196:. These centers receive samples obtained from patients diagnosed with ILI, and test the samples for the presence of an influenza virus. Not all patients diagnosed with ILI are tested, and not all test results are reported. Samples are selected for testing based on severity of ILI, and as part of routine sampling, and at participating surveillance clinics and laboratories. The United States has a general surveillance program, a border surveillance program, and a hospital surveillance program, all devoted to finding new outbreaks of influenza.
402:. Influenza, RSV, and certain bacterial infections are particularly important causes of ILI because these infections can lead to serious complications requiring hospitalization. Physicians who examine persons with ILI can use a combination of epidemiologic and clinical data (information about recent other patients and the individual patient) and, if necessary, laboratory and radiographic tests to determine the cause of the ILI. The use of
433:, the CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset." A diagnosis of
31:
181:
diagnosis of influenza is a diagnosis of ILI, not of influenza. This distinction usually is of no great concern because, regardless of cause, most cases of ILI are mild and self-limiting. Furthermore, except perhaps during the peak of a major outbreak of influenza, most cases of ILI are not due to
214:
Samples are respiratory samples, usually collected by a physician, nurse, or assistant, and sent to a hospital laboratory for preliminary testing. There are several methods of collecting a respiratory sample, depending on requirements of the laboratory that will test the sample. A sample may be
132:
defines an illness as an ILI if the patient has a fever greater than or equal to 38 °C and a cough, which began in the last 10 days. If the patient requires hospitalisation, the illness is classified instead as a severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Other organisations may have different
1056:
Aabenhus, Rune; Jensen, Jens-Ulrik S; Jørgensen, Karsten Juhl; Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Bjerrum, Lars (6 November 2014). "Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care".
931:"A dose escalating, placebo controlled, double blind, single dose and multidose, safety and tolerability study of fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon gamma antibody, in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease"
1120:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2 November 2001). "Update: Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax".
723:
Moore C, Corden S, Sinha J, Jones R (November 2008). "Dry cotton or flocked respiratory swabs as a simple collection technique for the molecular detection of respiratory viruses using real-time NASBA".
231:
1305:
211:
of infection, peaking with the peak incidence of influenza (see figure). During an epidemic, 60–70% of patients with a clear influenza-like illness actually have influenza.
545:
2187:
1096:"CDC Health Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Update: New Interim Recommendations and Guidance for Health Directors about Strategic National Stockpile Materiel"
886:
Antoniou C, Stefanaki I, Stratigos A, et al. (April 2007). "The Greek experience with efalizumab in psoriasis from a university dermatologic hospital".
1132:
1091:
675:
649:
606:
204:
134:
2236:
1298:
182:
influenza. ILI is very common: in the United States each adult can average 1–3 episodes per year and each child can average 3–6 episodes per year.
2342:
207:, only 25,925 (14.1%) were positive for influenza. The percent positive reached a maximum of about 25%. The percent positive increases with the
199:
In most years, in the majority of samples tested, the influenza virus is not present (see figure above). In the United States during the 2008–9
1256:
All horse systems go: the horse owner's full-color veterinary care and conditioning resource for modern performance, sport, and pleasure horses
430:
2347:
1123:
611:
482:
1883:
1595:
1557:
1291:
843:
Moses H, Brandes DW (September 2008). "Managing adverse effects of disease-modifying agents used for treatment of multiple sclerosis".
1914:
2086:
2081:
1888:
1263:
403:
367:
2149:
553:
2194:
2174:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1960:
1858:
1801:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
429:
swine flu requires not only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. During the
410:) along with an examination by a doctor may help to identify a bacterial and avoid an unnecessary antibiotic prescription.
128:
The term ILI can be used casually, but when used in the surveillance of influenza cases, can have a strict definition. The
1975:
1893:
1878:
375:
235:
1791:
1786:
697:
759:
Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Frustaci A (April 2006). "Myocarditis: when to suspect and how to diagnose it in athletes".
445:
If a person with ILI also has either a history of exposure or an occupational or environmental risk of exposure to
193:
2321:
1936:
1355:
1160:
129:
398:
208:
2278:
2164:
2134:
2129:
2023:
1828:
1550:
1350:
1318:
474:
2139:
2378:
1941:
1909:
1844:
454:
422:
313:
609:(9 November 2001). "Considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax".
1919:
1445:
1283:
504:
392:
189:
358:
that stop within a few days. Most cases of ILI are caused not by influenza but by other viruses (e.g.,
671:
575:
1929:
1099:
499:
386:
178:
1989:
1873:
1590:
1360:
309:
297:
97:
typically in connection with a sudden onset of illness. In most cases, the symptoms are caused by
2383:
2368:
2121:
2063:
1946:
1810:
1580:
1543:
1314:
1236:
1038:
911:
868:
407:
116:, which tends to be less common but more severe than the common cold. Less common causes include
437:
swine flu required laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).
316:
also commonly cause flu-like symptoms. Other drugs associated with a flu-like syndrome include
2373:
2144:
2073:
1631:
1585:
1269:
1259:
1228:
1187:
1136:
1070:
1030:
995:
960:
903:
860:
825:
776:
741:
620:
414:
351:
329:
301:
58:
2286:
2231:
2221:
2159:
1823:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1218:
1177:
1169:
1062:
1022:
987:
950:
942:
895:
852:
815:
807:
768:
733:
462:
2259:
2243:
418:
333:
146:
1998:
1605:
1482:
1182:
1155:
1013:
Scheinfeld N, Rosenberg JD, Weinberg JM (2004). "Levamisole in dermatology: a review".
955:
930:
772:
317:
137:
defines it as a 100 °F (38 °C) fever or greater, and a cough or sore throat.
117:
991:
820:
795:
145:
The causes of influenza-like illness range from benign self-limited illnesses such as
2362:
2291:
2154:
1372:
1223:
1206:
1026:
978:
Body JJ (August 2001). "Dosing regimens and main adverse events of bisphosphonates".
899:
275:
102:
915:
872:
523:
350:
Influenza-like illness is a nonspecific respiratory illness characterized by fever,
2301:
1924:
1600:
1430:
1377:
1367:
1240:
1066:
1042:
737:
271:
255:
811:
646:
FluView: A Weekly
Influenza Surveillance Report Prepared by the Influenza Division
457:
requires distinguishing between ILI and anthrax. Other rare causes of ILI include
2306:
2033:
2028:
2016:
1818:
1435:
1402:
1326:
494:
363:
321:
263:
251:
220:
109:
2264:
2182:
2058:
2011:
2006:
1610:
1519:
1515:
1095:
856:
701:
380:
371:
359:
325:
305:
216:
200:
158:
150:
2316:
2311:
2091:
2050:
2043:
2038:
1566:
1273:
946:
345:
279:
185:
154:
113:
82:
70:
62:
1232:
1191:
1140:
1074:
1034:
999:
964:
907:
864:
829:
780:
745:
624:
700:. European Influenza Surveillance Scheme. 21 November 2005. Archived from
1510:
1505:
1489:
1472:
1425:
458:
417:, many thousands of cases of ILI were reported in the media as suspected
291:
243:
166:
98:
94:
86:
2226:
1477:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1440:
796:"Selection for virulent dengue viruses occurs in humans and mosquitoes"
478:
450:
355:
283:
267:
239:
78:
66:
2096:
1397:
259:
247:
162:
90:
74:
1173:
203:
through 18 April, out of 183,839 samples tested and reported to the
30:
2296:
1345:
641:
35:
Proportion of positive influenza tests during a recent flu season.
1156:"The primary care differential diagnosis of inhalational anthrax"
481:. For these horses, light exercise speeds resolution of the ILI.
1417:
929:
Reinisch W, Hommes DW, Van Assche G, et al. (August 2006).
287:
1539:
1287:
1535:
642:"2008–2009 Influenza Season Week 15 ending April 18, 2009"
526:. European Influenza Surveillance Scheme. 12 December 2005
157:, to severe, sometimes life-threatening, diseases such as
120:
of many drugs and manifestations of many other diseases.
794:
Cologna R, Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R (January 2005).
378:). Less common causes of ILI include bacteria such as
546:"WHO surveillance case definitions for ILI and SARI"
2330:
2277:
2252:
2214:
2207:
2173:
2120:
2109:
2072:
1997:
1988:
1968:
1959:
1902:
1866:
1857:
1837:
1809:
1800:
1655:
1619:
1573:
1498:
1454:
1415:
1386:
1334:
1325:
23:
105:activation, and are thus relatively non-specific.
328:. A flu-like syndrome can also be caused by an
601:
599:
597:
1551:
1299:
1086:
1084:
8:
1207:"Bioterrorism for the respiratory physician"
636:
634:
2211:
2117:
1994:
1965:
1863:
1806:
1558:
1544:
1536:
1331:
1306:
1292:
1284:
1133:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1092:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
676:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
650:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
607:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
29:
1222:
1181:
954:
819:
65:or other illness causing a set of common
1205:Waterer GW, Robertson H (January 2009).
698:"Influenza – Frequently asked questions"
485:(NSAIDs) may be given with the vaccine.
1059:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
515:
1154:Temte JL, Zinkel AR (September 2004).
431:2009 flu pandemic in the United States
20:
2348:US influenza statistics by flu season
1124:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
612:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
483:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
336:in physically dependent individuals.
192:by a global network of more than 110
7:
346:Influenza § Signs and symptoms
2343:2017–2018 United States flu season
773:10.2459/01.JCM.0000219325.50622.93
14:
2082:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
672:"Flu Activity & Surveillance"
404:multiplexed point-of-care testing
368:human respiratory syncytial virus
108:Common causes of ILI include the
1224:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01446.x
1027:10.2165/00128071-200405020-00004
900:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07764.x
473:ILI occurs in some horses after
300:that may cause ILI include many
1258:. Trafalgar Square Publishing.
232:Infectious diseases causing ILI
133:definitions. For instance, the
1067:10.1002/14651858.CD010130.pub2
738:10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.001
726:Journal of Virological Methods
1:
2140:Russian flu (1889–1890)
992:10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90232-5
812:10.1128/JVI.79.2.853-859.2005
421:. Most were false alarms. A
219:simply by wiping with a dry
376:human parainfluenza viruses
236:respiratory syncytial virus
2402:
1915:Transmission and infection
343:
332:or other vaccines, and by
194:National Influenza Centers
2195:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
2135:Influenza pandemic (1557)
2130:Influenza pandemic (1510)
1161:Annals of Family Medicine
857:10.1185/03007990802329959
215:obtained from around the
130:World Health Organization
28:
2237:2007 Australian outbreak
1254:Loving, Nancy S (2006).
767:(4). Hagerstown: 301–6.
399:Streptococcus pneumoniae
188:in humans is subject to
2024:Neuraminidase inhibitor
947:10.1136/gut.2005.079434
475:intramuscular injection
314:Chemotherapeutic agents
69:. These include fever,
2338:Influenza-like illness
2007:Adamantane derivatives
455:differential diagnosis
423:differential diagnosis
43:Influenza-like illness
24:Influenza-like illness
2188:1989–1990 UK outbreak
2150:Asian flu (1957-1958)
986:(4 Suppl 11): 49–53.
576:"Surveillance Manual"
505:Histamine glutarimide
393:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
310:monoclonal antibodies
190:clinical surveillance
2155:Hong Kong flu (1968)
1947:Pandemic preparation
1317:that are general or
1100:Health Alert Network
500:Disease surveillance
387:Chlamydia pneumoniae
298:Pharmaceutical drugs
704:on 10 February 2009
354:, cough, and other
294:, and many others.
2145:Spanish flu (1918)
2064:Baloxavir marboxil
1889:West Bengal (2008)
1824:1977 (Russian flu)
1819:1918 (Spanish flu)
1315:Signs and symptoms
1015:Am J Clin Dermatol
556:on 19 October 2014
524:"Case definitions"
447:Bacillus anthracis
408:C-reactive protein
151:rhinoviral disease
2356:
2355:
2273:
2272:
2203:
2202:
2183:Fujian flu (H3N2)
2105:
2104:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1954:
1910:Genetic structure
1853:
1852:
1657:Influenza A virus
1596:Genome sequencing
1533:
1532:
1525:Flu-like symptoms
1411:
1410:
1351:of unknown origin
1094:(26 April 2009).
894:(Suppl 2): 12–6.
845:Curr Med Res Opin
415:2009 flu pandemic
334:opioid withdrawal
330:influenza vaccine
177:Technically, any
59:medical diagnosis
55:flu-like symptoms
51:flu-like syndrome
49:), also known as
40:
39:
16:Medical diagnosis
2391:
2287:Acute bronchitis
2212:
2165:Swine flu (2009)
2160:1977 Russian flu
2118:
2054:
1995:
1966:
1864:
1829:2009 (Swine flu)
1807:
1627:Orthomyxoviridae
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1391:
1339:
1332:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1061:(11): CD010130.
1053:
1047:
1046:
1010:
1004:
1003:
975:
969:
968:
958:
926:
920:
919:
883:
877:
876:
840:
834:
833:
823:
791:
785:
784:
761:J Cardiovasc Med
756:
750:
749:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
694:
688:
687:
685:
683:
668:
662:
661:
659:
657:
638:
629:
628:
603:
592:
591:
589:
587:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
552:. Archived from
542:
536:
535:
533:
531:
520:
463:metal fume fever
201:influenza season
33:
21:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2326:
2269:
2248:
2199:
2169:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2068:
2052:
1999:Antiviral drugs
1980:
1951:
1937:Human mortality
1930:clinical trials
1898:
1849:
1833:
1796:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1615:
1569:
1564:
1534:
1529:
1494:
1450:
1407:
1387:
1382:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1282:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1174:10.1370/afm.125
1153:
1152:
1148:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1012:
1011:
1007:
977:
976:
972:
928:
927:
923:
885:
884:
880:
842:
841:
837:
793:
792:
788:
758:
757:
753:
722:
721:
717:
707:
705:
696:
695:
691:
681:
679:
678:. 17 April 2009
670:
669:
665:
655:
653:
652:. 24 April 2009
640:
639:
632:
605:
604:
595:
585:
583:
582:. 29 March 2019
574:
573:
569:
559:
557:
544:
543:
539:
529:
527:
522:
521:
517:
513:
491:
471:
443:
348:
342:
318:bisphosphonates
229:
175:
147:gastroenteritis
143:
126:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2331:Related topics
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
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2268:
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2256:
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2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2053:(experimental)
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
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1972:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
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1944:
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1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1894:2020s outbreak
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Croatia (2005)
1870:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
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1821:
1815:
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1804:
1798:
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1629:
1623:
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1617:
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1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:Superinfection
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1574:General topics
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
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1522:
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1428:
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1409:
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1400:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:constitutional
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1264:
1246:
1197:
1146:
1112:
1080:
1048:
1005:
970:
941:(8): 1138–44.
921:
878:
851:(9): 2679–90.
835:
786:
751:
715:
689:
663:
630:
593:
567:
537:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
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487:
470:
467:
442:
439:
344:Main article:
341:
338:
228:
225:
174:
171:
142:
139:
125:
122:
89:, body aches,
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Medical signs
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
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2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Bronchiolitis
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2279:Complications
2276:
2266:
2265:Fujian (H5N1)
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2111:Pandemics and
2108:
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2095:
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2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
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2045:
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2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
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2026:
2025:
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2018:
2015:
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2010:
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2008:
2005:
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2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
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1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Social impact
1940:
1938:
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1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Global spread
1918:
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1911:
1908:
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1905:
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1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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440:
438:
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432:
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424:
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364:coronaviruses
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315:
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293:
289:
285:
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276:poliomyelitis
273:
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103:immune system
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2322:Strep throat
2302:Otitis media
1879:India (2006)
1601:Reassortment
1524:
1431:Chronic pain
1388:
1378:Night sweats
1368:Hyperthermia
1356:drug-induced
1336:
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1058:
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554:the original
549:
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518:
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446:
444:
434:
426:
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391:
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372:adenoviruses
360:rhinoviruses
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272:dengue fever
256:Lyme disease
230:
227:Other causes
213:
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101:released by
61:of possible
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2307:Pharyngitis
2253:Non-mammals
2034:Laninamivir
2029:Oseltamivir
2017:Rimantadine
1845:2009 A/H1N1
1647:Influenza D
1642:Influenza C
1637:Influenza B
1632:Influenza A
1436:Cancer pain
1403:Hypothermia
1327:Temperature
1217:(1): 5–11.
1211:Respirology
980:Semin Oncol
732:(2): 84–9.
495:Attack rate
413:During the
322:caspofungin
306:interferons
264:myocarditis
252:hepatitis C
246:infection,
221:cotton swab
110:common cold
2363:Categories
2059:Umifenovir
2051:Peramivir
2012:Amantadine
1990:Treatments
1611:Flu season
1520:polydipsia
1516:Polyphagia
1446:Tenderness
1416:Aches and
511:References
453:), then a
381:Legionella
326:levamisole
159:meningitis
124:Definition
85:, loss of
2384:Syndromes
2369:Influenza
2317:Sinusitis
2312:Pneumonia
2208:Non-human
2175:Epidemics
2122:Pandemics
2113:epidemics
2092:Pandemrix
2044:Zanamivir
2039:Peramivir
1976:2020–2022
1969:Outbreaks
1884:UK (2007)
1867:Outbreaks
1811:Pandemics
1591:Treatment
1567:Influenza
1483:of muscle
1468:Lassitude
1135:: 941–8.
469:In horses
435:confirmed
419:swine flu
340:Diagnosis
302:biologics
280:pneumonia
209:incidence
186:Influenza
173:Influenza
155:influenza
114:influenza
99:cytokines
83:dry cough
71:shivering
63:influenza
2374:Symptoms
2074:Vaccines
1659:subtypes
1581:Research
1511:Anorexia
1506:Cachexia
1490:Asthenia
1473:Lethargy
1426:Headache
1278:page 439
1274:61864306
1233:19144044
1192:15506578
1141:11708591
1105:27 April
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708:28 April
682:26 April
656:26 April
625:11724153
586:11 March
560:11 March
489:See also
479:vaccines
459:leukemia
427:probable
356:symptoms
304:such as
292:COVID-19
244:HIV/AIDS
242:, acute
234:include
179:clinical
167:leukemia
95:sneezing
87:appetite
67:symptoms
2215:Mammals
1925:Vaccine
1903:Science
1838:Science
1620:Viruses
1586:Vaccine
1478:Atrophy
1460:fatigue
1456:Malaise
1441:Myalgia
1241:8106844
1183:1466714
1043:1171779
956:1856289
800:J Virol
580:cdc.gov
530:15 July
451:anthrax
352:fatigue
284:measles
268:Q fever
240:malaria
79:malaise
57:, is a
2232:Equine
2227:Feline
2222:Canine
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165:, and
163:sepsis
153:, and
141:Causes
93:, and
91:nausea
75:chills
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2260:Avian
2244:Swine
1792:H11N9
1787:H11N2
1782:H10N8
1777:H10N7
1772:H10N3
1418:pains
1346:Fever
1237:S2CID
1039:S2CID
912:S2CID
869:S2CID
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1859:H5N1
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1712:H5N3
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1692:H3N2
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1682:H2N3
1677:H2N2
1672:H1N2
1667:H1N1
1518:and
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1337:heat
1270:OCLC
1260:ISBN
1229:PMID
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1137:PMID
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710:2009
684:2009
658:2009
621:PMID
588:2020
562:2020
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461:and
308:and
288:SARS
217:nose
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