146:(sometimes called 'reported', 'inferential', and/or 'nonwitnessed'). The nonconfirmatives can, in Austin's terms, be felicitous (neutral) or infelicitous. Felicitous nonconfirmatives are used for reports, inferences, etc., for which the speaker chooses not to take responsibility. An infelicitous nonconfirmative expresses either acceptance of a previously unexpected state of affairs (surprise, i.e. something the speaker would not have been willing to confirm prior to discovery, the mirative or admirative) or sarcastic rejection of a previous statement (doubt, irony, etc., the dubitative).
129:—with the English indicative 'he went'. Using the first pair, however, implies very strongly that the speaker either witnessed the event or is very sure that it took place. The second pair implies either that the speaker did not in fact witness it take place, that it occurred in the remote past or that there is considerable doubt as to whether it actually happened. If it were necessary to make the distinction, then the English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate the inferential.
366:
The main body of the news report tends to use the renarrative correctly; but sometimes, again, it is intentionally avoided. This is especially so when sensitive or controversial subject matter is being dealt with. This is because, due to its ambiguity, the renarrative in such cases could be perceived
145:
As grammaticalized in the Balkan languages, evidentiality encodes the speaker's evaluation of the narrated event, often, but not always, predicated upon the nature of the available evidence. These evidentials can be of two types: Confirmative (sometimes called 'witnessed') and nonconfirmative
404:
For a more precise rendering, it would be possible to also translate these as "he reportedly went" or "he is said to have gone" (or even "apparently, he went") although, clearly, these long constructions would be impractical in an entire text composed in this
443:
In
Bulgarian, the indicative would be incorrect here, at least for the first time or several times the topic is discussed. Once everyone present becomes familiar enough with the idea, however, then they may feel comfortable enough to switch to the
301:
illustrated above, these "nonconfirmatives, (from perfects), always have a past reference to either a real or a putative narrated event, speech event, or state of mind. They cannot be used with true nonpast reference."
367:
as a passing of judgement or expression of doubt by the reporter, rather than as a simple renarration. In such cases, constructions with a directly-cited source reference such as "the minister said that +
294:
Grammatically, this could be seen as a way for the speaker to be demonstratively re-narrating the event (the insult) back to the listener in order for them to pause and consider their actions.
471:); or if an as-yet unverified report is received and immediately reported on; or if it is a somewhat unconventional or "unexpected" state of affairs, e.g. "
74:
to convey information about events which were not directly observed or were inferred by the speaker. When referring to Balkan languages, it is often called
513:
268:
In
Bulgarian, even though a state of affairs may be entirely undisputed by the speaker, he or she may choose to use the renarrative in order to present
453:
Exceptions, of course, do occur when the situation requires it—for example if a predicted/probable/possible future event is being rеferred to, e.g.
485:(says that) he wears glasses in order to appear cleverer", where "wears", in the admirative, highlights the unconventional reason which follows.
428:
417:
331:
Often, there is no doubt as to the veracity of the statement (for example, if it was on the news), but simply the fact that the speaker was not
506:
297:
Present and future tenses also exist for such a mood in the above-mentioned languages, but, with the exception of the
Albanian
24:
264:
the boss? (Surprise at the boss's absence; Albanian can have true present meaning, while Balkan Slavic and
Turkish cannot.)
834:
499:
311:(Albanian: A private university will be opened — apparently, i.e. as reported by someone & to my surprise.)
565:
359:
News headlines (in
Bulgaria and Turkey, at least) are rarely presented in this mood, but rather in the
414:
42:) is used to report a nonwitnessed event without confirming it, but the same forms also function as
522:
89:
The inferential is usually impossible to be distinguishably translated into
English. For instance,
59:
722:
667:
55:
759:
702:
693:
637:
491:
380:
79:
51:
804:
784:
779:
739:
707:
687:
682:
642:
595:
526:
482:
468:
425:
363:—even though in most cases the reporters clearly did not witness the events being reported.
71:
63:
47:
754:
744:
672:
657:
652:
623:
551:
432:
421:
90:
774:
749:
677:
257:
rich! (The nonconfirmative refers to surprise in the discovery of a preexisting state.)
828:
809:
769:
712:
586:
571:
561:
385:
138:
662:
141:
in Balkan languages, Victor
Friedman systematizes the facts in the following way:
607:
556:
546:
534:
348:
613:
43:
647:
632:
576:
153:, "Illustrative data (interlinear glossing is omitted to save space):
286:(You're insulting him for no other reason than for the fact that
495:
415:
Language
Contact and the Typology of Evidentials in the Balkans
335:
at the event forces them to use this mood (such as the
Turkish
347:). In this sense, the renarrative could be considered a
118:
100:
793:
721:
594:
585:
533:
322:(Turkish: He will be arriving — as told by someone)
205:
181:
472:
454:
342:
276:
217:
193:
143:
112:
94:
306:
169:
157:
507:
336:
314:
241:
229:
124:
106:
8:
735:(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)
272:with the actions or opinion of the speaker:
111:will be translated the same as inferential
591:
514:
500:
492:
16:Grammatical mood for secondhand knowledge
397:
7:
226:(Bulgarian, nonconfirmative present)
308:Do t'u hapka një universitet privat
278:Обиждаш го не за друго, ами защото
178:(Albanian, nonconfirmative present)
166:(Albanian, nonconfirmative present)
133:Renarrative in the Balkan languages
628:(commands, requests, requirements)
214:(Macedonian, nonconfirmative past)
190:(Macedonian, nonconfirmative past)
70:is used in some languages such as
14:
765:Inferential/renarrative/oblique
250:(Turkish, nonconfirmative past)
238:(Turkish, nonconfirmative past)
1:
478:очила, за да изглежда по-умен
299:true nonconfirmative present
202:(Bulgarian, doubtful future)
137:Writing on the typology of
119:
101:
66:) in which they occur. The
851:
341:, above, or the Bulgarian
473:
455:
343:
277:
218:
206:
194:
182:
113:
95:
794:Dependent circumstances
698:(hopes, wishes, fears)
648:Hortative (+ subtypes)
547:Indicative/declarative
337:
315:
307:
242:
230:
170:
158:
148:
125:
107:
523:Linguistic modalities
361:indicative preterite
78:; when referring to
618:(promises, threats)
469:http://www.vesti.bg
431:2008-05-09 at the
426:A. Victor Friedman
420:2008-05-09 at the
333:personally present
835:Grammatical moods
822:
821:
818:
817:
527:grammatical moods
381:Balkan sprachbund
371:" are preferred.
842:
600:(what should be)
592:
516:
509:
502:
493:
486:
480:
479:
463:—"energy prices
462:
461:
451:
445:
441:
435:
412:
406:
402:
346:
345:
340:
327:True renarrative
321:
310:
283:
282:
249:
237:
225:
224:
213:
212:
201:
200:
189:
188:
177:
165:
128:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
98:
97:
76:renarrative mood
68:inferential mood
48:Balkan languages
41:
40:
33:
32:
21:inferential mood
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
841:
840:
839:
825:
824:
823:
814:
797:(what would be)
795:
789:
725:
717:
598:
581:
537:
529:
520:
490:
489:
452:
448:
442:
438:
433:Wayback Machine
422:Wayback Machine
413:
409:
403:
399:
394:
377:
357:
329:
135:
82:, it is called
36:
35:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
848:
846:
838:
837:
827:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
801:
799:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
620:
610:
604:
602:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
574:
572:Generic/gnomic
569:
559:
554:
549:
543:
541:
531:
530:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
496:
488:
487:
446:
436:
407:
396:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
383:
376:
373:
356:
353:
328:
325:
324:
323:
312:
292:
291:
284:
266:
265:
258:
251:
243:Patron neredey
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
179:
167:
134:
131:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
847:
836:
833:
832:
830:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
798:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Interrogative
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
728:
727:(what may be)
724:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:Necessitative
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
590:
588:
584:
578:
575:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
494:
484:
477:
470:
466:
459:
450:
447:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
411:
408:
401:
398:
391:
387:
386:Irrealis mood
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
372:
370:
364:
362:
354:
352:
350:
339:
334:
326:
320:
319:
313:
309:
305:
304:
303:
300:
295:
289:
285:
281:
275:
274:
273:
271:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
246:
240:
236:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
176:
174:
168:
164:
162:
156:
155:
154:
152:
147:
142:
140:
139:evidentiality
132:
130:
127:
121:
109:
103:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
31:
26:
22:
796:
764:
760:Hypothetical
734:
726:
703:Desiderative
697:
692:
638:Deliberative
627:
622:
617:
612:
599:
538:
475:
464:
457:
449:
439:
410:
400:
368:
365:
360:
358:
355:News reports
332:
330:
317:
298:
296:
293:
287:
279:
270:disagreement
269:
267:
261:
254:
244:
232:
220:
219:Ама вие сте
208:
199:да ме набие.
196:
184:
172:
160:
150:
149:
144:
136:
105:and Turkish
88:
84:oblique mood
83:
75:
67:
37:
29:
20:
18:
805:Conditional
785:Subjunctive
780:Speculative
708:Imprecative
688:Propositive
683:Prohibitive
608:Benedictive
460:да поскъпне
444:indicative.
120:toy otishal
44:admiratives
25:abbreviated
755:Dubitative
745:Assumptive
673:Permissive
658:Injunctive
653:Imperative
614:Commissive
562:Evidential
552:Aggressive
392:References
369:indicative
344:той отишъл
338:varacakmış
211:мајсторот?
114:той отишъл
93:Bulgarian
91:indicative
60:Macedonian
775:Potential
750:Deductive
723:Epistemic
678:Precative
624:Directive
557:Energetic
539:(what is)
483:Stanishev
474:Станишев
288:he's rich
280:бил богат
175:mjeshtri?
102:toy otide
96:той отиде
56:Bulgarian
829:Category
810:Eventive
713:Optative
694:Volitive
633:Debitive
587:Irrealis
577:Mirative
429:Archived
418:Archived
375:See also
231:O zengin
163:i pasur!
126:o gitmiş
80:Estonian
52:Albanian
50:(namely
740:Alethic
663:Jussive
643:Dynamic
596:Deontic
566:Sensory
467:rise" (
316:Varacak
108:o gitti
72:Turkish
64:Turkish
46:in the
535:Realis
465:set to
456:токът
405:tense.
351:mood.
349:realis
260:Where
187:богат!
476:носел
207:Каде
173:qenka
161:qenka
151:Ibid.
30:INFER
525:and
481:"—"
223:тук.
221:били
195:Той
183:Тој
123:and
62:and
38:INFR
19:The
458:щял
318:mış
253:He
245:miş
233:miş
209:бил
197:щял
185:бил
171:Ku
159:Ai
34:or
831::
424:,
262:is
255:is
117:,
99:,
86:.
58:,
54:,
568:)
564:(
515:e
508:t
501:v
290:)
247:?
235:!
23:(
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