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582:, with an emissivity of about 0.97. The object's known temperature can then be measured using the standard emissivity. If desired, the object's actual emissivity (on a part of the object that is not covered by the standard material) can then be determined by adjusting the imager's setting to the known temperature. There are situations, however, when such an emissivity test is not possible due to dangerous or inaccessible conditions. In these situations, the thermographer must rely on tables.
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camera is capable of performing algorithms to interpret that data and build an image. Although the image shows the viewer an approximation of the temperature at which the object is operating, the camera is actually using multiple sources of data based on the areas surrounding the object to determine that value rather than detecting the actual temperature.
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considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly only 160 x 120 or 320 x 240 pixels, although more expensive cameras can achieve a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels. Thermographic cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, though low-performance add-on thermal cameras for
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Night vision infrared devices image in the near-infrared, just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. However, again, these are not usually used for thermography due to the high temperature requirements, but are instead used with active
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are needed. Although the cooling apparatus may be comparatively bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras provide greatly superior image quality compared to uncooled ones, particularly of objects near or below room temperature. Additionally, the greater sensitivity of cooled cameras also allow the
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In order to get a more accurate temperature measurement, a thermographer may apply a standard material of known, high emissivity to the surface of the object. The standard material might be as complex as industrial emissivity spray produced specifically for the purpose, or as simple as standard black
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in the UK patented a camera that scanned pyro-electronically and which reached a high level of performance after several other breakthroughs during the 1970s. Tompsett also proposed an idea for solid-state thermal-imaging arrays, which eventually led to modern hybridized single-crystal-slice imaging
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There are various cameras cheaper and more expensive. Quality cameras often have a high price range (often US$ 3,000 or more) due to the expense of the larger pixel array (state of the art 1280 x 1024), while less expensive models (with pixel arrays of 40x40 up to 160x120 pixels) are also available.
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IR film is sensitive to infrared (IR) radiation in the 250 to 500 °C (482 to 932 °F) range, while the range of thermography is approximately −50 to 2,000 °C (−58 to 3,632 °F). So, for an IR film to work thermographically, the measured object must be over 250 °C (482 °F)
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Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an operating temperature to reduce image noise, but they are not cooled to low temperatures and do not require bulky, expensive, energy consuming cryogenic coolers. This makes infrared cameras smaller and less costly. However, their resolution and image
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of an object using an infrared imager, it is necessary to estimate or determine the object's emissivity. For quick work, a thermographer may refer to an emissivity table for a given type of object, and enter that value into the imager. The imager would then calculate the object's contact temperature
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Thermal images, or thermograms, are actually visual displays of the amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method. A thermal imaging
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The first advanced application of IR technology in the civil section may have been a device to detect the presence of icebergs and steamships using a mirror and thermopile, patented in 1913. This was soon outdone by the first accurate IR iceberg detector, which did not use thermopiles, patented in
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Without cooling, these sensors (which detect and convert light in much the same way as common digital cameras, but are made of different materials) would be 'blinded' or flooded by their own radiation. The drawbacks of cooled infrared cameras are that they are expensive both to produce and to run.
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where incident radiant power is the radiant power profile when viewed through a thermal imaging camera. Emitted radiant power is generally what is intended to be measured; transmitted radiant power is the radiant power that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source, and; reflected
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For use in temperature measurement the brightest (warmest) parts of the image are customarily colored white, intermediate temperatures reds and yellows, and the dimmest (coolest) parts black. A scale should be shown next to a false color image to relate colors to temperatures. Their resolution is
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Thermography shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared. It is capable of catching moving targets in real time. It is able to find deterioration, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure. It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or
1445:. This makes it possible for a thermal imaging camera to display an object's temperature. However, other factors also influence the radiation, which limits the accuracy of this technique. For example, the radiation depends not only on the temperature of the object, but is also a function of the
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Many models do not provide the irradiance measurements used to construct the output image; the loss of this information without a correct calibration for emissivity, distance, and ambient temperature and relative humidity entails that the resultant images are inherently incorrect measurements of
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This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By using the proper camera settings and by being careful when capturing the image, electrical systems can be scanned and problems can be found.
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continued to make improvements in this instrument. By 1901, it could detect radiation from a cow from 400 metres away and was sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred thousandths (0.00001 C) of a degree
Celsius. The first commercial thermal imaging camera was sold in 1965 for high
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A material's emissivity can range from a theoretical 0.00 (completely not-emitting) to an equally theoretical 1.00 (completely emitting). An example of a substance with low emissivity would be silver, with an emissivity coefficient of .02. An example of a substance with high emissivity would be
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of the mid-1950s. This used a continuously rotating mirror and detector, with Y-axis scanning by the motion of the carrier aircraft. Although unsuccessful in its intended application of submarine tracking by wake detection, it was applied to land-based surveillance and became the foundation of
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is a theoretical object with an emissivity of 1 that radiates thermal radiation characteristic of its contact temperature. That is, if the contact temperature of a thermally uniform black body radiator were 50 °C (122 °F), the black body would emit thermal radiation characteristic of
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Saxena, Ashish; Ng, E.Y.K.; Raman, Vignesh; Syarifuddin Bin
Mohamed Hamli, Muhammad; Moderhak, Mateusz; Kolacz, Szymon; Jankau, Jerzy (December 2019). "Infrared (IR) thermography-based quantitative parameters to predict the risk of post-operative cancerous breast resection flap necrosis".
435:. However, in the case of infrared thermography, the above equation is used to describe the radiant power within the spectral wavelength passband of the thermal imaging camera in use. The radiant heat exchange requirements described in the equation apply equally at every wavelength in the
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in the infrared wavelength into a visible light display. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal infrared energy, so thermal cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of ambient light. However, most thermal cameras only see objects warmer than −50 °C (−58 °F).
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Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object being viewed.
1063:, an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. Given the super-linearities of the
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illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other
2079:" when used in the visible range, allow for preprocessing using smart sensing techniques due to the increase in growth of integrated microcircuitry. The other technology is more oriented to specific use and fulfills its preprocessing goal through its design and structure.
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In the energy savings area, the thermal imaging camera can do more. Because it can see the effective radiation temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating towards, it can help locate sources of thermal leaks and overheated regions as well.
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Thermographic cameras create thermal images based on the radiant heat energy it receives. As radiation levels are influenced by the emissivity and reflection of radiation such as sunlight from the surface being measured this causes errors in the measurements.
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An alternative to
Stirling engine coolers is to use gases bottled at high pressure, nitrogen being a common choice. The pressurised gas is expanded via a micro-sized orifice and passed over a miniature heat exchanger resulting in regenerative cooling via the
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In uncooled detectors the temperature differences at the sensor pixels are minute; a 1 °C difference at the scene induces just a 0.03 °C difference at the sensor. The pixel response time is also fairly slow, at the range of tens of milliseconds.
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hazardous for other methods. It is a non-destructive test method. It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts. It can be used to detect objects in dark areas. It has some medical application, essentially in
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devices could be used as infrared sensors because of their very narrow gap. Small arrays have been demonstrated. They have not been broadly adopted for use because their high sensitivity requires careful shielding from the background radiation.
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of infrared radiation. Color image sensors require a complex construction to differentiate wavelengths, and color has less meaning outside of the normal visible spectrum because the differing wavelengths do not map uniformly into the system of
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range from 4 K (−269 °C) to just below room temperature, depending on the detector technology. Most modern cooled detectors operate in the 60 Kelvin (K) to 100 K range (-213 to -173 °C), depending on type and performance level.
242:, up to 1280 x 1024 for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted due to the military uses for this technology. Older
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1914 by R.D. Parker. This was followed by G.A. Barker's proposal to use the IR system to detect forest fires in 1934. The technique was not genuinely industrialized until it was used to analyze heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935.
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Uncooled thermal cameras use a sensor operating at ambient temperature, or a sensor stabilized at a temperature close to ambient using small temperature control elements. Modern uncooled detectors all use sensors that work by the change of
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in the United States also developed arrays of detectors that could cool at a lower temperature, but they scanned mechanically. This method had several disadvantages which could be overcome using an electronic scanning system. In 1969
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invented the infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in
Britain. The first American thermographic camera developed was an infrared line scanner. This was created by the US military and
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At temperatures of 600 °C and above, inexpensive cameras with CCD and CMOS sensors have also been used for pyrometry in the visible spectrum. They have been used for soot in flames, burning coal particles, heated materials,
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Each material has a different emissivity, which may vary by temperature and infrared wavelength. For example, clean metal surfaces have emissivity that decreases at longer wavelengths; many dielectric materials, such as quartz
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quality tend to be lower than cooled detectors. This is due to differences in their fabrication processes, limited by currently available technology. An uncooled thermal camera also needs to deal with its own heat signature.
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in 1947 and took one hour to produce a single image. While several approaches were investigated to improve the speed and accuracy of the technology, one of the most crucial factors dealt with scanning an image, which the
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military grade equipment, and are export-restricted, particularly if the resolution is 640 x 480 or greater, unless the refresh rate is 9 Hz or less. The export from the USA of thermal cameras is regulated by
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Towards the end of the 1990s, the use of infrared was moving towards civilian use. There was a dramatic lowering of costs for uncooled arrays, which along with the significant increase in developments, led to a
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An ordinary object emits less infrared radiation than a theoretical black body. The fraction of its actual emission to the theoretical emission (of the black body) is its emissivity (or emissivity coefficient).
2075:, "smart sensors" began to appear. These are sensors that could integrate sensing, signal extraction, processing, and comprehension. There are two main types of smart sensors. One, similar to what is called a "
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have most of their spectral sensitivity in the visible light wavelength range. However, by utilizing the "trailing" area of their spectral sensitivity, namely the part of the infrared spectrum called
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One of the essential areas of development for security systems was for the ability to intelligently evaluate a signal, as well as warning of a threat's presence. Under the encouragement of the US
1899:(NIR), and by using off-the-shelf CCTV camera it is possible under certain circumstances to obtain true thermal images of objects with temperatures at about 280 °C (536 °F) and higher.
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Gallardo-Saavedra, Sara; Hernández-Callejo, Luis; Duque-Perez, Oscar (2018-10-01). "Technological review of the instrumentation used in aerial thermographic inspection of photovoltaic plants".
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Some physiological changes in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermal imaging during clinical diagnostics. Thermography is used in allergy detection and
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of the object. Also, radiation originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object, and the radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the
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Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures, although this problem is reduced in active thermal imaging.
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as a form of radiation beyond red light. These "infrared rays" (infra is the Latin prefix for "below") were used mainly for thermal measurement. There are four basic laws of IR radiation:
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The thermal imaging camera would next employ a series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is only able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is impossible to detect with the
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There is also a difference in refresh rate. Some cameras may only have a refreshing value of 5 –15 Hz, other (e.g. FLIR X8500sc) 180 Hz or even more in no full window mode.
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appears redder than the background stars as it emits most of its light at longer infrared wavelengths. In visible light and near-infrared it is very faint and difficult to see.
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A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.
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may miss the chance to detect cancer at its earliest stage". Government and airport personnel used thermography to detect suspected swine flu cases during the 2009 pandemic.
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Goss, A. J.; Nixon, R. D.; Watton, R.; Wreathall, W. M. (1985). Mollicone, Richard A.; Spiro, Irving J. (eds.). "Progress in IR Television Using the
Pyroelectric Vidicon".
211:. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always built-in.
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market encompassing both civilian and military uses. These uses include environmental control, building/art analysis, functional medical diagnostics, and car guidance and
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technology. The material are used to form pixels with highly temperature-dependent properties, which are thermally insulated from the environment and read electronically.
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which, although inefficient and limited in cooling capacity, are relatively simple and compact. To obtain better image quality or for imaging low temperature objects
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1275:, in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermographic imaging. Cooled infrared cameras can be found at major astronomy research
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In order to perform the role of non-contact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting.
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L. J. Kozlowski and W. F. Kosonocky, "Infrared detector arrays," in Hand-Book of Optics, M. Bass, Ed., chapter 23, Williams, W. L.Wolfe, and McGraw-Hill, 1995.
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Thermal Attack is an approach that exploits heat traces left after interacting with interfaces, such as touchscreens or keyboards, to uncover the user's input.
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animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of
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Thermography has a long history, although its use has increased dramatically with the commercial and industrial applications of the past fifty years.
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1972:. Initially, they jointly developed a greatly improved instrument. Subsequently, Melloni worked alone, creating an instrument in 1833 (a multielement
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Morgan Hughes; Paul
Hopwood; Matilda Dolan; Ben Dolan (4 October 2022). "Applications of thermal imaging for bird surveys: examples from the field".
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in the mid (3 to 5 μm) and long (7 to 14 μm) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance
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Thermography by definition is by means of an instrument (artifact), but some living creatures have natural organs that function as counterparts to
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Kite aerial thermogram revealing features on/under a grassed playing field. Thermal inertia and differential transpiration/evaporation are involved
1044:, the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as
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C. Corsi, "Rivelatori IR: stato dell’arte e trends di sviluppo futuro," Atti della
Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, vol. XLVI, no.5, pp. 801–810, 1991.
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Saxena, Ashish; Raman, Vignesh; Ng, E. Y. K. (2 October 2019). "Study on methods to extract high contrast image in active dynamic thermography".
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Maldague XP, Jones TS, Kaplan H, Marinetti S, Prystay M (2001). "Fundamentals of infrared and thermal testing.". In
Maldague K, Moore PO (eds.).
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L. Bellingham, "Means for detecting the presence at a distance of icebergs, steamships, and other cool or hot objects," US patent no. 1,158,967.
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C. Corsi, "Future trends and advanced development in I.R. detectors," in
Proceedings of 2nd Joint Conference IRIS-NATO, London, UK, June 1996.
465:. Under outdoor environments, convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered when trying to get an accurate temperature reading.
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2635:"A comparison between conductive and infrared devices for measuring mean skin temperature at rest, during exercise in the heat, and recovery"
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188:, to find persons, and to localize the base of a fire. Maintenance technicians use thermography to locate overheating joints and sections of
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spectrum is possible. This technology was a precursor to modern microbolometer technology, and mainly used in firefighting thermal cameras.
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Thermographic cameras can be broadly divided into two types: those with cooled infrared image detectors and those with uncooled detectors.
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when heated by infrared radiation. These changes are then measured and compared to the values at the operating temperature of the sensor.
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Saxena, A; Ng, EYK; Lim, ST (October 2019). "Infrared (IR) thermography as a potential screening modality for carotid artery stenosis".
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temperature of the sensor material; the pixel temperature is read as the highly temperature-dependent polarization charge. The achieved
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Kylili A, Fokaides PA, Christou P, Kalogirou SA (2014). "Infrared thermography (IRT) applications for building diagnostics: A review".
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1976:) that could detect a person 10 metres away. The next significant step in improving detectors was the bolometer, invented in 1880 by
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maintenance technicians locate overheating joints and parts, a telltale sign of their failure, to eliminate potential hazards. Where
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Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel – Part 7: Thermography
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This phenomenon occurs everywhere, all the time. It is a process known as radiant heat exchange, since radiant power × time equals
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captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process, which are examples of
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Current improvements of uncooled focal plane arrays (UFPA) are focused primarily on higher sensitivity and pixel density. In 2013
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M. Razeghi, "Current status and future trends of infrared detectors," Opto-Electronics Review, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 155–194, 1998.
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Saxena, A; Ng, EYK; Lim, ST (May 2020). "Active dynamic thermography to detect the presence of stenosis in the carotid artery".
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bridge above the silicon-based scanning electronics. The electric resistance of the sensing element is measured once per frame.
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Fewer pixels reduce the image quality making it more difficult to distinguish proximate targets within the same field of view.
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Infrared
Building Inspections — Resources for Electrical, Mechanical, Residential and Commercial Infrared/Thermal Inspections
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in intensity detection than color overall, the ability to see fine intensity differences in bright areas is fairly limited.
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The camera may need several minutes to cool down before it can begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are
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optics and 320x240 sensors is 70-80 mK. A possible sensor assembly consists of barium strontium titanate bump-bonded by
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Thermographic images in active volcanoes surveillance system — TIIMNet project Vesuvius and Solfatara INGV Naples Italy
2705:"Looking Under the Hood: Converting Proprietary Image File Formats Created within IR Cameras for Improved Archival Use"
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announced a five-micron LWIR camera that uses a 1280 x 720 focal plane array (FPA). Some of the materials used for the
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radiant power is the amount of radiant power that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source.
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Thermal imaging camera and screen. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus
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or μm) to about 14,000 nm (14 μm). The practice of capturing and analyzing the data they provide is called
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based on the value entered from the table and the object's emission of infrared radiation as detected by the imager.
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Corsi, Carlo. "Infrared: A Key Technology for Security Systems." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (2012): 1-15.
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Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings
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Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods.
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Superconducting detectors offer extreme sensitivity, with some able to register individual photons. For example,
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as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly 160x120 or 320x240
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Electrical distribution equipment diagnosis and maintenance, such as transformer yards and distribution panels
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Pinggera P, Breckon TF, Bischof H (2012). "On Cross-Spectral Stereo Matching using Dense Gradient Features".
107:. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the
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Porev VA, Porev GV (2004). "Experimental determination of the temperature range of a television pyrometer".
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Thermal insulation – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared method
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are used to determine cloud temperature/height and water vapor concentrations, depending on the wavelength)
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This article is about the infrared imaging technique. For the printing technique called thermography, see
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difference (NETD), spectral band, distance-to-spot ratio (D:S), minimum focus distance, sensor lifetime,
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will be taking place and power will be radiating from warm to cold following the principle stated in the
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218:(FPAs) that respond to longer wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared). The most common types are
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2433:"Thermal detector with preferentially-ordered thermally sensitive element and method - Raytheon Company"
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lenses, making high performance long focal length lenses both smaller and cheaper for cooled detectors.
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A. Rogalski, "IR detectors: status trends," Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 27, pp. 59–210, 2003.
1907:, and smoldering embers. This pyrometry has been performed using external filters or only the sensor's
1037:. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem.
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Incident Radiant Power = Emitted Radiant Power + Transmitted Radiant Power + Reflected Radiant Power;
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technicians can see heat leaks to improve the efficiencies of cooling or heating air-conditioning.
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Thermal imaging camera & screen, in an airport terminal in Greece. Thermal imaging can detect
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Infrared photodetectors can be created with structures of high bandgap semiconductors such as in
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cooled. The cooling is necessary for the operation of the semiconductor materials used. Typical
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Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
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Standard Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging
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is a term that is often misunderstood and misused. It represents a material's ability to emit
2704:
403:
This thermogram shows excessive heating on a terminal in an industrial electrical fuse block.
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2594:
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1895:
1841:
Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Thermography – Part 1: General procedures
1752:
1692:
1526:
1465:
1413:
1265:
850:
762:
635:
595:
115:
3943:
3576:
Barker (G.A.) – Apparatus for detecting forest fires. U.S. Patent No 1,958,702 May 22, 1934
1819:
Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
1807:
Standard Test Method for Detecting Delamination in Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography
4701:
4153:
4119:
4092:
4087:
4021:
3703:
3205:
3131:
2533:"The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review"
2015:
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1937:
779:
A number of superconducting and non-superconducting cooled bolometer technologies exist.
200:
and can use the results to improve the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning units.
3871:
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3463:, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 90, pp. 284–292, 1800.
3436:
3370:
3077:
3065:
2962:
2795:
2650:
2590:
2486:
738:. For such systems the supply of pressurized gas is a logistical concern for field use.
4843:
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2470:
2455:
2273:"FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases"
1957:
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became available for hundreds of dollars in 2014. Higher-end models are often deemed
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472:, it will build a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture, usually in a
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120:
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3412:
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2169: – Thermometer which infers temperature by measuring infrared energy emission
1260:
Thermal imaging cameras are also installed in some luxury cars to aid the driver (
553:
3858:
Corsi, Carlo (2010). "History highlights and future trends of infrared sensors".
2659:
2344:
1944:. The development of detectors was mainly focused on the use of thermometers and
1911:. It has been performed using color ratios, grayscales, and/or a hybrid of both.
1881:
Color contours of temperature for a smoldering ember measured with a CMOS camera.
871:
Silicon microbolometers can reach NETD down to 20 mK. They consist of a layer of
4781:
4336:
4168:
4158:
4138:
4128:
4070:
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1949:
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181:
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1125:
Methods and instruments are limited to directly detecting surface temperatures.
442:
If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, then
399:
4417:
4180:
4175:
4143:
3879:
3585:
Nichols (G.T.) – Temperature measuring. U.S. Patent No 2,008,793 July 23, 1935
3198:
2187:
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1965:
1609:
1555:
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1368:
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or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot.
950:
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546:
499:
461:
455:
130:
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3799:
3664:
3335:
3219:"DC-3 Automatic Electronic Seed Counting Machine for Seeds Medical Particles"
3042:
4744:
4680:
4133:
3179:
3050:
2031:
1952:. A significant step in the development of detectors occurred in 1829, when
1945:
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1658:
1650:
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1030:
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2678:
2606:
2531:
Costello JT, McInerney CD, Bleakley CM, Selfe J, Donnelly AE (2012-02-01).
2512:
1071:
can also be used to enhance the resolution of imaging systems beyond their
384:
3378:
673:
645:(nm) range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to
590:
196:
technicians can see thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks in faulty
114:, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without
4767:
3208:. Infrared-buildinginspections.com (2008-09-04). Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
2205: – Formula for the thermal radiation emitted by a perfect black body
2060:
1531:
1423:
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727:
627:
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73:
3070:
Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and Techniques
2882:
2059:(TGS) as their targets, a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the
4796:
4199:
3791:
1743:
1219:
1218:. A thermal camera was first built into a smartphone in 2016, into the
812:
798:. However, they are not in regular use outside of scientific research.
3764:
3742:
3460:
3095:
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419:
This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the formula:
407:
4791:
3723:
Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
3156:
3103:
2758:
Real Time Emissivity Measurement for Infrared Temperature Measurement
2415:"DARPA developing personal LWIR cameras to give soldiers heat vision"
1430:
1237:, find people, and localize hotspots of fires. With thermal imaging,
1017:. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an
1010:
946:
910:
631:
507:
487:
Faults with steam traps in steam heating systems are easy to locate.
239:
227:
223:
697:
Cooled detectors are typically contained in a vacuum-sealed case or
3827:
The Centre for High-Performance Integrated Technologies and Systems
4818:
4029:
3990:
3461:"Experiments on the refrangibility of the visible rays of the sun"
3011:
1662:
1459:
1345:
Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) screening through skin thermal maps.
1272:
1251:
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411:
A thermal image showing temperature variation in a hot air balloon
406:
398:
185:
129:
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2692:
Using Thermography to Find a Class of Latent Construction Defects
2243:"Breast Cancer Screening: Thermogram No Substitute for Mammogram"
1360:
Various other neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions.
3955:
3437:"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors"
1520:
473:
231:
219:
169:
3994:
1861:, and thus possess a crude type of thermal imaging capability (
921:(PT), lead zinc niobate (PZN), lead strontium titanate (PSrT),
538:) display relatively flat emissivity in the infrared spectrum.
2570:
Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Minett GM, Costello JT (September 2015).
1631:(early failure warning) on mechanical and electrical equipment
1271:
Some physiological activities, particularly responses such as
265:
135:
45:
Thermogram of a traditional building in the background and a "
3289:"NASA Readies James Webb Space Telescope for December Launch"
1534:
detection in walls and roofs (and thus in turn often part of
2109: – The simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures
3987:, IR Thermometry & Thermography Applications Repository
2452:
Nondestructive Handbook, Infrared and Thermal Testing z÷÷÷÷
1348:
Active Dynamic Thermography (ADT) for medical applications.
993:
Starlight-type night vision devices generally only magnify
3985:
IR Thermometry & Thermography Applications Repository
2633:
Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Disher AE, Costello JT (2015-02-06).
3984:
3148:
Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2012
3066:"Real-time people and vehicle detection from UAV imagery"
2011:
was able to commercialize using a cooled photoconductor.
1146:
UAS thermal imagery of a solar panel array in Switzerland
3565:
Thermic balance or radiometer. U.S. Patent No 1,099,199
3241:"Thermal imaging highlights Westminster's energy waste"
2213:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2154: – detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation
2147:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1154:
AN/PAS-13 thermal rifle scope mounted on an AR-15 rifle
157:
warning that "those who opt for this method instead of
2199: – Electronic sensor that measures infrared light
2030:
was a photoconductor that required much less cooling.
1561:
Military and police target detection and acquisition:
1197:, is useful because although humans have much greater
1189:
Sometimes these monochromatic images are displayed in
1410:
Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence
741:
Materials used for cooled infrared detection include
714:
Cooling is both energy-intensive and time-consuming.
3623:"Texas Instruments - 1966 First FLIR units produced"
2249:. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 October 2017.
2192:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2183:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2156:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2117:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
234:
FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled
4885:
4857:
4813:
4762:
4739:
4729:
4694:
4611:
4602:
4453:
4369:
4329:
4248:
4207:
4198:
4042:
4028:
2305:
FLIR x8500sc Thermal imaging camera specifications
2145: – Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature
1684:
Auditing of acoustic insulation for sound reduction
296:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3964:, Some uses of thermographic images in electronics
3394:"Fire Ember Pyrometry Using a Color Camera (2019)"
1354:Extracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease.
2102:ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry
1229:Thermography finds many other uses. For example,
3496:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society
2346:Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy
542:asphalt, with an emissivity coefficient of .98.
3944:best thermal scanning service provider in india
2181: – thermography used for medical diagnosis
2115: – thermography used for medical diagnosis
2113:Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care
2014:The first British infrared linescan system was
1964:, fabricating an improved thermometer, a crude
1320:Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care
103:) and produce images of that radiation, called
3974:Uncooled thermal imaging works round the clock
2772:by Fraser Macdonald, 4 October 2014, Hot Stuff
2211: – Thermal imaging camera in firefighting
2175: – Ability to see in low light conditions
1826:International Organization for Standardization
246:or more sensitive models such as InSb require
4006:
3765:"Heritage TICs EEV P4428 & P4430 Cameras"
3392:Kim, Dennis K.; Sunderland, Peter B. (2019).
2138:Infrared non-destructive testing of materials
8:
3646:Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and systems
3068:. In Röning J, Casasent DP, Hall EL (eds.).
1920:Discovery and research of infrared radiation
1475:Fields in which these techniques are used:
3643:Kruse, Paul W; Skatrud, David Dale (1997).
2717:Infrared Temperature Theory and Application
2349:. Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
945:of an infrared camera system are number of
27:Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature
4736:
4618:
4608:
4204:
4048:
4039:
4013:
3999:
3991:
3189:. Ipf.ov.ingv.it. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
2862:Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal
2694:. Globalspec.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
902:(VOx), lanthanum barium manganite (LBMO),
626:) is a device that creates an image using
3958:, infrared imaging science demonstrations
3778:Corsi, C. (1995-07-01). "Smart sensors".
3411:
3085:
2881:
2760:. Pyrometer.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
2707:, Professional Thermographers Association
2668:
2658:
2502:
1216:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
967:minimum resolvable temperature difference
849:Ferroelectric detectors operate close to
598:taken in mid-infrared ("thermal") light (
453:The ability of objects to emit is called
356:Learn how and when to remove this message
203:The appearance and operation of a modern
192:, which are a sign of impending failure.
4849:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
3316:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1876:
1711:Research and development of new products
1636:
1439:spectrum and amount of thermal radiation
1169:Images from infrared cameras tend to be
1107:Also the lens can be integrated or not.
677:A thermographic image of several lizards
214:Specialized thermal imaging cameras use
163:
3682:. Hikoki Publications. pp. 25–26.
2770:Thermal camera answers age-old question
2469:Graciani G, Amblard F (December 2019).
2234:
2129: – Multi-wavelength imaging method
2022:This work was further developed at the
1581:Technical surveillance counter-measures
1364:Archaeological kite aerial thermography
929:(BT), antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI), and
826:Uncooled detectors are mostly based on
3638:
3636:
3263:"Thermal Imaging Application Overview"
3127:
3117:
3064:Gaszczak A, Breckon TP, Han J (2011).
1342:Peripheral vascular disease screening.
1296:Low slope and flat roofing inspections
917:(PST), lead lanthanum titanate (PLT),
3151:. BMVA Press. pp. 103.1–103.12.
2719:. Omega.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
2628:
2626:
2624:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2209:Thermal imaging camera (firefighting)
2024:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
1865:). One of the best known examples is
1173:because the cameras generally use an
7:
3595:Naughton, Russell (10 August 2004).
2300:
2298:
2026:in the UK when they discovered that
1930:Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
1429:Thermal imaging cameras convert the
1177:that does not distinguish different
977:, input power, and mass and volume.
774:quantum well infrared photodetectors
630:(IR) radiation, similar to a normal
294:adding citations to reliable sources
34:. For thermography in medicine, see
3704:"Michael F. Tompsett, TheraManager"
3599:. Monash University. Archived from
3072:. Vol. 7878. pp. 78780B.
1924:Infrared was discovered in 1800 by
1558:monitoring of visitors to a country
4656:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3980:Archaeological aerial thermography
2373:. thermalscope.com. Archived from
2320:. thermalscope.com. Archived from
1968:. He described this instrument to
784:superconducting tunneling junction
149:practitioners promote its use for
25:
3435:Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07).
2951:Infrared Physics & Technology
2907:Computers in Biology and Medicine
2819:Computers in Biology and Medicine
2253:from the original on 23 June 2018
845:Thermal image of steam locomotive
761:(MCT) (1-2 μm, 3-5 μm, 8-12 μm),
649:from about 1,000 nm (1
4911:
4910:
3823:"Vision Chips or Seeing Silicon"
2919:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103718
2831:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103419
1985:voltage power line inspections.
1606:- Medical testing for diagnosis
1541:Masonry wall structural analysis
913:lead zirconate titanate (PLZT),
857:of ferroelectric detectors with
459:, to absorb radiation is called
383:
372:
270:
250:cooling, usually by a miniature
184:use thermography to see through
4413:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3243:. IRT Surveys. 19 February 2013
2994:Equine thermography in practice
2279:. 29 April 2009. Archived from
2190: – 2011 thermographic film
1441:depend strongly on an object's
1351:Neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
1300:Building diagnostics including
1256:Hot hooves indicate a sick cow.
1001:Passive vs. active thermography
281:needs additional citations for
4661:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3839:National patent no. 47722◦/80.
2996:. Wallingford - Boston: CABI.
2971:10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103063
2804:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.005
2552:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008
2454:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.).
2041:English Electric Valve Company
1464:The thermographic camera on a
1377:Thermal imaging in ornithology
1:
4641:Radionuclide ventriculography
4115:Lower gastrointestinal series
4107:Upper gastrointestinal series
3821:Moini, Alireza (March 1997).
3649:. San Diego: Academic Press.
3413:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.006
3359:Journal of Optical Technology
3035:10.1080/03078698.2022.2123026
2874:10.1080/17686733.2019.1586376
2163: – Near-infrared imaging
2122:Fluorescent microthermography
1997:In 1929, Hungarian physicist
1747:Umpire Decision Review System
1379:and other wildlife monitoring
1302:building envelope inspections
1096:Limitations and disadvantages
981:Difference from infrared film
879:sensing element suspended on
796:Superconducting camera (SCAM)
4832:Optical coherence tomography
4754:Myocardial perfusion imaging
4342:Dental panoramic radiography
3597:"Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947)"
3516:. Samuel Pierpoint Langley.
2660:10.1371/journal.pone.0117907
2133:Infrared and thermal testing
2073:Strategic Defense Initiative
1980:. Langley and his assistant
1357:Thyroid gland abnormalities.
1264:), the first being the 2000
963:noise-equivalent temperature
448:second law of thermodynamics
2992:Soroko M, Morel MC (2016).
2343:Hapke B (19 January 2012).
2089:collision avoidance systems
1077:super-resolution microscopy
802:Uncooled infrared detectors
723:Stirling engine cryocoolers
4958:
4636:Ventilation/perfusion scan
4111:Small-bowel follow-through
3328:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.027
2599:10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/r27
2540:Journal of Thermal Biology
2495:10.1038/s41467-019-13780-4
2307:. Retrieved on 2019-07-10.
1993:First thermographic camera
1960:, created the first known
1867:infrared sensing in snakes
1720:Locating pest infestations
1675:James Webb Space Telescope
1625:in production environments
1618:Program process monitoring
1373:Veterinary Thermal Imaging
1310:energy losses in buildings
1279:, even those that are not
634:that forms an image using
550:50 °C (122 °F).
508:optical property of matter
29:
4906:
4877:Dynamic angiothermography
4621:
4545:Abdominal ultrasonography
4051:
3880:10.1080/09500341003693011
3725:. Infrared Technology X.
3535:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3531:"Samuel Pierpont Langley"
3514:The infrared pioneers—III
3265:. Bullard. Archived from
2579:Physiological Measurement
2028:mercury cadmium telluride
1873:CCD and CMOS thermography
1567:infrared search and track
1338:dynamic angiothermography
1162:Thermographic image of a
1048:of people on a scene and
931:polyvinylidene difluoride
923:barium strontium titanate
759:mercury cadmium telluride
747:narrow gap semiconductors
745:based on a wide range of
669:Cooled infrared detectors
641:. Instead of the 400–700
4867:Non-contact thermography
4646:Radionuclide angiography
4498:Doppler echocardiography
3860:Journal of Modern Optics
3780:Microsystem Technologies
3474:The infrared pioneers—II
2223:Thermographic inspection
2179:Non-contact thermography
2051:such as vidicons with a
2037:Michael Francis Tompsett
1661:, in telescopes such as
1563:forward-looking infrared
1330:Non-contact thermography
943:specification parameters
526:), calcium fluoride (CaF
437:electromagnetic spectrum
93:electromagnetic spectrum
36:Non-contact thermography
4651:Radioisotope renography
3490:Langley, S. P. (1880).
2203:Sakuma–Hattori equation
2197:Passive infrared sensor
1978:Samuel Pierpont Langley
1942:Wien's displacement law
1757:Malicious Applications
1688:Baby monitoring systems
1680:Automotive night vision
1667:Spitzer Space Telescope
1597:Firefighting operations
1262:automotive night vision
915:lead scandium tantalate
904:lead zirconate titanate
571:temperature measurement
68:, is a process where a
4686:Gastric emptying study
3678:Gibson, Chris (2015).
2730:"IR scanning handbook"
2019:military IR linescan.
1882:
1853:Biological counterpart
1707:Nondestructive testing
1654:
1629:Predictive maintenance
1604:Thermography (medical)
1472:
1406:Nondestructive testing
1286:Applications include:
1257:
1233:use it to see through
1166:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1005:All objects above the
959:noise-equivalent power
846:
707:operating temperatures
694:
689:, one of the signs of
678:
616:thermal imaging camera
603:
562:
412:
404:
207:is often similar to a
177:
138:
95:(roughly 9,000–14,000
50:
32:thermographic printing
4347:X-ray motion analysis
4230:X-ray microtomography
4149:Hysterosalpingography
4056:Pneumoencephalography
3476:. Macedonio Melloni.
3379:10.1364/JOT.71.000062
3027:Ringing and Migration
2475:Nature Communications
2437:freepatentsonline.com
2371:"Infrared Technology"
2318:"Infrared Technology"
2127:Hyperspectral imaging
1982:Charles Greeley Abbot
1887:charge-coupled device
1880:
1753:Autonomous navigation
1736:(thermal images from
1641:Viewed from space by
1640:
1488:Seed-counting machine
1470:German Federal Police
1463:
1255:
1247:building construction
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1029:capable of detecting
844:
684:
676:
593:
556:
410:
402:
194:Building construction
167:
133:
81:Thermographic cameras
54:Infrared thermography
44:
18:Infrared thermography
4872:Contact thermography
4582:Emergency ultrasound
4520:Transcranial Doppler
4271:Abdominal and pelvis
3968:Thermographic Images
3512:Barr, E. S. (1962).
3472:Barr, E. S. (1962).
3269:on 16 September 2008
2218:Thermal weapon sight
2167:Infrared thermometer
2161:Infrared photography
1934:Stefan–Boltzmann law
1926:Sir William Herschel
1767:wildlife photography
1586:Thermal weapon sight
1572:Condition monitoring
1334:contact thermography
1306:moisture inspections
1291:Condition monitoring
1065:black-body radiation
1042:passive thermography
1009:temperature (0
736:Joule–Thomson effect
608:thermographic camera
290:improve this article
205:thermographic camera
147:alternative medicine
4839:Confocal microscopy
4717:Indium-111 WBC scan
4540:Echoencephalography
4276:Virtual colonoscopy
3970:, Infrared pictures
3872:2010JMOp...57.1663C
3735:1985SPIE..510..154G
3518:Infrared Physics, 3
3478:Infrared Physics, 2
3399:Fire Safety Journal
3371:2004JOptT..71...62P
3078:2011SPIE.7878E..0BG
2963:2019InPhT.10303063S
2796:2014ApEn..134..531K
2651:2015PLoSO..1017907B
2591:2015PhyM...36R..27B
2487:2019NatCo..10.5761G
2283:on 29 February 2012
1511:building insulation
1493:Building inspection
1443:surface temperature
1281:infrared telescopes
1069:active thermography
1061:active thermography
866:thermally insulated
569:In order to make a
143:veterinary medicine
49:" in the foreground
4827:Optical tomography
4676:Dacryoscintigraphy
4671:Immunoscintigraphy
4310:Whole body imaging
4061:Dental radiography
3792:10.1007/BF01294808
3710:. 7 February 2023.
3603:on 24 October 2003
3295:. 8 September 2021
3204:2018-08-06 at the
2377:on 8 November 2014
2324:on 8 November 2014
2057:triglycine sulfate
2049:video camera tubes
1883:
1786:ASTM International
1738:weather satellites
1724:Aerial archaeology
1717:effluent detection
1655:
1473:
1468:helicopter of the
1258:
1243:thermal insulation
1167:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1021:device, usually a
1015:infrared radiation
847:
695:
679:
604:
563:
413:
405:
216:focal plane arrays
198:thermal insulation
178:
139:
51:
4924:
4923:
4886:Target conditions
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4725:
4724:
4666:Bone scintigraphy
4631:Scintimammography
4626:Cholescintigraphy
4471:contrast-enhanced
4365:
4364:
4325:
4324:
4315:Full-body CT scan
4215:General operation
4194:
4193:
4164:Angiocardiography
3976:by Lawrence Mayes
3866:(18): 1663–1686.
3743:10.1117/12.945018
3166:978-1-901725-46-9
3096:10.1117/12.876663
2356:978-0-521-88349-8
2152:Infrared detector
2055:material such as
2004:Texas Instruments
1970:Macedonio Melloni
1591:Search and rescue
1513:and detection of
1164:ring-tailed lemur
1073:diffraction limit
1050:medical diagnosis
1023:focal plane array
990:near-IR sources.
900:vanadium(V) oxide
896:amorphous silicon
877:vanadium(V) oxide
875:, or a thin film
873:amorphous silicon
751:indium antimonide
504:thermal radiation
366:
365:
358:
340:
16:(Redirected from
4949:
4937:Infrared imaging
4914:
4913:
4737:
4619:
4609:
4493:Echocardiography
4352:Hounsfield scale
4205:
4124:Cholecystography
4049:
4040:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3680:Nimrod's Genesis
3675:
3669:
3668:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3527:
3521:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3487:
3481:
3470:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3196:
3190:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3157:10.5244/C.26.103
3142:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3089:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2868:(3–4): 243–259.
2857:
2851:
2850:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2630:
2619:
2618:
2576:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2421:. 19 April 2013.
2411:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2239:
2214:
2193:
2184:
2157:
2148:
2118:
2107:Chemical imaging
1885:Non-specialized
1693:Chemical imaging
1536:mold remediation
1527:Home performance
1466:Eurocopter EC135
1414:Chemical imaging
1391:UAV Surveillance
1266:Cadillac DeVille
1245:becomes faulty,
1186:used by humans.
1035:infrared windows
851:phase transition
610:(also called an
557:Thermogram of a
387:
376:
361:
354:
350:
347:
341:
339:
298:
274:
266:
254:refrigerator or
151:breast screening
134:Thermogram of a
21:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4902:
4881:
4853:
4801:
4787:PET mammography
4758:
4721:
4707:Gallium-67 scan
4702:Octreotide scan
4690:
4598:
4449:
4361:
4321:
4244:
4225:High-resolution
4190:
4154:Skeletal survey
4120:Cholangiography
4033:
4024:
4022:Medical imaging
4019:
3952:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3689:978-190210947-3
3677:
3676:
3672:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3563:Parker (R.D.)-
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3511:
3507:
3492:"The bolometer"
3489:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3467:
3459:W. Herschel, 1
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3206:Wayback Machine
3197:
3193:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3126:
3116:
3087:10.1.1.188.4657
3063:
3062:
3058:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2645:(2): e0117907.
2632:
2631:
2622:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2397:"Hot detectors"
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2277:applegate.co.uk
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2212:
2191:
2182:
2155:
2146:
2143:Infrared camera
2116:
2097:
2069:
2016:Yellow Duckling
1995:
1954:Leopoldo Nobili
1922:
1917:
1875:
1855:
1782:
1623:Quality control
1612:thermal imaging
1547:Law enforcement
1507:Energy auditing
1502:troubleshooting
1498:Fault diagnosis
1402:Process control
1325:Medical imaging
1315:Thermal mapping
1195:density slicing
1132:
1098:
1085:
1027:infrared camera
1019:infrared vision
1003:
983:
939:
927:barium titanate
881:silicon nitride
804:
755:indium arsenide
719:peltier coolers
671:
663:
612:infrared camera
588:
580:insulation tape
561:held by a human
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:), sapphire (Al
517:
497:
397:
396:
395:
394:
390:
389:
388:
379:
378:
377:
362:
351:
345:
342:
299:
297:
287:
275:
264:
256:liquid nitrogen
236:microbolometers
174:swine influenza
83:usually detect
77:imaging science
66:thermal imaging
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4955:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4844:Endomicroscopy
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4823:
4821:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4734:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4117:
4104:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4037:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3950:External links
3948:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3813:
3786:(3): 149–154.
3770:
3756:
3713:
3695:
3688:
3670:
3655:
3632:
3614:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3556:
3547:
3522:
3505:
3482:
3465:
3452:
3427:
3384:
3349:
3306:
3280:
3254:
3232:
3210:
3191:
3185:2012-07-10 at
3172:
3165:
3137:
3128:|journal=
3056:
3017:
3002:
2984:
2940:
2897:
2852:
2809:
2784:Applied Energy
2774:
2762:
2750:
2721:
2709:
2696:
2684:
2620:
2557:
2546:(2): 103–110.
2518:
2461:
2456:Columbus, Ohio
2442:
2424:
2406:
2388:
2362:
2355:
2335:
2309:
2294:
2264:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2068:
2065:
1999:Kálmán Tihanyi
1994:
1991:
1958:Seebeck effect
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1874:
1871:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1741:
1731:
1729:Flame detector
1726:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1647:thermal camera
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1551:anti-terrorism
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1495:
1490:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1298:
1293:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1097:
1094:
1084:
1081:
1075:or to achieve
1052:(specifically
1002:
999:
982:
979:
938:
937:Specifications
935:
836:microbolometer
803:
800:
782:In principle,
743:photodetectors
726:use of higher
670:
667:
662:
659:
624:thermal imager
620:thermal camera
587:
584:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
496:
493:
444:power transfer
433:radiant energy
425:
424:
392:
391:
382:
381:
380:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
305:"Thermography"
278:
276:
269:
263:
262:Thermal energy
260:
252:Stirling cycle
153:, despite the
70:thermal camera
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4954:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4917:
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4908:
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4891:
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4888:
4884:
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4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
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4837:
4833:
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4828:
4825:
4824:
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4820:
4816:
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4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
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4752:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
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4637:
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4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
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4620:
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4605:
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4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Intravascular
4523:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4445:Synthetic MRI
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
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4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
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4376:
4374:
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4343:
4340:
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4334:
4332:
4328:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Electron beam
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4186:Orbital x-ray
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
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4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
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3187:archive.today
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2585:(9): R27-51.
2584:
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2458:: ASNT Press.
2457:
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2131:
2128:
2125:
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2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2067:Smart sensors
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1909:Bayer filters
1906:
1905:SiC filaments
1900:
1898:
1897:
1896:near-infrared
1892:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:thermoception
1860:
1852:
1848:
1845:ISO 18436-7,
1844:
1842:
1839:ISO 18434-1,
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:ASTM E1934,
1816:
1814:
1811:ASTM E1186,
1810:
1808:
1805:ATSM D4788,
1804:
1802:
1799:ASTM C1153,
1798:
1796:
1793:ASTM C1060,
1792:
1791:
1787:
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1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Stereo vision
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
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1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1199:dynamic range
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:temperature.
1108:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1090:physiotherapy
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:absolute zero
1000:
998:
996:
995:ambient light
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
975:dynamic range
972:
971:field of view
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:lead titanate
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:sensor arrays
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
843:
839:
837:
834:materials or
833:
832:ferroelectric
829:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
785:
780:
777:
775:
770:
768:
767:lead selenide
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
731:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
708:
704:
703:cryogenically
700:
692:
688:
683:
675:
668:
666:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
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637:
633:
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583:
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572:
567:
560:
555:
551:
548:
543:
539:
511:
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494:
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477:
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458:
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451:
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421:
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409:
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386:
375:
360:
357:
349:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307: –
306:
302:
301:Find sources:
295:
291:
285:
284:
279:This article
277:
273:
268:
267:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
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171:
166:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
132:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
112:radiation law
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:range of the
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:thermal video
59:
55:
48:
47:passive house
43:
37:
33:
19:
4942:Surveillance
4893:Acute stroke
4859:Thermography
4858:
4614:scintigraphy
4604:Radionuclide
4592:pre-hospital
4438:Tractography
4357:Radiodensity
4259:calcium scan
4220:Quantitative
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3816:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3759:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3679:
3673:
3645:
3626:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3601:the original
3590:
3581:
3572:
3567:June 9, 1914
3559:
3550:
3539:. Retrieved
3537:. 2000-05-03
3534:
3525:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3477:
3468:
3455:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:
3430:
3403:
3397:
3387:
3365:(1): 70–71.
3362:
3358:
3352:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:the original
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3213:
3194:
3175:
3147:
3140:
3069:
3059:
3026:
3020:
2993:
2987:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2883:10356/144497
2865:
2861:
2855:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2736:
2724:
2712:
2703:F. Colbert,
2699:
2687:
2642:
2638:
2582:
2578:
2543:
2539:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:the original
2365:
2345:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2312:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2276:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2246:
2237:
2173:Night vision
2081:
2070:
2053:pyroelectric
2046:
2021:
2013:
1996:
1987:
1962:thermocouple
1956:, using the
1938:Planck's law
1923:
1901:
1894:
1891:CMOS sensors
1884:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1775:power plants
1773:photovoltaic
1576:surveillance
1483:
1474:
1436:
1428:
1383:Night vision
1285:
1270:
1259:
1231:firefighters
1228:
1224:
1203:
1191:pseudo-color
1188:
1184:color vision
1175:image sensor
1168:
1130:Applications
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1046:surveillance
1041:
1039:
1004:
992:
988:
984:
955:responsivity
940:
885:
870:
868:connection.
848:
828:pyroelectric
825:
821:
805:
789:
781:
778:
771:
763:lead sulfide
740:
732:
716:
712:
696:
664:
655:thermography
654:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
605:
576:
568:
564:
544:
540:
512:
498:
489:
485:
481:
478:
467:
462:absorptivity
460:
454:
452:
441:
430:
426:
418:
414:
352:
343:
333:
326:
319:
312:
300:
288:Please help
283:verification
280:
213:
202:
182:Firefighters
179:
140:
125:surveillance
121:warm-blooded
104:
87:in the long-
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
4782:Cardiac PET
4555:renal tract
4530:Gynecologic
4462:Techniques
4433:restriction
4408:Angiography
4391:Neurography
4337:Fluoroscopy
4283:Angiography
4264:angiography
4208:Techniques:
4169:Aortography
4159:Angiography
4139:Cystography
4129:Mammography
4071:Myelography
4066:Sialography
4035:radiography
3480:(2), 67-74.
3322:: 566–579.
3225:October 30,
2790:: 531–549.
2481:(1): 5761.
2077:vision chip
2009:AGA company
1950:World War I
1771:Inspecting
1734:Meteorology
1698:Data center
1649:, asteroid
1515:refrigerant
1480:Agriculture
1419:Volcanology
1207:smartphones
1179:wavelengths
647:wavelengths
600:false-color
594:Image of a
190:power lines
159:mammography
105:thermograms
4931:Categories
4695:Full body:
4481:endoscopic
4455:Ultrasound
4384:functional
4181:Lymphogram
4176:Venography
4144:Arthrogram
3541:2021-05-12
3502:: 184–190.
3446:2020-07-11
3441:AZoSensors
3299:17 October
3221:. Gemstone
3051:Q114456608
3012:2016935227
2957:: 103063.
2913:: 103718.
2825:: 103419.
2419:gizmag.com
2381:1 November
2328:31 October
2230:References
2188:Ora (film)
1974:thermopile
1966:thermopile
1946:bolometers
1889:(CCD) and
1859:bolometers
1833:ISO 6781,
1765:Nighttime
1700:monitoring
1610:Veterinary
1593:operations
1556:Quarantine
1523:inspection
1455:atmosphere
1451:absorption
1447:emissivity
1369:Thermology
1277:telescopes
1239:power line
1171:monochrome
1083:Advantages
1054:thermology
951:frame rate
809:resistance
753:(3-5 μm),
749:including
651:micrometre
596:Pomeranian
547:black body
506:and is an
500:Emissivity
495:Emissivity
456:emissivity
316:newspapers
244:bolometers
109:black body
97:nanometers
4898:Pregnancy
4777:Brain PET
4745:gamma ray
4681:DMSA scan
4535:Obstetric
4428:diffusion
4423:Sequences
4401:perfusion
4293:Pulmonary
4240:Cone beam
4134:Pyelogram
3888:119918260
3800:1432-1858
3751:111164581
3708:uspto.gov
3665:646756485
3422:145942969
3406:: 88–93.
3344:115195654
3336:1364-0321
3130:ignored (
3120:cite book
3104:1826/7589
3082:CiteSeerX
3043:0307-8698
2979:209285015
2935:215408087
2892:141334526
2847:202003120
2047:By using
2044:devices.
2032:Honeywell
1780:Standards
1715:Pollution
1659:Astronomy
1651:2010 AB78
1387:Targeting
1031:radiation
908:lanthanum
863:polyimide
691:infection
643:nanometre
470:human eye
346:July 2008
248:cryogenic
209:camcorder
127:cameras.
85:radiation
4916:Category
4768:positron
4288:Coronary
3808:86519711
3607:15 March
3520:195-206.
3273:15 March
3247:15 March
3202:Archived
3183:Archived
3112:18710932
3047:Wikidata
2927:32250851
2839:31493579
2679:25659140
2639:PLOS ONE
2615:23259170
2607:26261099
2513:31848354
2401:spie.org
2251:Archived
2095:See also
2085:dual-use
2061:infrared
1673:and the
1645:using a
1532:Moisture
1424:Building
1399:Research
1211:dual-use
969:(MRTD),
933:(PVDF).
898:(a-Si),
728:F-number
628:infrared
476:format.
99:or 9–14
89:infrared
74:infrared
4815:Optical
4797:PET-MRI
4577:Carotid
4572:Scrotal
4466:doppler
4396:Cardiac
4305:Thyroid
4249:Targets
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