937:, and a further 250 were infected. As of early January 2014, Texas health officials have confirmed at least thirty-three H1N1 deaths and widespread outbreak during the 2013/2014 flu season, while twenty-one more deaths have been reported across the US. Nine people have been reported dead from an outbreak in several Canadian cities, and Mexico reports outbreaks resulting in at least one death. Spanish health authorities have confirmed 35 H1N1 cases in the Aragon region, 18 of whom are in intensive care. On 17 March 2014, three cases were confirmed with a possible fourth awaiting results occurring at the
675:
55:
921:
by World Health
Organization (WHO) more than 214 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including over 18,138 deaths. The research team of Andrew Miller showed pregnant patients are at increased risk. It has been suggested that pregnant women and certain populations such as native North Americans have a greater likelihood of developing a
798:
42:
848:(M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. The six genes from American swine flu are themselves mixtures of swine flu, bird flu, and human flu viruses. While viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.
215:
4895:
751:, New Jersey. The virus was detected only from 19 January to 9 February and did not spread beyond Fort Dix. Retrospective serologic testing subsequently demonstrated that up to 230 soldiers had been infected with the novel virus, which was an H1N1 strain. The cause of the outbreak is still unknown and no exposure to pigs was identified.
1125:(ECDC) and the US CDC stated that, like all flu viruses with pandemic potential, the variant is a concern that will be monitored. The ECDC stated that "the most important intervention in preparing for the pandemic potential of influenza viruses is the development and use of human vaccines ...". Health officials (including
773:. It infected mostly children and young adults under 23; because a similar strain was prevalent in 1947β57, most adults had substantial immunity. Later analysis found that the re-emergent strain had been circulating for approximately one year before it was detected in China and Russia. The virus was included in the 1978β79
2447:
904:, surmised as a leading cause of death in this pandemic. The study authors suggest physician evaluation via contrast enhanced CT scans for the presence of pulmonary emboli when caring for patients diagnosed with respiratory complications from a "severe" case of the H1N1 flu. H1N1 may induce other embolic events, such as
3461:
932:
On 26 April 2011, an H1N1 pandemic preparedness alert was issued by the World Health
Organization for the Americas. In August 2011, according to the U.S. Geological Survey and the CDC, northern sea otters off the coast of Washington state were infected with the same version of the H1N1 flu virus that
920:
The 21 March 2010 worldwide update, by the U.N.'s World Health
Organization (WHO), states that "213 countries and overseas territories/communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 16,931 deaths." As of 30 May 2010, worldwide update
1113:
between 2011 and 2018. While other variants of the virus have appeared and diminished, the study claimed the G4 variant had sharply increased since 2016 to become the predominant strain. The
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs rebutted the study, saying that the number of pigs sampled
1182:
Since 1 October 2008, the CDC has tested 1,146 seasonal influenza A (H1N1) viruses for resistance against oseltamivir and zanamivir. It was found that 99.6% of the samples were resistant to oseltamivir while none were resistant to zanamivir. After 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) virus samples were tested,
864:
States and Mexico". The disease then spread very rapidly, with the number of confirmed cases rising to 2,099 by 7 May, despite aggressive measures taken by the
Mexican government to curb the spread of the disease. The outbreak had been predicted a year earlier by noticing the increasing number of
863:
database. With similar timely sharing of data for
Mexican isolates, by 24 April it became clear that the outbreak of ILI in Mexico and the confirmed cases of novel influenza A in the southwest US were related and WHO issued a health advisory on the outbreak of "influenza-like illness in the United
717:
migration towards the lungs, resulting in the destruction of lung cells and secretion of blood and mucus into the alveoli and airways. This makes it difficult for the patient to breathe and can result in suffocation. In contrast to other pandemics, which mostly kill the old and the very young, the
620:
Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human influenza, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called
1152:
recommends that those who are pregnant be vaccinated to prevent the influenza virus. The vaccination should not be taken by people who have had a severe allergic reaction to the influenza vaccination. Those who are moderately to severely ill, with or without a fever should wait until they recover
4055:
H1N1 Flu, 2009: Hearings before the
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, of the One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session: 29 April 2009, Coordinating the Federal Response; 21 September 2009, Protecting Our Community: Field Hearing in Hartford, CT; 21
616:
Swine influenza (also known as swine flu or pig flu) is a respiratory disease that occurs in pigs that is caused by the
Influenza A virus. Influenza viruses that are normally found in swine are known as swine influenza viruses (SIVs). The three main subtypes of SIV that circulate globally are
1114:
was too small to demonstrate G4 had become the dominant strain and that the media had interpreted the study "in an exaggerated and nonfactual way". They also said the infected workers "did not show flu symptoms and the test sample is not representative of the pig population in China".
2439:
816:
isolated from patients in the United States was found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses β North
American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe β "an unusually
3453:
1183:
only 4% (of 853 samples) showed resistance to oseltamivir (again, no samples showed resistance to zanamivir). A study conducted in Japan during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic concluded that infants exposed to either oseltamivir or zanamivir had no short term adverse effects. Both
1105:
since 2011. The
Chinese CDC said it had implemented an influenza surveillance program in 2010, analyzing more than 400,000 tests annually, to facilitate early identification of influenza. Of those, 13 A(H1N1) cases were detected, of which three were of the G4 variant.
1090:) stated that "G4 EA H1N1 viruses possess all the essential hallmarks of being highly adapted to infect humans ... Controlling the prevailing G4 EA H1N1 viruses in pigs and close monitoring of swine working populations should be promptly implemented."
1129:) have said that the virus should be monitored, particularly among those in close contact with pigs, but it is not an immediate threat. While there have been no reported cases or evidence of the virus outside China as of July 2020,
1147:
Pregnant women who contract the H1N1 infection are at greater risk of developing complications because of hormonal changes, physical changes and changes to their immune system to accommodate the growing fetus. For this reason the
916:
of infrarenal aorta, thrombosis of right external iliac vein and common femoral vein or cerebral gas embolism. The type of embolic events caused by H1N1 infection are summarized in a 2010 review by Dimitroulis Ioannis et al.
3709:
580:
from a different strain and thus evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. Major outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the
979:
Maldives reported swine flu in early 2017; 501 people were tested for the disease and 185 (37%) of those tested were positive for the disease. Four of those who tested positive from these 185 died due to this disease.
1779:
Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS, et al. (December 2002). "Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?".
891:. The President's declaration caused many U.S. employers to take actions to help stem the spread of the swine flu and to accommodate employees and / or workflow which may have been impacted by an outbreak.
1040:
An outbreak of swine flu in the European Union member state was reported in mid-January 2019, with the island's main state hospital overcrowded within a week, with more than 30 cases being treated.
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485:
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has included one strain of A/H1N1 as well as two other influenza strains - together representing strains thought most likely to cause significant human suffering in the coming season.
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or a variant virus. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. Properly cooking the meat of an infected animal removes the risk of infection.
3705:
3813:
2259:
3174:
986:
Schools were closed for a week due to the disease, but were ordered by the Ministry of Education to open after the holidays even though the disease was not fully under control.
3974:
Saito, S; Minakami, H; Nakai, A; Unno, N; Kubo, T; Yoshimura, Y (August 2013). "Outcomes of infants exposed to oseltamivir or zanamivir in utero during pandemic (H1N1) 2009".
2945:
2045:
Nakajima, Katsuhisa; Desselberger, Ulrich; Palese, Peter (July 1978). "Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950".
718:
1918 pandemic killed unusual numbers of young adults, which may have been due to their healthy immune systems mounting a too-strong and damaging response to the infection.
1122:
2286:
1167:
Pregnant women who become infected with the influenza are advised to contact their doctor immediately. Influenza can be treated with prescription antiviral medications.
597:
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2550:
1082:
3782:
3035:
4958:
3362:
1509:
3264:
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1971:
953:
With more than 300 infections and over 20 deaths, India's health ministry declared an outbreak "well under control" with "no reason to panic" in April 2012.
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513:
3330:
3234:
2203:
3494:
3093:
1149:
1118:
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caused the 2009 pandemic and "may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses". In May 2013, seventeen people died during an H1N1 outbreak in
856:
2023:
2997:
1997:
4761:
2572:
427:
3498:
2893:
2155:
2098:"The Re-Emergence of H1N1 Influenza Virus in 1977: A Cautionary Tale for Estimating Divergence Times Using Biologically Unrealistic Sampling Dates"
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3736:
3642:
998:
926:
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2177:
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A(H1N1), A(H1N2), and A(H3N2). These subtypes are well adapted to pigs and are different from human influenza viruses of the same subtype.
3624:"The swine flu virus is not a new virus and does not very spread and is pathogenic to humans and animals [translated from Chinese]"
3417:
2516:
One company, Replikins, actually predicted over a year ago that significant outbreaks of the H1N1 flu virus would occur within 6β12 months.
2503:
1005:
to provide help to control the virus; and also mentioned that the government would be seeking international assistance, including from the
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437:
297:
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382:
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894:
A study conducted in coordination with the University of Michigan Health Service β scheduled for publication in the December 2009
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54:
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1076:
4 (G4) Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus that mainly affects pigs, but there is some evidence of it infecting people. A 2020
506:
280:
2863:
663:, which killed from 17 to 50 or more million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1920. It was one of the deadliest
4485:
4383:
4291:
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236:
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showed clinical signs of flu within four days, and the virus spread to other uninfected pigs housed with the infected ones.
1260:
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4885:
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1121:(CDC) said the study suggested that human infection by the G4 virus is more common than it was thought to be. Both the
447:
4403:
3527:"Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection"
596:
Each year, three influenza strains are chosen for inclusion in the forthcoming year's seasonal flu vaccination by the
422:
4316:
4311:
3352:
1488:
4963:
4949:
3256:
1136:
1102:
499:
4017:
1963:
593:, all of which were caused by strains of A(H1N1) virus which are believed to have undergone genetic reassortment.
4846:
4461:
4056:
October 2009, Monitoring the Nation's Response; 17 November 2009, Getting the Vaccine to Where It is Most Needed.
3674:
Cohen, Jon (29 June 2020). "Swine flu strain with human pandemic potential increasingly found in pigs in China".
1495:
1409:
1094:
1002:
837:
729:
country where the press were printing reports of the outbreak, which had killed thousands in the armies fighting
601:
569:
2967:
565:" designates an IAV subtype that has a type-1 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein.
3320:
3226:
2199:
879:
declared an H1N1 pandemic, moving the alert level to phase 6, marking the first global pandemic since the 1968
2019:
747:
In 1976, a novel swine influenza A (H1N1) caused severe respiratory illness in 13 soldiers, with one death at
1056:
In November 2019 an outbreak of H1N1 was recorded in Iran, with 56 fatalities and 4,000 people hospitalized.
4803:
4689:
4659:
4654:
4548:
4353:
4075:
3204:
1993:
1176:
813:
786:
742:
674:
590:
417:
397:
4664:
997:
reported H1N1 in late July 2017. As of 27 July, there were 30 confirmed cases and six people had died. The
983:
The total number of people who have died due to the disease is unknown. Patient Zero was never identified.
372:
4911:
4862:
4466:
4434:
4369:
3490:
1179:(antiviral medications) recommended. They are most effective when taken within two days of becoming sick.
852:
792:
538:
480:
470:
193:
20:
2885:
2163:
1024:, with deaths resulting from the epidemic reaching 42. There have also been confirmed cases in cities of
4444:
3357:
2583:
905:
2384:
971:, 31,974 cases of swine flu had been reported and 1,895 people had died from an outbreak by mid-March.
3944:
2757:
4454:
3623:
3538:
3427:
2923:
2109:
2054:
1735:
1678:
1582:
1139:, but because it "so far cannot jump from person to person", it should not be a cause for alarm yet.
1131:
748:
49:
1724:"Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus"
4514:
4398:
4115:
2578:
1162:
1110:
913:
310:
2828:
2185:
1283:
4646:
4588:
4471:
4335:
4105:
4068:
3687:
2499:
2078:
1854:
1805:
1704:
1552:
901:
888:
542:
475:
365:
322:
859:
reported seven cases of novel A/H1N1 influenza and promptly shared the genetic sequences on the
682:
Carnegie Library during the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918, all garbed in uniforms and face masks.
3287:
1667:"Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus"
576:
genome. Under rare circumstances, one strain of the virus can acquire genetic material through
4669:
4598:
4156:
4110:
3991:
3866:
3596:
3574:
3556:
3148:
2810:
2640:
2321:
2137:
2070:
1945:
1882:
1846:
1797:
1761:
1696:
1647:
1390:
1341:
1252:
809:
774:
629:
534:
273:
165:
151:
3491:"CDC takes action to prepare against 'G4' swine flu viruses in China with pandemic potential"
2573:"The Arrival of H1N1 Influenza: Legal Considerations and Practical Suggestions for Employers"
2225:
1048:
In January 2019 an outbreak of H1N1 was recorded in Morocco, with nine confirmed fatalities.
4811:
4756:
4746:
4684:
4348:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4151:
3983:
3856:
3848:
3679:
3564:
3546:
3138:
3128:
2800:
2792:
2630:
2622:
2421:
2310:"Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children β Southern California, MarchβApril 2009"
2127:
2117:
2062:
1935:
1927:
1836:
1789:
1751:
1743:
1686:
1637:
1627:
1499:
1380:
1372:
1331:
1321:
1199:(malformations and toxic effects on the embryo) when given at high doses in animal studies.
1069:
840:(HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the
818:
766:
760:
656:
586:
392:
248:
243:
139:
1068:, also known as the "G4 swine flu virus" (G4) and "G4 EA H1N1", is a swine influenza virus
214:
4784:
4768:
1526:
830:
826:
802:
694:
660:
550:
546:
253:
231:
127:
115:
103:
2309:
1101:, stated in July 2020 that this strain of influenza virus was not new and had been under
3542:
2113:
2058:
1739:
1682:
686:
The 1918 flu caused an abnormally high number of deaths, possibly due to it provoking a
4899:
4523:
4130:
3914:
3861:
3836:
3569:
3526:
3390:
3143:
3116:
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2780:
2727:
2635:
2610:
2477:
2362:
2132:
2097:
1940:
1915:
1756:
1723:
1642:
1613:
1385:
1360:
1336:
1309:
1006:
845:
687:
679:
558:
2697:
1793:
4980:
4816:
4679:
3691:
3325:
3057:
1872:
1465:
1126:
880:
841:
702:
387:
91:
2859:
1809:
797:
41:
4826:
4449:
4125:
3777:
2082:
1858:
1708:
884:
822:
577:
3593:"Recently publicized swine flu not new, under surveillance since 2011: WHO expert"
2671:
2532:
2122:
1876:
4943:
4831:
4558:
4553:
4541:
4343:
1970:. Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy, University of Minnesota.
1246:
1220:"Influenza A Subtypes and the Species Affected | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC"
1219:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1168:
1077:
730:
698:
652:
646:
582:
377:
342:
332:
327:
24:
3987:
3892:
2385:"Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)"
4789:
4707:
4583:
4536:
4531:
4135:
3852:
3422:
2611:"Imaging Findings in a Fatal Case of Pandemic Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1)"
1435:
1184:
1025:
465:
347:
317:
4934:
3560:
3197:"Breaking: Swine flu gai Ithuru meehaku maruve, ithuru bayaku positive vejje"
3133:
733:(1914β1918). Other countries suppressed the news in order to protect morale.
4841:
4836:
4616:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4091:
3683:
3551:
3088:
1172:
934:
865:
714:
573:
352:
337:
285:
224:
206:
79:
3995:
3870:
3578:
3152:
2814:
2644:
2325:
2141:
1949:
1931:
1850:
1801:
1765:
1700:
1651:
1394:
1345:
1256:
2796:
2425:
628:
Pigs experimentally infected with the strain of swine flu that caused the
4928:
2074:
1632:
1326:
1073:
1017:
922:
706:
664:
622:
410:
2626:
1747:
1691:
1666:
1614:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
1376:
19:
For the H1N1/09 virus strain responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic, see
4751:
3292:
2416:
Butler, Declan (27 April 2009). "Swine flu outbreak sweeps the globe".
1504:
1489:
WHO report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases
1245:
Jilani TN, Jamil RT, Siddiqui AH (30 November 2020). "H1N1 Influenza".
994:
942:
869:
668:
554:
4894:
3706:"China says G4 swine flu virus not new; does not infect humans easily"
4621:
2066:
1878:
The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History
1135:
reported in July 2020 that scientists agree that the virus should be
1029:
1021:
860:
821:
mix of genetic sequences." This new strain appears to be a result of
726:
4905:
4054:
3806:"New Swine flu strain with pandemic potential isn't cause for alarm"
3742:. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 13 July 2020.
3648:. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 13 July 2020.
3626:. Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. 2020.
1841:
1824:
925:
type 2 response to H1N1 influenza which may be responsible for the
4821:
722:
66:
3196:
1109:
The study stated that almost 30,000 swine had been monitored via
701:
infected lung cells, it frequently led to overstimulation of the
4045:
Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
710:
691:
4909:
4064:
3773:"4 reasons not to worry about that 'new' swine flu in the news"
3288:"Myanmar tracks spread of H1N1 as outbreak claims sixth victim"
2308:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (April 2009).
4048:
3386:"Swine flu outbreak at Mater Dei hospital, St Vincent de Paul"
1310:"Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment"
909:
876:
697:, also an Influenza A virus, has a similar effect.) After the
2609:
Mollura DJ, Asnis DS, Crupi RS, et al. (December 2009).
1583:"1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus) | Pandemic Influenza (Flu) | CDC"
1410:"Genetics of the Influenza Virus | Learn Science at Scitable"
4060:
2349:
2347:
1553:"Humans May Give Swine Flu To Pigs In New Twist To Pandemic"
855:(ILI) occurred in Mexico and then in the United States; the
2862:. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
2660:"H1N1 infection and embolic events. A multifaceted disease"
1462:"Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)"
3945:"2008β2009 Influenza Season Week 32 ending 15 August 2009"
2361:. World Health Organization. 24 April 2009. Archived from
1722:
Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC, et al. (October 2006).
1665:
Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, et al. (January 2007).
1914:
Gaydos JC, Top FH, Hodder RA, Russell PK (January 2006).
1531:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
553:). Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the
3167:"Makeshift flu clinics swamped as H1N1 cases rise to 82"
2998:"Aumentan a 35 los hospitalizados por gripe A en AragΓ³n"
2726:. World Health Organization. 4 June 2010. Archived from
2446:. Epidemiological Alerts Vol. 6, No. 15. 29 April 2009.
2355:"Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico"
1916:"Swine influenza a outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976"
1308:
Shao W, Li X, Goraya MU, Wang S, Chen JL (August 2017).
833:
viruses, in all four different strains of subtype H1N1.
709:(proteins that transmit signals between cells) into the
4042:
2476:. World Health Organization. 7 May 2009. Archived from
2256:"Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic"
4883:
3737:"Eurasian avian-like A(H1N1) swine influenza viruses"
3643:"Eurasian avian-like A(H1N1) swine influenza viruses"
3117:"The 2015 influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 outbreak in India"
1487:
Anker M, Schaaf D, World Health Organization (2000).
1361:"At the centre: influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins"
3384:
Caruana, Claire; Xuereb, Matthew (18 January 2019).
2440:"Influenza cases by a new sub-type: Regional Update"
1020:
reported H1N1 cases mostly arising from the city of
836:
Preliminary genetic characterization found that the
4918:
4855:
4802:
4777:
4739:
4732:
4698:
4645:
4634:
4597:
4522:
4513:
4493:
4484:
4427:
4391:
4382:
4362:
4334:
4325:
4180:
4144:
4098:
3456:[Learn about the flu and how to treat it].
2658:Dimitroulis I, Katsaras M, Toumbis (October 2010).
3525:Sun H, Xiao Y, Liu J, et al. (29 June 2020).
1123:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
545:(flu). Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (
3837:"Influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) and Pregnancy"
3353:"Toll rises to 42 as 3 more succumb to swine flu"
1612:P. Spreeuwenberg; et al. (1 December 2018).
1527:"Factsheet on swine influenza in humans and pigs"
1359:Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (January 2015).
598:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
3915:"What You Should Know About Flu Antiviral Drugs"
2886:"H1N1 flu outbreak kills 17 in Venezuela: media"
2283:"Experts concerned about potential flu pandemic"
2200:"Pandemic Influenza: Recent Pandemic Flu Scares"
23:. For the 1918 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, see
3531:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2547:"Obama declares swine flu a national emergency"
1083:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3841:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India
2916:"North Texas confirmed 20 flu deaths β Xinhua"
2500:"Efforts To Quickly Develop Swine Flu Vaccine"
537:(IAV). Some human-adapted strains of H1N1 are
4076:
3976:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3618:
3616:
3614:
507:
8:
2750:"H1N1 Pandemic Flu Hits Pregnant Women Hard"
2390:. World Health Organization. 15 April 2009.
1072:discovered in China. The virus is a variant
3321:"Myanmar Asks WHO to Help Fight H1N1 Virus"
2968:"Un muerto en Coahuila por influenza AH1N1"
2696:. World Health Organization. Archived from
2020:"New Strain May Edge Out Seasonal Flu Bugs"
1464:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1314:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
705:via release of immune response-stimulating
4906:
4736:
4642:
4519:
4490:
4388:
4331:
4083:
4069:
4061:
4049:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention
3949:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3919:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3889:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3520:
3518:
3516:
3495:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
2694:"Situation updates β Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
1440:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1288:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1224:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1150:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1119:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
721:The term "Spanish" flu was coined because
514:
500:
202:
40:
31:
3860:
3766:
3764:
3568:
3550:
3454:"Ψ’ΩΩΩΩΨ§ΩΨ²Ψ§ Ω Ψ±Ψ§ΩβΩΨ§Ϋ Ψ―Ψ±Ω
Ψ§Ω Ψ’Ω Ψ±Ψ§ Ψ¨Ψ΄ΩΨ§Ψ³ΫΨ―"
3142:
3132:
2804:
2634:
2131:
2121:
1939:
1840:
1755:
1690:
1641:
1631:
1503:
1384:
1335:
1325:
3595:. Xinhuanet. 2 July 2020. Archived from
2938:"9 deaths caused by H1N1 flu in Alberta"
1994:"Origin of current influenza H1N1 virus"
1093:Michael Ryan, executive director of the
796:
673:
4890:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3418:"Swine flu outbreak kills 9 in Morocco"
3286:Lone, Wa; Lewis, Simon (27 July 2017).
2444:Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
1208:
1001:of Myanmar sent an official request to
929:that causes pulmonary edema and death.
927:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
205:
3885:"Key Facts about Seasonal Flu Vaccine"
3028:"Three cases of H1N1 reported at CAMH"
2236:from the original on 27 September 2006
939:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
4873:US influenza statistics by flu season
3300:from the original on 11 December 2018
3115:Murhekar M, Mehendale S (June 2016).
3084:"Swine flu toll inches towards 1,900"
2450:from the original on 1 September 2017
2230:State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin
1515:from the original on 31 October 2022.
883:. On 25 October 2009, U.S. President
7:
4014:Sarasota Memorial Health Care System
3925:from the original on 23 January 2014
3464:from the original on 3 December 2019
3365:from the original on 25 January 2018
3257:"Schools to open after flu outbreak"
3008:from the original on 12 January 2014
2590:from the original on 15 October 2011
2553:from the original on 29 October 2009
2026:from the original on 26 January 2012
2000:from the original on 12 January 2012
1974:from the original on 27 October 2011
1563:from the original on 26 January 2021
1214:
1212:
3434:from the original on 16 August 2019
3398:from the original on 16 August 2019
3333:from the original on 28 August 2019
2978:from the original on 7 January 2014
2858:Rogall, Gail Moede (8 April 2014).
2720:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 β update 103"
2332:from the original on 1 October 2009
655:was an unusually severe and deadly
4868:2017β2018 United States flu season
3267:from the original on 26 March 2017
3237:from the original on 26 March 2017
3207:from the original on 25 March 2017
3177:from the original on 24 March 2017
3038:from the original on 30 March 2019
2896:from the original on 30 March 2019
2866:from the original on 13 April 2014
2839:from the original on 29 April 2011
2397:from the original on 7 August 2017
2262:from the original on 29 April 2009
2184:. 20 February 1978. Archived from
1895:from the original on 3 August 2020
1593:from the original on 27 March 2020
1263:from the original on 12 March 2020
14:
4607:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
3816:from the original on 11 July 2020
3771:Garcia de Jesus E (2 July 2020).
3749:from the original on 19 July 2020
3655:from the original on 19 July 2020
3630:from the original on 20 July 2020
3064:from the original on 20 July 2020
3058:"India swine flu 'under control'"
2860:"Sea Otters Can Get the Flu, Too"
2506:from the original on 31 July 2009
2289:from the original on 2 April 2019
2226:"Russian flu confirmed in Alaska"
2206:from the original on 24 June 2017
2156:"Interactive health timeline box
900:β warned that H1N1 flu can cause
897:American Journal of Roentgenology
4893:
3955:from the original on 9 July 2017
3785:from the original on 2 July 2020
3712:from the original on 4 July 2020
3501:from the original on 3 July 2020
3227:"H1N1 death toll rises to three"
2948:from the original on 19 May 2020
2829:"WHO Issues H1N1 Pandemic Alert"
2258:. New Scientist. 26 April 2009.
1825:"Influenza: old and new threats"
1619:American Journal of Epidemiology
713:tissue. This leads to extensive
443:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
213:
53:
3835:Boon, Lim (23 September 2011).
3319:Htet Naing Zaw (27 July 2017).
3092:. 19 March 2015. Archived from
2529:"H1N1 Pandemic β It's Official"
2470:"Influenza A(H1N1) β update 19"
1996:. virology blog. 2 March 2009.
1009:, China and the United States.
678:Soldiers march in front of the
541:in humans and are one cause of
35:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
4987:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
4920:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
2531:. 11 June 2009. Archived from
2502:. Science Daily. 4 June 2009.
1964:"Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza"
963:2015 Indian swine flu outbreak
851:In April 2009, an outbreak of
527:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
179:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
1:
4665:Russian flu (1889–1890)
2779:McAlister VC (October 2009).
2756:. 24 May 2010. Archived from
2281:Susan Watts (25 April 2009).
1794:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7
1436:"Seasonal Flu Vaccines | CDC"
999:Ministry of Health and Sports
771:Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1)
2314:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2123:10.1371/journal.pone.0011184
1365:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1248:H1N1 Influenza in StatPearls
568:All subtypes of IAV share a
16:Subtype of Influenza A virus
4043:Influenza Research Database
3060:. BBC News. 12 April 2012.
2178:"Invasion from the Steppes"
2096:Wertheim, Joel. O. (2010).
887:officially declared H1N1 a
298:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
5003:
4440:Transmission and infection
3988:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.04.007
3804:Machemer T (6 July 2020).
2549:. The Daily Herald. 2009.
1823:Palese P (December 2004).
1508:. WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/2000.1.
1416:. Nature Education 1(1):83
1284:"Influenza Type A Viruses"
1160:
1099:Health Emergencies Program
960:
801:Illustration of influenza
790:
784:
758:
740:
644:
433:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
18:
4720:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
4660:Influenza pandemic (1557)
4655:Influenza pandemic (1510)
3853:10.1007/s13224-011-0055-2
2670:(3): 7β13. Archived from
1496:World Health Organization
1171:(trade name Tamiflu) and
1095:World Health Organization
1013:2017β18 Pakistan outbreak
767:1977 Russian flu pandemic
725:was at the time the only
630:human pandemic of 2009β10
604:(WHO). Since 1999, every
602:World Health Organization
587:1977 Russian flu pandemic
583:1918 Spanish flu pandemic
190:
185:
48:
39:
34:
4762:2007 Australian outbreak
3708:. Reuters. 4 July 2020.
3261:Maldives Independent.com
3231:Maldives Independent.com
3171:Maldives Independent.com
3134:10.4103/0971-5916.192077
2586:, LLP. 2 November 2009.
1177:neuraminidase inhibitors
967:According to the Indian
557:H and N proteins in the
4549:Neuraminidase inhibitor
3684:10.1126/science.abd5761
3552:10.1073/pnas.1921186117
2158:1977: Russian flu scare
1282:CDC (1 February 2024).
787:2009 swine flu pandemic
743:1976 swine flu outbreak
737:1976 swine flu outbreak
591:2009 swine flu pandemic
448:2020β2022 H5N8 outbreak
4950:Influenza A virus H1N1
4863:Influenza-like illness
4532:Adamantane derivatives
3891:. 2013. Archived from
1932:10.3201/eid1201.050965
1408:Clancy, Susan (2008).
1191:have been found to be
1143:Infection in pregnancy
975:2017 Maldives outbreak
872:, found in the virus.
853:influenza-like illness
805:
793:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
683:
641:1918β1920 flu pandemic
486:Vaccine reformulations
481:Influenza-like illness
428:2007 Australian equine
194:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
21:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
4713:1989β1990 UK outbreak
4675:Asian flu (1957-1958)
4051:H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu).
2797:10.1503/cmaj.109-2028
2724:Disease Outbreak News
2584:Davis Wright Tremaine
2474:Disease Outbreak News
2426:10.1038/news.2009.408
2359:Disease Outbreak News
2188:on 30 September 2007.
2162:. CNN. Archived from
1044:2019 Morocco outbreak
990:2017 Myanmar outbreak
906:myocardial infarction
875:On 11 June 2009, the
800:
791:Further information:
781:2009 A(H1N1) pandemic
769:was caused by strain
677:
373:1889-1890 Russian flu
4680:Hong Kong flu (1968)
4472:Pandemic preparation
3810:Smithsonian Magazine
2781:"H1N1-related SIRS?"
2232:(9). 21 April 1978.
1920:Emerging Infect. Dis
1835:(12 Suppl): S82β87.
1327:10.3390/ijms18081650
1153:before vaccination.
1132:Smithsonian Magazine
908:, bilateral massive
578:genetic reassortment
50:Virus classification
3982:(2): 130.e1β39.e1.
3543:2020PNAS..11717204S
3537:(29): 17204β17210.
3430:. 2 February 2019.
3361:. 24 January 2018.
3004:. 12 January 2014.
2926:on 12 January 2014.
2674:on 13 December 2019
2627:10.2214/AJR.09.3365
2615:AJR Am J Roentgenol
2579:National Law Review
2202:. Global Security.
2114:2010PLoSO...511184W
2059:1978Natur.274..334N
2022:. NPR. 4 May 2009.
1748:10.1038/nature05181
1740:2006Natur.443..578K
1692:10.1038/nature05495
1683:2007Natur.445..319K
1377:10.1038/nrmicro3367
1163:Influenza treatment
1157:Antiviral treatment
1036:2019 Malta outbreak
957:2015 India outbreak
949:2012 India outbreak
945:, Ontario, Canada.
471:Influenza evolution
383:1957-1958 Asian flu
153:Alphainfluenzavirus
4670:Spanish flu (1918)
4589:Baloxavir marboxil
4414:West Bengal (2008)
4349:1977 (Russian flu)
4344:1918 (Spanish flu)
4020:on 3 February 2014
3121:Indian J. Med. Res
2974:. 3 January 2014.
1881:. Viking Penguin.
1633:10.1093/aje/kwy191
1175:(Relenza) are two
1052:2019 Iran outbreak
902:pulmonary embolism
889:national emergency
806:
690:in the body. (The
684:
623:zoonotic swine flu
606:annual formulation
543:seasonal influenza
533:) is a subtype of
476:Influenza research
388:1968 Hong Kong flu
323:Baloxavir marboxil
4974:
4973:
4912:Taxon identifiers
4881:
4880:
4798:
4797:
4728:
4727:
4708:Fujian flu (H3N2)
4630:
4629:
4509:
4508:
4480:
4479:
4435:Genetic structure
4378:
4377:
4182:Influenza A virus
4121:Genome sequencing
3493:(Press release).
3263:. 23 March 2017.
3233:. 21 March 2017.
3203:. 25 March 2017.
3173:. 15 March 2017.
3034:. 21 March 2014.
2972:Vanguardia.com.mx
2835:. 26 April 2011.
2833:Recombinomics.com
2420:: news.2009.408.
2166:on 22 March 2007.
2053:(5669): 334β339.
1888:978-0-670-89473-4
1788:(9348): 1831β37.
1626:(12): 2561β2567.
1589:. 22 March 2020.
1468:on 3 October 2011
1137:closely monitored
914:arterial thrombus
810:2009 flu pandemic
775:influenza vaccine
535:influenza A virus
524:
523:
201:
200:
166:Influenza A virus
4994:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4812:Acute bronchitis
4737:
4690:Swine flu (2009)
4685:1977 Russian flu
4643:
4579:
4520:
4491:
4389:
4354:2009 (Swine flu)
4332:
4152:Orthomyxoviridae
4085:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4016:. Archived from
4010:"Pandemic OBGYN"
4006:
4000:
3999:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3941:
3935:
3934:
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3902:
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3874:
3864:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
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3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3640:Translation via
3639:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3554:
3522:
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3510:
3508:
3506:
3487:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3414:
3408:
3407:
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3403:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
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3316:
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3309:
3307:
3305:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
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3247:
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3244:
3242:
3223:
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3214:
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3193:
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3184:
3182:
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3157:
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3146:
3136:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3096:on 20 March 2015
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
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2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2922:. Archived from
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2848:
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2819:
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2808:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2754:Businessweek.com
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
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2649:
2648:
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2606:
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2599:
2597:
2595:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2535:on 15 June 2009.
2525:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2365:on 26 April 2009
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2067:10.1038/274334a0
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1844:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1734:(7111): 578β81.
1719:
1713:
1712:
1694:
1677:(7125): 319β23.
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:. 10 July 2009.
1557:Sciencedaily.com
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
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1426:
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1421:
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1339:
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1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1080:paper from the
761:1977 Russian flu
755:1977 Russian flu
561:; for example, "
549:) and in birds (
516:
509:
502:
438:2008 West Bengal
393:1977 Russian flu
378:1918 Spanish flu
217:
203:
141:Orthomyxoviridae
58:
57:
44:
32:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4977:
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4970:
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4957:
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4882:
4877:
4851:
4794:
4773:
4724:
4694:
4639:
4637:
4626:
4593:
4577:
4524:Antiviral drugs
4505:
4476:
4462:Human mortality
4455:clinical trials
4423:
4374:
4358:
4321:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4140:
4094:
4089:
4039:
4034:
4033:
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4008:
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3958:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3895:on 30 June 2017
3883:
3882:
3878:
3834:
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3829:
3819:
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3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
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3739:
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3612:
3602:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3497:. 2 July 2020.
3489:
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3097:
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2931:
2920:English.news.cn
2914:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2892:. 27 May 2013.
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
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2840:
2827:
2826:
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2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2571:
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2566:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1533:. 14 March 2023
1525:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1442:. 12 March 2024
1434:
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1407:
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1244:
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1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1165:
1159:
1145:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1015:
992:
977:
969:Health Ministry
965:
959:
951:
831:swine influenza
827:human influenza
803:antigenic shift
795:
789:
783:
763:
757:
745:
739:
661:avian influenza
649:
643:
638:
614:
612:Swine influenza
551:avian influenza
547:swine influenza
520:
491:
490:
461:
453:
452:
423:2006 H5N1 India
413:
403:
402:
368:
358:
357:
313:
303:
302:
293:Live attenuated
276:
266:
265:
227:
207:Influenza (flu)
181:
169:
129:Articulavirales
117:Insthoviricetes
105:Negarnaviricota
52:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5000:
4998:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4955:
4940:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4856:Related topics
4853:
4852:
4850:
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4717:
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4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4578:(experimental)
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4528:
4526:
4517:
4511:
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4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4488:
4482:
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4478:
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4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4419:2020s outbreak
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Croatia (2005)
4395:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
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4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
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4338:
4329:
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4314:
4309:
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4299:
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4284:
4279:
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4269:
4264:
4259:
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4234:
4229:
4224:
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4175:
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4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4131:Superinfection
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4099:General topics
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4038:
4037:External links
4035:
4032:
4031:
4001:
3966:
3936:
3906:
3876:
3827:
3796:
3760:
3723:
3697:
3666:
3610:
3599:on 3 July 2020
3584:
3512:
3475:
3460:(in Persian).
3445:
3409:
3391:Times of Malta
3376:
3344:
3311:
3278:
3248:
3218:
3188:
3158:
3127:(6): 821β823.
3107:
3075:
3049:
3019:
2989:
2959:
2929:
2907:
2877:
2850:
2820:
2771:
2760:on 5 June 2010
2741:
2730:on 9 June 2010
2711:
2685:
2650:
2621:(6): 1500β03.
2601:
2564:
2538:
2520:
2491:
2461:
2431:
2408:
2376:
2343:
2320:(15): 400β02.
2300:
2273:
2247:
2217:
2191:
2169:
2147:
2088:
2037:
2011:
1985:
1955:
1906:
1887:
1873:Barry, John M.
1864:
1842:10.1038/nm1141
1815:
1771:
1714:
1657:
1604:
1574:
1544:
1518:
1479:
1453:
1427:
1414:www.nature.com
1400:
1351:
1300:
1274:
1251:. StatPearls.
1237:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1161:Main article:
1158:
1155:
1144:
1141:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1014:
1011:
991:
988:
976:
973:
961:Main article:
958:
955:
950:
947:
846:matrix protein
785:Main article:
782:
779:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
741:Main article:
738:
735:
688:cytokine storm
680:Pomona College
645:Main article:
642:
639:
637:
634:
613:
610:
570:negative-sense
559:viral envelope
522:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
418:1976 swine flu
414:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
398:2009 swine flu
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
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320:
314:
309:
308:
305:
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301:
300:
295:
290:
289:
288:
277:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
259:A/H1N1 subtype
251:
246:
241:
240:
239:
237:A/H5N1 subtype
228:
223:
222:
219:
218:
210:
209:
199:
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182:
177:
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149:
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113:
109:
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60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4999:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4965:
4960:
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4951:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Bronchiolitis
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4804:Complications
4801:
4791:
4790:Fujian (H5N1)
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
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4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
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4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4636:Pandemics and
4633:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Social impact
4465:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Global spread
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:(4): 389β93.
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3745:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3651:
3644:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3463:
3459:
3455:
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3446:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3326:The Irrawaddy
3322:
3315:
3312:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
3002:Cadenaser.com
2999:
2993:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:(9): 616β17.
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2700:on 2 May 2009
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2480:on 7 May 2009
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
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2427:
2423:
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2409:
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2377:
2364:
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2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2182:Time magazine
2179:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:(6): e11184.
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1226:. 13 May 2024
1225:
1221:
1215:
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4944:Wikispecies
4832:Pharyngitis
4778:Non-mammals
4559:Laninamivir
4554:Oseltamivir
4542:Rimantadine
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4162:Influenza B
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3032:Thestar.com
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2510:28 December
2336:9 September
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2030:22 December
2004:22 December
1899:1 September
1587:www.cdc.gov
1505:10665/66485
1320:(8): 1650.
1197:embryotoxic
1193:teratogenic
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1111:nasal swabs
819:mongrelised
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328:Laninamivir
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4584:Umifenovir
4576:Peramivir
4537:Amantadine
4515:Treatments
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3959:31 January
3929:31 January
3899:31 January
3468:3 December
3423:Al Arabiya
3369:25 January
3358:The Nation
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2764:16 October
2734:16 October
2704:16 October
2678:1 November
2594:3 November
2557:26 October
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2369:16 October
1567:16 October
1494:(Report).
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1203:References
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1026:Gujranwala
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4837:Pneumonia
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3561:0027-8424
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3402:16 August
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2401:31 August
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1420:17 August
1267:25 August
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844:(NA) and
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2102:PLOS ONE
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1998:Archived
1972:Archived
1950:16494712
1893:Archived
1875:(2004).
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1829:Nat. Med
1810:43488229
1802:12480361
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1652:30202996
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1513:(PDF)
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