29:
411:
withdrawn from use until the risk of AIDS transmission by these products has been clarified ... I am most surprised that the USA manufacturers of the implicated blood products have not informed their customers of this new hazard. I assume no critical warning has been received in the United
Kingdom?" Despite Galbraith's warning, the products were not withdrawn. A Department of Health letter considered that his suggestion was "premature".
128:, a processed pharmaceutical product sourced from the United States and elsewhere. The creation of these products involved dangerous plasma donation pooling manufacturing processes that led to infected products. Large groups of paid donors were used, as many as 60,000 per batch, and included prisoners and drug addicts. It only required one infected donor to contaminate an entire batch, which would then infect all of the recipients.
425:, told Parliament that "There is no conclusive evidence that AIDS is transmitted by blood products", and the importation of infected products continued. When giving evidence to the Penrose Inquiry, Dr. Mark Winter said that, at the time Ken Clarke made this statement, "all haemophilia clinicians by this stage clearly believed that commercial blood products could and were transmitting AIDS".
495:
inescapable that some official made a decision which he or she had no authority to make, or that someone was guilty of a serious error of judgement. The consequence is that Lord Owen has done his best to recollect details of events a quarter of a century ago, but both he, and we, have been deprived of the primary sources", Lord Archer reported.
141:. The UK imported these products because it did not produce enough of its own, and efforts to achieve self-sufficiency were inadequately funded. A study published in 1986 showed that 76% of those who received commercial clotting-factor products became infected with HIV, as opposed to none of those who only received the previous treatment –
490:
The late Lord Archer of
Sandwell chaired a privately funded independent investigation set up in 2007. The Archer Report was published in 2009 and aimed to uncover the causes of the events that led to the thousands of infections and deaths. The report held no legal or official status and was unable to
311:
Hyland/Travenol (Baxter): Baxter created
Travenol Labs in 1949 and acquired Hyland Labs in 1952. In 1993 Baxter, was implicated in a lawsuit brought by haemophiliacs infected with HIV in the United States, and, by the end of that year, president James Tobin had quit. In 1996 Baxter settled a lawsuit
116:
into the scandal, for which she was widely praised as successive governments going back to the 1980s had refused such an inquiry. May stated that "the victims and their families who have suffered so much pain and hardship deserve answers as to how this could possibly have happened." The final report
2530:
On 13 April 2005 Lord Jenkin met Sir Nigel, who apologised for the original reply. Lord Jenkin was left with the clear impression from their subsequent conversation that all the files bearing upon the issue of contaminated blood products had been destroyed, and that this had been done 'with intent,
498:
Lord Jenkin voiced his difficulties obtaining documents for the inquiry. The report stated: "He subsequently received from the
Department two bundles of documents. One of these was to be treated as confidential". Lord Jenkin felt that the destruction of records was deliberate, and done "in order to
369:
BPL was rescued by Crown
Immunity. Among their recommendations the Inspectorate advised: 'Under no circumstances should production of any product be increased under the existing manufacturing conditions'. Meanwhile, the existing plant continued production, relying on Crown Immunity to dispense with
152:
apologised on behalf of the
British government to those affected, no government, healthcare or pharmaceutical entity in the UK has formally admitted any liability in the scandal. As part of an ongoing public inquiry, 3,000 surviving victims were awarded interim compensation payments in August 2022,
633:
In 2017, the
Conservatives announced more funds for those with first-stage chronic hepatitis C. This additional money was reportedly to be sourced from funds for other tainted blood victims. The Department of Health was accused of robbing one set of victims to pay another. Officials stated that it
598:
The report concluded that around three-quarters of those infected with HIV had died and that at least 700 people infected with
Hepatitis C had died. The report found that 8,120 people were chronically infected with Hepatitis C, ten years or more after contaminated blood transfusions. Circumstances
208:
Before the development of Factor VIII gene therapy, there was no long-term cure for haemophilia. Treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes is done primarily by replacing the missing blood clotting factors using "synthetic" or "non-human derived" factor products such as recombinant factor VIII.
494:
It sought to address the issue of missing evidence and documents relating to the scandal. For example, the ministerial papers of Lord Owen had been destroyed. "We have been unable to ascertain who carried out the destruction of the papers, and who gave the instructions. But the conclusion appears
502:
Another handling error is described in the inquiry: "mishandling of documents arose in connection with a number of files relating to the
Advisory Committee on the Virological Safety of Blood between May 1989 and February 1992 which were found to be missing". The report stated: "They were in fact
453:
In April 2000, the
Department of Health published an internal audit to examine the loss of records relating to hepatitis C litigation. The report concluded that "an arbitrary and unjustified decision, most likely taken by an inexperienced member of staff, was responsible for the destruction of a
410:
in London, informing him of the death from AIDS of a haemophiliac who had received factor VIII concentrate imported from the United States. Galbraith stated: "I have reviewed the literature and come to the conclusion that all blood products made from blood donated in the USA after 1978 should be
365:
The BPL, which manufactured UK blood products, ran into continual trouble from under-funding. The Archer Report said, "In July 1979, the Medicines Inspectorate visited BPL. They reported that the buildings were never designed for the scale of production envisaged. They commented: 'If this were a
432:, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the DHSS, said that "It remains the case that there is no conclusive evidence of the transmission of AIDS through blood products, although the circumstantial evidence is strong". The use of untreated clotting-factor products and importation continued.
213:
proteins, which can take place at home or in hospital. In the 1970s, haemophiliacs began to be treated with "factor concentrates", which were sold as a revolutionary treatment. In the 1980s, it was discovered that many of these concentrates were contaminated by hepatitis viruses and HIV. The
532:
and waste of public money (over £12 million) by critics after it found that very little could have been done differently, and failed to apportion any blame in the scandal, while making just one recommendation. Its recommendation was to offer blood tests to anyone in Scotland who had a blood
542:
214:
concentrates were contaminated as a result of the way plasma was sourced and collected. The creation of these products involved dangerous manufacturing processes. Large groups of paid donors were used, as many as 60,000 per batch, and included prisoners and drug addicts.
117:
was published in seven volumes on 20 May 2024, concluding that the scandal could have been largely avoided, patients were knowingly exposed to "unacceptable risks", and that doctors, the government and NHS tried to cover up what happened by "hiding the truth".
582:
In February 2019, it emerged that around 450 files had been taken from the archives by staff from the Department of Health and Social Care, and not returned, sparking concerns among campaigners that the department was attempting a cover-up.
573:
In June 2018, the Department of Health issued an apology, because for two years Ministers had told Parliament that in relation to Contaminated Blood Scandal evidence: "All documents up to 1995 are available through the National Archives".
2618:
7.12 Mr Black was born on 1 May 1937. He died on 31 October 2003 at Strathcarron Hospice, Stirlingshire. The cause of death was registered as hepatocellular cancer in a transplanted liver, Hepatitis C, transfusion of blood products and
525:. The inquiry's terms of reference outlined five deaths that were to be examined. Only one of those victims was a haemophiliac and that person had been infected with hepatitis C in the 1960s as part of their treatment for haemophilia.
2281:
503:
destroyed over a period from July 1994 to March 1998". When summarising these events it is stated "some of those who gave evidence to us suspected that there was an exercise in suppressing evidence of negligence or misconduct."
2589:
To investigate the deaths of Reverend David Black, Mrs Eileen O'Hara, Alexander Black Laing and Victor Tamburrini, with particular reference to the circumstances in which they became infected with the Hepatitis C virus, HIV or
487:, Owen said: "I can see why some people would be unhappy with having all the facts revealed because it will show negligence". In September 2016 Owen gave a speech in London during which he said the scandal had been covered up.
2864:
2421:
in April 1989 a number of hemophiliacs brought a civil action against the Department of Health, the Medicines Licensing Authority, the Committee on Safety of Medicines, the Blood Products Laboratory, and the regional health
1680:
910:
276:
which purchased Revlon's drug operation for $ 690m in cash. In 1996, Armour and Behringwerke merged, and became Centeon. In 1999, Centeon changed its name to Aventis Behring after the parent companies, Rorer and
634:
had made available an extra £125 million, more than any previous government, but critics said this money was simply accounted for as a cost to the NHS, of extending treatments to those with hepatitis C sooner.
392:. 2 had died, and all 3 had used untreated clotting-factor products. The CDC said that "the occurrence among the three haemophiliac cases suggests the possible transmission of an agent through blood products".
2560:
The inquiry into blood contamination affecting hundreds of patients in the 1970s and 1980s was called by Health Secretary Nicola Sturgeon in April 2008... ...It was chaired by senior judge Lord Penrose...
619:, have been criticised for their handling of the case, limited support schemes and refusal to conduct a public inquiry, until 2017. Some limited support has been provided to selected individuals through
1651:
Speywood Laboratories Ltd, Clinical Trial Certificate. Committee on Safety of Medicines: Sub-Committee on Biological Products, Series: BN, Box: 244, File: 116. Kew, London: The National Archives (TNA).
3246:
2951:
135:
in the United States had effectively ceased. The UK did not import whole blood from abroad, but it did import large quantities of factor VIII given to those infected, as described in the documentary
1098:
Gill, Joan C.; Menitove, Jay E.; Anderson, Philip R.; Casper, James T.; Devare, Sushilkumar G.; Wood, Charles; Adair, Stuart; Casey, James; Scheffel, Christi; Montgomery, Robert R. (April 1986).
2852:
The Scottish Government accepted Lord Penrose's solitary recommendation to test patients who had a blood transfusion before September 1991 for hepatitis C if they have not already been examined.
108:
following childbirth or surgery. It has been estimated that more than 30,000 patients received contaminated blood, resulting in the deaths of at least 3,000 people. In July 2017, Prime Minister
595:
among its authors. The report found that around 1,250 people with bleeding disorders were infected with HIV in the UK and that at least a further 2,400 people were infected with Hepatitis C.
296:
and Ampersand, acquired Bayer's plasma business and assets for $ 590m. Bayer did not include its recombinant factor VIII "Kogenate" in the sale. "Kogenate" was discontinued in 2022. In 2009,
1662:
373:
A study published in December 1983 showed conclusively that the risk to a haemophiliac of contracting hepatitis C by using untreated clotting-factor products was 100% upon first exposure.
362:
By the end of 1978, more than 50% of the factor VIII used in England was being imported from overseas. This was because the UK had failed to become self-sufficient in its own supplies.
630:
In 1991, the Conservative government made £42 million available to those affected by HIV. This equates to around £29,000 on average, given to the 1,437 people who received a payment.
292:. In 1974, Cutter Labs was purchased by Bayer. In 1978, Bayer also purchased Miles Labs. In 1995, Bayer dropped the Miles Labs brand name. In 2005, a new company, Talecris set up by
3052:
455:
3024:
221:, who became known as "The Vampire of the Caribbean" for his profiting from the sale of Haitian blood to the West for medical uses, and also Crysosan Ltd, a company based in
665:
2483:
1688:
414:
In September 1983, a leaflet distributed to UK blood donors answered the question as to whether AIDS could be transmitted by blood-products, to be "Almost certainly yes".
3313:
3182:
156:
On 20 May 2024, the six year long "Infected Blood Inquiry" was finally reported covering more than 2000 pages "the worst treatment disaster in the history of the NHS".
3283:
245:(BPL), manufacturers that supplied clotting factor products to the UK during the mid-1970s and 1980s included Abbott (Profilate), Armour Pharmaceuticals (Factorate),
3308:
3288:
3113:
3006:
2981:
641:
that would establish a compensation scheme for victims. The Conservative government failed to prevent the amendment in a vote in the House of Commons, despite a
265:
for approximately £230 million. In 2016 BPL was acquired by the Creat Group for £820m; the government stood to receive £164m from its remaining 20% share in BPL.
3298:
422:
366:
commercial operation we would have no hesitation in recommending that manufacture should cease until the facility was upgraded to a minimum acceptable level'.
2730:
Victims and relatives of the contaminated blood scandal cry out "whitewash" at the end of the news conference publicising the findings of a judge-led inquiry.
1787:
656:
told the House of Commons that the victims of the scandal (or their estates) would receive an interim compensation payment of up to £210,000 within 90 days.
2959:
686:
599:
under which people were infected via transfusions are different to factor products. For example, blood for blood transfusion was not imported from the US.
137:
2686:
382:
2768:
2267:
1850:
713:
561:
announced a full UK-wide public inquiry into the scandal. In September 2017, a court ruling found in favour of the victims, allowing them to launch a
2673:
On the balance of probabilities Mr Black acquired Hepatitis C infection before the end of the 1960s in the course of haemophilia therapy in Scotland.
407:
347:
In May 1975, the World Health Organization passed a widely circulated resolution urging all countries to aim at self-sufficiency in blood products.
1622:
1180:
3293:
3278:
2511:
93:
591:
The Infected Blood Inquiry statistics report, published in September 2022, set out to establish the true numbers of those infected and includes
3225:
2743:
475:
467:
1146:
736:
680:
522:
429:
2879:
2021:
1904:
780:
3303:
2797:
1552:
808:
1606:
1519:
225:
that was found guilty of harvesting plasma from the bodies of dead Russians and re-labelling it as originating from Swedish donors.
2656:
762:
2367:
2836:
210:
160:
1509:
553:
was brought against the government on behalf of more than 500 people. After years of increasing pressure from campaigners and
2435:
1080:
885:
317:
2310:
1851:"FTC Authorizes Suit To Stop CSLs Proposed $ 3.1 Billion Acquisition of Talecris Biotherapeutics – Federal Trade Commission"
1039:
2784:
And though it found patients weren't adequately informed of the risks, it says few things could have been done differently.
1981:
1868:
1099:
2464:
1963:
1710:
395:
In March 1983, the CDC reported that "Blood products or blood appear responsible for AIDS among haemophilia patients".
1394:"Plasma-derived versus recombinant Factor VIII concentrates for the treatment of haemophilia A: recombinant is better"
344:
also warned the UK not to import blood from countries with a high prevalence of hepatitis, such as the United States.
293:
1886:
1788:"Announcing the Launch of Talecris Biotherapeutics: Combining a Proud History of Patient Care with a Bold New Vision"
1681:"PRESS RELEASE: Creat Group Corporation agrees to acquire Bio Products Laboratory Ltd. – Bio Products Laboratory Ltd"
671:
On the 23 August, the UK Government published a policy paper explaining the functioning of the compensation scheme.
96:
in the United Kingdom. Many of the products were imported from the United States, and distributed to patients by the
28:
646:
638:
436:
1731:
439:
commenced, which culminated in December 1990 with an out-of-court settlement, following an investigation by ITV's
529:
341:
301:
281:
merged to become Aventis. In 2004, CSL completed its acquisition of Aventis Behring for $ 925m, today known as
2544:
370:
all the requirements of the Medicines Act, but was able to meet only about 40% of the national requirements."
340:, a safer treatment, described the products as "dangerous" and "unethical", and warned against their use. The
2170:
167:, announced a new Infected Blood Compensation Authority to administer a new compensation scheme for victims.
2005:
1230:
699:
612:
242:
238:
97:
3073:
2602:
2413:
653:
616:
386:
164:
2249:
1943:
1060:
562:
2517:
1020:
332:
The dangers of factor concentrates had been raised since their inception. In 1974, American scientist
554:
254:
2823:
Despite this, and amid much criticism from victims at Lord Penrose's failure to apportion blame,...
2631:
1924:
1256:
592:
323:
Immuno AG: Baxter purchased Immuno AG in 1996 in an effort to keep up with competitors, for $ 715m.
250:
2385:
2346:
2100:
938:
3220:
2328:
2026:
1909:
1736:
1715:
1214:
1127:
695:
after over 400 children were infected with HIV at El-Fatih Children's Hospital in Benghazi, Libya
692:
333:
289:
3095:
2062:
1544:
1598:
3190:
2807:
2231:
2152:
2082:
1999:
Lipin, Steven; Journal, Thomas M. Burton Staff Reporters of The Wall Street (29 August 1996).
1948:
1602:
1548:
1515:
1472:
1423:
1374:
1325:
1188:
1154:
1119:
1002:
984:
608:
541:
403:
350:
In September 1975, an article was published detailing occurrences of a new kind of hepatitis.
312:
brought by haemophiliacs in Japan. In 2015, Baxter split-off its haemophilia sector to create
218:
105:
3025:"Cover-up fears as hundreds of contaminated blood files 'vanish' before inquiry can see them"
2982:"Victims and families win High Court ruling to seek damages over contaminated blood products"
2368:"Final Report: Chapter 9 – Knowledge of the Geographical Spread and Prevalence of HIV/AIDS 1"
304:
which determined the deal would be illegal. In 2011, a year after announcing the $ 4bn deal,
2865:"Momentum in Contaminated Blood Scandal grows as Collins apply for a Group Litigation Order"
2221:
2213:
2142:
2134:
2074:
1462:
1454:
1413:
1405:
1364:
1356:
1317:
1308:
Srivastava A (April 2024). "Defining success in haemophilia care – Are we doing it right?".
1111:
992:
976:
620:
399:
273:
182:
3029:
2691:
2392:
2371:
2353:
2332:
2314:
2200:
Fletcher, M. L.; Trowell, J. M.; Craske, J.; Pavier, K.; Rizza, C. R. (10 December 1983).
706:
642:
518:
512:
483:
441:
355:
337:
142:
3096:"In the urgent question on 16...: 21 Jan 2016: House of Commons debates – TheyWorkForYou"
2202:"Non-A non-B hepatitis after transfusion of factor VIII in infrequently treated patients"
627:, though no damages or compensation have ever been paid to UK victims or their families.
1369:
1344:
2572:
2226:
2201:
2147:
2122:
1751:
1591:
1537:
1467:
1442:
1418:
1393:
997:
964:
418:
257:-owned Travenol/Hyland (Hemofil/Interhem), Immuno (Kryobulin) and Speywood (Humanate).
234:
113:
50:
16:
The historical contamination of blood products in the UK with HIV and hepatitis C virus
1823:
1115:
717:, a 2010 judicial review involving a claimant treated with contaminated blood products
359:
programme highlighted the danger of hepatitis from imported clotting-factor products.
3272:
2078:
1791:
1623:"Quantities of FVIII Concentrate Used in UK Haemophiliacs: Breakdown by Manufacturer"
149:
2000:
1147:"Infected blood scandal: victims' families hope report will finally apportion blame"
1131:
737:"Infected blood scandal: victims' families hope report will finally apportion blame"
2884:
1282:
1065:
262:
202:
121:
2899:
980:
963:
Swiech, Kamilla; Picanço-Castro, Virgínia; Covas, Dimas Tadeu (3 September 2017).
84:
From the 1970s to the early 1990s, tens of thousands of people were infected with
2952:"Victims and families can bring High Court action on contaminated blood products"
1632:. Department of Health Freedom of Information release DH_Vol_29_May_1983_Jun_1983
1458:
3215:
3155:
3140:
2046:
965:"Production of recombinant coagulation factors: Are humans the best host cells?"
558:
297:
282:
186:
175:
132:
125:
109:
101:
85:
1571:
1360:
2217:
2138:
1100:"HTLV-III serology in hemophilia: Relationship with immunologic abnormalities"
624:
471:
278:
190:
179:
3194:
2811:
1490:
1192:
1158:
988:
533:
transfusion before 1991 and who had not already been tested for hepatitis C.
2802:
2713:
217:
Some of the most notorious examples of risky plasma harvesting are those of
1476:
1427:
1378:
1329:
1006:
859:
833:
76:
2235:
2156:
1123:
478:, Health Secretary from 1979 to 1981, and others. They were unsuccessful.
300:
attempted to take over Talecris for $ 3.1 billion, but was stopped by the
2925:
2414:"Part IV: International Responses to the Risk of HIV in the Blood Supply"
2086:
1769:
1409:
198:
194:
1663:"'Is there no limit to what this Government will privatise?': UK plasma"
288:
Bayer: Cutter Labs, which produced factor VIII, was originally owned by
261:
BPL: In 2013 the British government sold an 80% stake in the company to
2440:
1044:
834:"What is the infected blood scandal and will victims get compensation?"
466:
In the early 2000s the former Solicitor General for England and Wales,
313:
305:
153:
to be paid urgently due to the extremely high death rate of survivors.
3247:"Infected Blood Compensation Scheme overview: Living infected persons"
3183:"Infected blood victims could get compensation payments of over £2.5m"
2769:"Penrose Inquiry: report on NHS patients given contaminated blood due"
1321:
470:, campaigned for an inquiry into the tainted blood scandal, alongside
269:
222:
2744:"Penrose Inquiry: £12m contaminated blood probe branded a whitewash"
454:
series of files containing the minutes and background papers of the
2178:
1828:
1181:"Survivors of contaminated blood scandal awarded interim payments"
540:
246:
406:, sent a paper entitled "Action on AIDS", to Dr Ian Field at the
385:(CDC) reported that at least 3 haemophiliacs there had developed
3081:
2268:"1983—CDC Determines that AIDS is Spread Through Infected Blood"
272:
for $ 90m. It owned the company until 1987, when it was sold to
1805:
2714:"Victims cry 'whitewash' over Penrose blood infection inquiry"
1343:
Miesbach W, Klamroth R, Oldenburg J, Tiede A (December 2022).
709:, a 2008–2015 inquiry in Scotland into infected blood products
402:, director of the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre in
89:
2687:"Penrose report: Blood scandal inquiry branded a 'whitewash'"
2001:"Baxter Will Acquire Immuno In Deal Valued at $ 715 Million"
33:
A bottle of factor VIII, a product used to treat haemophilia
1905:"AIDS Suit Accuses Companies of Selling Bad Blood Products"
233:
Plasma donations could be collected using a process called
3156:"Ministers lose infected blood vote after Tory MPs revolt"
1944:"Baxter Is in Talks to Settle Tainted-Blood Suit in Japan"
1925:"TOBIN RESIGNS FROM BAXTER – Pharmaceutical industry news"
886:"PM statement on contaminated blood inquiry: 11 July 2017"
521:
into the scandal covering Scotland only, to be chaired by
491:
subpoena witnesses or demand the disclosure of documents.
131:
This was at a time when the practice of paying donors for
120:
People with haemophilia were principally infected via the
3216:"The Infected Blood Compensation Scheme Regulations 2024"
3053:"Expert Report to the Infected Blood Inquiry: Statistics"
2798:"Penrose inquiry: 'Nothing could have prevented tragedy'"
668:
for the compensation scheme were laid before Parliament.
2880:"Theresa May orders contaminated blood scandal inquiry"
2063:"Hepatitis Types B and Non-B, Epidemiologic Background"
2484:"Delays led to thousands receiving contaminated blood"
2022:"Baxter Purchasing Immuno, Swiss Blood-Products Maker"
1491:"NHS and government covered up infected blood scandal"
1345:"Gene Therapy for Hemophilia-Opportunities and Risks"
860:"Tory rebellion expected on infected blood amendment"
456:
Advisory Committee on the Virological Safety of Blood
336:, who previously discovered the frozen blood product
2250:"1982– AIDS is Discovered Among Hemophilia Patients"
1770:"1988–2001 – A Journey through the History of Bayer"
1752:"Saving Lives For More Than A Century – CSL Behring"
703:(right to property case involving bad blood victims)
72:
64:
56:
46:
38:
2878:Walker, Peter; Topping, Alexandra (11 July 2017).
2270:. Hemophilia Federation of America. 17 March 2014.
1590:
1539:It's All for Sale: The Control of Global Resources
1536:
1061:"Owen demands inquiry into infected blood scandal"
528:Published in 2015, the inquiry was described as a
3114:"Blood: Contamination: Written question – 211081"
2867:(Press release). Collins Solicitors. 4 July 2017.
2347:"Brochure: Aids and how it concerns blood donors"
474:, who was the Health Minister from 1974 to 1976,
268:Armour (Revlon): In 1978 Armour was purchased by
60:Infected factor VIII and factor IX blood products
2506:
2504:
1824:"Do you have patients currently on Kogenate FS?"
1597:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. p.
1021:"Hemophilia Federation (India) – Product Safety"
939:"England Infected Blood Support Scheme | NHSBSA"
645:, in what was seen as a significant blow to the
637:In December 2023, an amendment was added to the
3181:Siddique, Haroon; Walker, Peter (21 May 2024).
3007:"Blood: Contamination:Written question – 65851"
2837:"Blood scandal victims condemn Penrose inquiry"
587:Infected Blood Inquiry statistics report, 2022
209:Factor products work by replacing the missing
2632:"Extract of an entry in a register of deaths"
569:False ministerial statements withdrawn (2018)
423:Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
8:
2531:in order to draw a line under the disaster'.
2329:"Preliminary Report Chapter 8: HIV and AIDS"
2311:"Preliminary Report Chapter 8: HIV and AIDS"
2282:"Letter from N S Galbraith to Carol Grayson"
1869:"Grifols Worldwide: Acquisition of Talecris"
21:
687:Factor 8: The Arkansas Prison Blood Scandal
517:In 2008, the Scottish government announced
138:Factor 8: The Arkansas Prison Blood Scandal
92:as a result of receiving infected blood or
1443:"Hemophilia therapy: the future has begun"
763:"What is the UK's infected blood scandal?"
383:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
27:
20:
2225:
2171:"About BPL – Bio Products Laboratory Ltd"
2146:
2039:
2037:
1466:
1417:
1368:
1081:"HIV blood disaster papers 'were pulped'"
996:
714:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
537:Legal action and UK public inquiry (2017)
3314:Political scandals in the United Kingdom
911:"Infected blood inquiry — briefing pack"
408:Department of Health and Social Security
3284:Contaminated haemophilia blood products
3144:. London: Pressdram Ltd. 24 March 2017.
2926:"Victims win contaminated blood ruling"
2900:"Blood probe 'lessons must be learned'"
2291:. 14 April 2008. p. 2. WITN1055133
727:
449:Destroyed-evidence investigation (2000)
159:On the following day, 21 May 2024, the
3309:Medical scandals in the United Kingdom
3289:Health disasters in the United Kingdom
2465:"Destroyed Documents (Blood Products)"
2050:. London: Pressdram Ltd. 28 July 2017.
1982:"Shire, Baxalta Complete $ 32B Merger"
2444:. House of Commons. col. 620–621
1887:"History of Baxter International Inc"
1711:"Revlon Set to Buy Armour Druz Units"
1038:Glenarthur, Simon (5 December 1983).
652:In May 2024, Cabinet Office Minister
7:
3299:Blood donation in the United Kingdom
2545:"Blood inquiry cost has reached £9m"
2020:Freudenheim, Milt (30 August 1996).
1231:"Infected Blood Compensation Scheme"
918:Department of Health and Social Care
803:
801:
681:Contaminated blood scandal in France
353:In December 1975, an episode of the
2958:. 26 September 2017. Archived from
2299:– via Infected Blood Inquiry.
2061:Mosley, James W. (September 1975).
549:In July 2017, a group legal action
185:that impairs the body's ability to
2796:Glackin, Michael (26 March 2015).
1730:Crudele, John (30 November 1985).
1349:Deutsches Arzteblatt International
1179:Weaver, Matthew (16 August 2022).
316:. In 2016 Baxalta was acquired by
14:
2685:Cooper, Charlie (25 March 2015).
2434:Gavin Strang (20 December 1991).
2101:"World in Action – "Blood Money""
1543:. Duke University Press. p.
499:draw a line under the disaster".
308:completed a takeover of Talecris.
94:infected clotting factor products
2742:Puttick, Helen (26 March 2015).
2543:Dinwoodie, Robbie (9 May 2009).
2482:Sam Marsden (23 February 2009).
2254:Hemophilia Federation of America
2079:10.1001/jama.1975.03260090033016
1732:"Rorer Buys Drug Unit Of Revlon"
1145:Boffey, Daniel (14 April 2024).
1059:Meikle, James (19 August 2002).
781:"The contaminated blood scandal"
3253:. HM Government. 23 August 2024
2441:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2123:"Factor VIII supply and demand"
1964:"Baxalta Spins Off from Baxter"
1942:FARLEY, MAGGIE (4 March 1996).
1045:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1040:"Blood: Licensing Requirements"
761:Grierson, Jamie (20 May 2024).
607:Successive governments, led by
507:Scottish Penrose Inquiry (2015)
161:Minister for the Cabinet Office
3294:HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom
3279:British human subject research
2835:Peterki, Tom (25 March 2015).
2419:. Krever Report. p. 941.
1514:. Cambridge University Press.
1392:Franchini, M. (October 2010).
735:Boffey, Daniel (16 May 2024).
1:
3228:, 24 August 2024, SI 2024/872
2637:. 1 February 2010. BLA0012118
2436:"Infected Blood Transfusions"
1116:10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80824-1
981:10.1080/21655979.2017.1279767
241:-derived factors produced by
197:longer after an injury, easy
1593:Paul Martin: CEO for Canada?
1459:10.3324/haematol.2019.232132
1213:Langstaff B. (20 May 2024).
809:"The Infected Blood Inquiry"
205:or other parts of the body.
2289:infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk
381:In July 1982, the American
294:Cerberus Capital Management
201:, and an increased risk of
3330:
1441:Mannucci PM (March 2020).
1361:10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0353
639:Victims and Prisoners Bill
623:which is often subject to
578:Files still missing (2019)
510:
437:HIV Haemophilia Litigation
148:While then Prime Minister
124:-derived product known as
114:independent public inquiry
3304:History of blood donation
2218:10.1136/bmj.287.6407.1754
2139:10.1136/bmj.280.6230.1531
2121:Jones, P (21 June 1980).
1104:The Journal of Pediatrics
342:World Health Organization
193:. This results in people
26:
1535:Ridgeway, James (2004).
565:action to seek damages.
462:The Archer Report (2009)
302:Federal Trade Commission
3062:: 1, 2. September 2022.
2206:British Medical Journal
2127:British Medical Journal
2006:The Wall Street Journal
1589:Dobbin, Murray (2003).
1508:Pepin, Jacques (2011).
785:The Haemophilia Society
700:M.C. and Others v Italy
243:Bio Products Laboratory
98:National Health Service
3074:"The Macfarlane Trust"
3060:Infected Blood Inquiry
2516:. 2009. Archived from
2386:"Letter to Government"
1216:Infected Blood Inquiry
546:
203:bleeding inside joints
189:, a process needed to
100:. Most recipients had
77:Infected Blood Inquiry
22:Infected blood scandal
3226:The National Archives
2661:penroseinquiry.org.uk
2607:penroseinquiry.org.uk
2577:penroseinquiry.org.uk
2108:Penroseinquiry.org.uk
1257:"What Is Hemophilia?"
813:The Hepatitis C Trust
551:Jason Evans & Ors
544:
481:In a 1990 episode of
328:Hepatitis (1973-1986)
2962:on 26 September 2017
2573:"Terms of Reference"
1810:Ampersandcapital.com
1410:10.2450/2010.0067-10
647:Sunak administration
388:Pneumocystis carinii
255:Baxter International
42:1970s to early 1990s
2932:. 26 September 2017
2748:The Herald Scotland
2720:. BBC News Scotland
2549:The Herald Scotland
2471:. House of Commons.
2212:(6407): 1754–1757.
2133:(6230): 1531–1532.
2044:"Justice delayed".
1929:Thepharmaletter.com
1891:FundingUniverse.com
1578:. 24 December 1998.
1511:The Origins of AIDS
660:Compensation scheme
593:David Spiegelhalter
435:In April 1989, the
23:
3221:legislation.gov.uk
3033:. 11 February 2019
2513:The Archer Inquiry
2181:on 29 October 2015
2027:The New York Times
1910:The New York Times
1737:The New York Times
1716:The New York Times
1355:(51–52): 887–894.
1316:(Suppl 3): 52–59.
1283:"Hemophilia Facts"
693:HIV trial in Libya
603:Government support
547:
417:In November 1983,
334:Judith Graham Pool
290:Miles Laboratories
104:or had received a
3162:. 4 December 2023
3078:Macfarlane.org.uk
2663:. Penrose Inquiry
2579:. Penrose Inquiry
2463:Flint, Caroline.
1949:Los Angeles Times
1913:. 4 October 1993.
1691:on 9 January 2017
1667:Independent.co.uk
1630:TaintedBlood.info
1398:Blood Transfusion
1322:10.1111/hae.14958
1048:. House of Lords.
943:www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk
866:. 3 December 2023
621:charitable trusts
617:Liberal Democrats
557:, Prime Minister
428:In January 1984,
404:England and Wales
237:. In addition to
219:Luckner Cambronne
106:blood transfusion
82:
81:
3321:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3084:on 4 March 2012.
3080:. Archived from
3070:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2657:"Penrose Report"
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:. 17 March 2014.
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2177:. Archived from
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1687:. Archived from
1677:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:cryosan russian.
1542:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:. 26 August 2014
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
915:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
805:
796:
795:
793:
791:
777:
771:
770:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
519:a public inquiry
400:Spence Galbraith
183:genetic disorder
31:
24:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3138:"What a Hunt".
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3030:The Independent
3023:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2956:Evening Express
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2692:The Independent
2684:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2488:The Independent
2481:
2480:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2393:Penrose Inquiry
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:Penrose Inquiry
2366:
2365:
2361:
2354:Penrose Inquiry
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2333:Penrose Inquiry
2327:
2326:
2322:
2315:Penrose Inquiry
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1669:. 18 July 2013.
1661:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1087:. 11 July 2007.
1079:
1078:
1074:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1014:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
937:
936:
932:
922:
920:
913:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
884:
883:
879:
869:
867:
858:
857:
853:
843:
841:
832:
831:
827:
817:
815:
807:
806:
799:
789:
787:
779:
778:
774:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
724:
707:Penrose Inquiry
677:
662:
643:three-line whip
605:
589:
580:
571:
539:
515:
513:Penrose Inquiry
509:
484:The Cook Report
464:
451:
442:The Cook Report
430:Lord Glenarthur
379:
377:HIV (1981-1990)
356:World in Action
338:cryoprecipitate
330:
231:
173:
143:cryoprecipitate
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3238:
3207:
3173:
3147:
3130:
3105:
3100:TheyWorkForYou
3087:
3065:
3044:
3016:
2998:
2973:
2943:
2917:
2906:. 14 July 2017
2891:
2870:
2856:
2827:
2788:
2760:
2734:
2705:
2677:
2648:
2623:
2619:haemophilia...
2603:"Final Report"
2594:
2564:
2535:
2520:on 3 July 2012
2500:
2474:
2455:
2426:
2405:
2377:
2359:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2273:
2259:
2241:
2192:
2162:
2113:
2092:
2073:(9): 967–969.
2053:
2033:
2012:
1991:
1988:. 3 June 2016.
1986:Genengnews.com
1973:
1968:Genengnews.com
1955:
1934:
1916:
1896:
1878:
1860:
1857:. 27 May 2009.
1842:
1815:
1797:
1779:
1761:
1756:Cslbehring.com
1743:
1722:
1719:. 6 July 1977.
1702:
1672:
1654:
1643:
1614:
1607:
1581:
1563:
1554:978-0822333746
1553:
1527:
1520:
1500:
1497:. 20 May 2020.
1482:
1453:(3): 545–553.
1433:
1404:(4): 292–296.
1384:
1335:
1300:
1274:
1263:. 13 July 2013
1248:
1222:
1205:
1171:
1137:
1110:(4): 511–516.
1090:
1072:
1051:
1030:
1012:
975:(5): 462–470.
955:
930:
902:
877:
851:
840:. 14 June 2019
825:
797:
772:
753:
726:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
710:
704:
696:
690:
683:
676:
673:
664:On 22 August,
661:
658:
649:'s authority.
604:
601:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
538:
535:
511:Main article:
508:
505:
463:
460:
450:
447:
445:in July 1990.
419:Kenneth Clarke
378:
375:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
309:
286:
266:
235:plasmapheresis
230:
227:
172:
169:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
51:United Kingdom
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3326:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3119:
3118:UK Parliament
3115:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3011:UK Parliament
3008:
3002:
2999:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2394:
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