machine guns 3925: 3877: 3868: 3860: 3836: 3834: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3753: 3743: 3729: 3692: 3685: 3670: 3655: 3638: 3627: 3617:bolt-action 3614:British Army 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594:light mortar 3591: 3580: 3576:World War II 3569: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3446: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3338:squad column 3337: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3250: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3219: 3211: 3185: 3178: 3156: 3136: 3128: 3109: 3105:V-22 Ospreys 3083:South Korean 3055:World War II 3048: 2993:British Army 2986: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2909:Grande Armée 2905: 2901: 2886: 2879: 2854: 2851: 2843: 2820:plug bayonet 2801: 2792:Dutch Revolt 2786: 2778: 2758: 2750: 2718:hand cannons 2713: 2707: 2687: 2653: 2634: 2618: 2598: 2569: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2487: 2485: 2476:epihipparchy 2474: 2468: 2465:chilliarchia 2464: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2364: 2354: 2325:peacekeeping 2318: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2179:Fifth column 2159:War resister 2154:Women in war 2049:Peacekeeping 1994:Arms control 1939: 1628:Mobilization 1623:Conscription 1581:Intelligence 1534:Organization 1180: 1109:Encirclement 989:Radiological 925:Conventional 779:Subterranean 686:Development: 685: 662: 624: 586: 549:Naval units: 548: 541:Signal corps 508: 486:Intelligence 471:Specialties: 470: 395:Organization 346:Early modern 266:, employing 264:British Army 238: 220: 211: 187: 157: 148: 138: 131: 124: 117: 105: 93:Please help 88:verification 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 4477:World War I 3993:, of which 3928:World War I 3920:World War I 3889:Indian Army 3780:helicopters 3736:Soviet Army 3730:During the 3619:Lee–Enfield 3609:"chalks".) 3564:Vietnam War 3525:During the 3360:squad wedge 3309:The Assault 3302:The Advance 3246:machine gun 3199:battleships 3191:Pacific War 3180:Panzerfaust 3139:paratrooper 3132:half-tracks 2897:Mixed Order 2814:musket and 2808:volley fire 2641:feudal lord 2630:Monasteries 2595:Middle Ages 2581:watchtowers 2561:shield-wall 2453:, with two 2443:syntagmatae 2435:taxiarchiae 2431:syntagmatae 2427:tetrarchiae 2423:taxiarchiae 2421:of 64 men, 2395:Thermopylae 2379:breastplate 2286:to achieve 2164:War studies 1987:Non-warfare 1915:Appeasement 1880:Martial law 1719:War economy 1658:Transgender 1611:Recruitment 1371:Containment 1256:Culminating 1164:Operational 1084:Envelopment 1027:Air assault 908:Air cavalry 868:Air defence 848:Information 749:Cold-region 714:Battlespace 663:Historical: 509:Land units: 435:Space force 430:Coast guard 363:Late modern 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