339:
recognized research facility, branding the horse and quarantining it at least 200 yards from other horses for the rest of its life, and euthanizing the horse. Very few quarantine facilities exist, which usually leads to the option of euthanizing the horse. The
Florida Research Institute for Equine Nurturing, Development and Safety (a.k.a. F.R.I.E.N.D.S.) is one of the largest such quarantine facilities and is located in south Florida. The horse industry and the veterinary industry strongly suggest that the risks posed by infected horses, even if they are not showing any clinical signs, are enough of a reason to impose such stringent rules. The precise impacts of the disease on the horse industry are unknown.
55:
353:
414:
428:
Currently, the US does not have an eradication program due to the low rate of incidence. However, many states require a negative
Coggins test for interstate travel. In addition, most horse shows and events require a negative Coggins test. Most countries require a negative test result before allowing
338:
Reuse of syringes and needles is a risk factor for transfer of the disease. Currently in the United States, all horses that test positive must be reported to federal authorities by the testing laboratory. EIA-positive horses are infected for life. Options for the horse include sending the horse to a
432:
Horse owners should verify that all the horses at a breeding farm and or boarding facility have a negative
Coggins test before using the services of the facility. A Coggins test should be done on an annual basis. Tests every 6 months are recommended if there is increased traveling.
312:
EIA may cause abortion in pregnant mares. This may occur at any time during the pregnancy if there is a relapse when the virus enters the blood. Most infected mares will abort, however some give birth to healthy foals. Foals are not necessarily infected.
308:
A horse may also not appear to have any symptoms, yet still tests positive for EIA antibodies. Such a horse can still pass on the disease. According to most veterinarians, horses diagnosed EIA positive usually do not show any sign of sickness or disease.
335:
A vaccine is available, called "Chinese Live
Attenuated EIA vaccine", developed in China and widely used there since 1983. Another attenuated live virus vaccine is in development in the United States.
305:
The horse tires easily and is unsuitable for work. The horse may have a recurrent fever and anemia, and may relapse to the subacute or acute form even several years after the original attack.
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42:
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722:
236:(HIV). Like HIV, EIA can be transmitted through blood, milk, and body secretions. Transmission is primarily through biting flies, such as the
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260:. The risk of transmitting the disease is greatest when an infected horse is ill, as the blood levels of the virus are then highest.
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282:), weakness, swelling of the lower abdomen and legs, weak pulse, and irregular heartbeat. The horse may die suddenly.
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The
Coggins test (agar immunodiffusion) is a sensitive diagnostic test for equine infectious anemia developed by Dr.
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A slower, less severe progression of the disease. Symptoms include recurrent fever, weight loss, an enlarged
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650:
798:
556:"Discerning an effective balance between equine infectious anemia virus attenuation and vaccine efficacy"
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The
Coggins test submission form, which requires identification of the horse's physical appearance
41:
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1103:
327:, about 30% of domesticated and about 5.5% of the wild horses are chronically infected with EIA.
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17:
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292:(felt during a rectal examination), anemia, and swelling of the lower chest, abdominal wall,
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The acute form is a sudden onset of the disease at full-force. Symptoms include high fever,
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Craigo JK, Li F, Steckbeck JD, Durkin S, Howe L, Cook SJ, Issel C, Montelaro RC (2005).
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can transmit the disease. Mares can transmit the disease to their foals via the
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R.A.M.S. Silva; U.G.P. De Abreu; A.M.R. Dávila; L. Ramirez (1999).
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Studies indicate that there are breeds with a tolerance to EIA.
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North
Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
346:
603:
523:
Revue d'Élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays
Tropicaux
248:. Contaminated surgical equipment and recycled needles and
516:"Swamp fever in wild horses from the Pantanal, Brazil"
200:) and transmitted by bloodsucking insects. The virus (
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637:is available for free viewing and download at the
634:Equine Infectious Anemia: A Status Report (1996)
1236:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
716:
8:
381:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1447:
1436:
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1084:
1073:
1007:
955:
920:
909:
898:
768:
757:
723:
709:
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244:. The virus survives up to 4 hours in the
40:
29:
579:
401:Learn how and when to remove this message
451:"Equine Infectious Anemia: Introduction"
442:
7:
1292:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
429:an imported horse into the country.
379:adding citations to reliable sources
1711:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
1190:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
498:"Agricultural Biological Diversity"
319:Recent studies in Brazil on living
935:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
502:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
987:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
190:, is a horse disease caused by a
1258:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
351:
53:
1262:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
857:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
842:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
572:10.1128/JVI.79.5.2666-2677.2005
18:Infectious anemia virus, equine
1632:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
1280:Equine infectious anemia virus
488:, retrieved December 19, 2008.
475:Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
197:Equine infectious anemia virus
166:Equine infectious anemia virus
34:Equine infectious anemia virus
1:
1716:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
1507:Strawberry vein banding virus
1286:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
1268:Feline immunodeficiency virus
1215:Abelson murine leukemia virus
504:, referenced August 12, 2008.
186:), also known by horsemen as
1472:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
1099:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
234:human immunodeficiency virus
1497:Carnation etched ring virus
1164:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
1129:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
529:(2): 99–101. Archived from
455:The Merck Veterinary Manual
1763:
1149:Human T-lymphotropic virus
1527:Cassava vein mosaic virus
1467:Cacao swollen shoot virus
1124:Mouse mammary tumor virus
852:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
278:(due to the breakdown of
180:equine infectious anaemia
48:
39:
32:
1502:Cauliflower mosaic virus
659:Equine infectious anemia
331:Prevention and treatment
176:Equine infectious anemia
788:Heron hepatitis B virus
323:have shown that in the
1477:Rubus yellow net virus
1462:Banana streak MY virus
783:Duck hepatitis B virus
604:"FRIENDS HORSE RESCUE"
418:
1737:Animal viral diseases
1225:Feline leukemia virus
1210:Murine leukemia virus
1170:Bovine leukemia virus
416:
296:, scrotum, and legs.
736:Reverse transcribing
608:FRIENDS HORSE RESCUE
375:improve this section
204:) is endemic in the
50:Virus classification
799:Herpetohepadnavirus
1403:Simian foamy virus
1377:Prosimiispumavirus
1366:Feline foamy virus
1104:Rous sarcoma virus
480:2009-07-27 at the
419:
228:. The virus is a
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1408:Human foamy virus
1312:Spumaretrovirinae
1305:
1304:
1297:Visna-maedi virus
1181:Epsilonretrovirus
1079:Orthoretrovirinae
1061:
1060:
995:
994:
943:
942:
886:
885:
882:
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847:Hepatitis B virus
833:Orthohepadnavirus
698:
697:
651:Taxon identifiers
411:
410:
403:
173:
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16:(Redirected from
1754:
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1437:
1431:dsDNA-RT viruses
1318:
1230:Koala retrovirus
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1008:
956:
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910:
904:ssRNA-RT viruses
899:
868:Parahepadnavirus
816:Metahepadnavirus
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639:Internet Archive
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27:Species of virus
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1394:Simiispumavirus
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1274:Puma lentivirus
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1201:Gammaretrovirus
1194:
1174:
1140:Deltaretrovirus
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1108:
1090:Alpharetrovirus
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1023:
991:
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774:Avihepadnavirus
745:
741:Revtraviricetes
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631:The short film
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482:Wayback Machine
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280:red blood cells
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117:Revtraviricetes
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1115:Betaretrovirus
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626:External links
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566:(5): 2666–77.
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1002:Pseudoviridae
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536:on 2011-07-20
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423:Leroy Coggins
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360:This section
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1572:Rosadnavirus
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1488:Caulimovirus
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1643:Tungrovirus
1538:Dioscovirus
1518:Cavemovirus
1166:(types 1-4)
1030:Pseudovirus
950:Metaviridae
926:Semotivirus
391:August 2016
321:wild horses
208:, parts of
188:swamp fever
1731:Categories
1688:Endogenous
1623:Soymovirus
1453:Badnavirus
1247:Lentivirus
613:17 January
540:2010-10-17
461:2007-06-23
437:References
230:lentivirus
192:retrovirus
153:Lentivirus
1555:Petuvirus
1047:Sirevirus
1013:Hemivirus
978:Metavirus
738:viruses (
674:Q19000458
362:does not
343:Diagnosis
286:Subacute:
238:horse-fly
160:Species:
88:Kingdom:
81:Riboviria
668:Wikidata
590:15708986
560:J. Virol
478:Archived
325:Pantanal
258:placenta
250:syringes
242:deer-fly
218:Far East
206:Americas
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100:Phylum:
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383:removed
368:sources
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232:, like
148:Genus:
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264:Stages
252:, and
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732:Virus
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586:PMID
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364:cite
254:bits
240:and
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