3674:
234:
1127:
1357:
and the level of mucus in either of these cavities will reflect the amount of substance swallowed. The rate of inhalation will usually determine the amount of the substance which enters the lungs. Faster inhalation results in more rapid absorption because more substance finds the lungs. Substances in a form that resists absorption in the lung will likely resist absorption in the nasal passage, and the oral cavity, and are often even more resistant to absorption after they fail absorption in the former cavities and are swallowed.
31:
3308:
1211:
273:
431:
423:
605:
3781:
1135:
4021:
3302:
341:
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1097:
Skin absorption (dermal absorption), for example, is to directly deliver drug to the skin and, hopefully, to the systemic circulation. However, skin irritation may result, and for some forms such as creams or lotions, the dosage is difficult to control. Upon contact with the skin, the drug penetrates
1356:
Inhalation by nose of a substance is almost identical to oral inhalation, except that some of the drug is absorbed intranasally instead of in the oral cavity before entering the airways. Both methods can result in varying levels of the substance to be deposited in their respective initial cavities,
897:
procedures are necessary. Enteral medications are therefore often preferred in the treatment of chronic disease. However, some drugs can not be used enterally because their absorption in the digestive tract is low or unpredictable. Transdermal administration is a comfortable alternative; there are,
458:
is when medication is placed under the tongue to be absorbed by the body. The word "sublingual" means "under the tongue." Buccal administration involves placement of the drug between the gums and the cheek. These medications can come in the form of tablets, films, or sprays. Many drugs are designed
952:
only while biopharmaceuticals (usually proteins) would be digested in the stomach and thereby become ineffective. Biopharmaceuticals have to be given by injection or infusion. However, recent research found various ways to improve oral bioavailability of these drugs. In particular permeation
1337:
clearance, which results in orally mediated absorption when the transported mucus is swallowed, and first pass metabolism or incomplete absorption through loss at the fecal route can sometimes reduce the bioavailability. This should in no way suggest to clinicians or researchers that inhaled
1122:
The term parenteral is from para-1 'beside' + Greek enteron 'intestine' + -al. This name is due to the fact that it encompasses a route of administration that is not intestinal. However, in common
English the term has mostly been used to describe the four most well-known routes of injection.
906:
Identical drugs can produce different results depending on the route of administration. For example, some drugs are not significantly absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract and their action after enteral administration is therefore different from that after parenteral
405:
Intracerebral (into the cerebrum) administration by direct injection into the brain. Used in experimental research of chemicals and as a treatment for malignancies of the brain. The intracerebral route can also interrupt the blood brain barrier from holding up against subsequent
923:
when given intravenously and is therefore used in the treatment of opiate overdose. The same drug, when swallowed, acts exclusively on the bowels; it is here used to treat constipation under opiate pain therapy and does not affect the pain-reducing effect of the opiate.
1219:
885:, drugs are most often given intravenously. This is the most reliable route, as in acutely ill patients the absorption of substances from the tissues and from the digestive tract can often be unpredictable due to altered blood flow or bowel motility.
1885:
Moolenaar S, Bakker S, Visser J, Huizinga T (1980). "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man IX. Comparative biopharmaceutics of diazepam after single rectal, oral, intramuscular and intravenous administration in man".
1078:
1161:
Parenteral administration generally acts more rapidly than topical or enteral administration, with onset of action often occurring in 15β30 seconds for IV, 10β20 minutes for IM and 15β30 minutes for SC. They also have essentially 100%
631:
marrow) is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and pediatrics when intravenous access is
1304:
In general, only 20β50% of the pulmonary-delivered dose rendered in powdery particles will be deposited in the lung upon mouth inhalation. The remainder of 50-70% undeposited aerosolized particles are cleared out of lung as soon as
1338:
particles are not a greater threat than swallowed particles, it merely signifies that a combination of both methods may occur with some particles, no matter the size of or lipo/hydrophilicity of the different particle surfaces.
230:, whereby contrast media are infused into the intestines for imaging. However, for the purposes of classification based on location of effects, the term enteral is reserved for substances with systemic effects.
3219:
1812:
Moolenaar F, Koning B, Huizinga T (1979). "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium salt from rectal dosage forms".
1070:
Intranasal absorption features low lipophilicity, enzymatic degradation within the nasal cavity, large molecular size, and rapid mucociliary clearance from the nasal passages, which explains the low
1047:
Drug administration via the nasal cavity yields rapid drug absorption and therapeutic effects. This is because drug absorption through the nasal passages does not go through the gut before entering
459:
for sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, opioid analgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, enzymes and, increasingly, vitamins and minerals.
2337:
3177:
3172:
412:(into the cerebral ventricles) administration into the ventricular system of the brain. One use is as a last line of opioid treatment for terminal cancer patients with intractable
1377:
allow the rate of growth factor release to be regulated over time, which is critical for creating an environment more closely representative of in vivo development environments.
3212:
1640:
Davis MP, Walsh D, LeGrand SB, Naughton M (2002). "Symptom control in cancer patients: the clinical pharmacology and therapeutic role of suppositories and rectal suspensions".
426:
A transdermal patch which delivers medication is applied to the skin. The patch is labelled with the time and date of administration as well as the administrator's initials.
3042:
2640:
2967:
1842:
Graves NM, Holmes GB, Kriel RL, Jones-Saete C, Ong B, Ehresman DJ (1989). "Relative bioavailability of rectally administered phenobarbital sodium parenteral solution".
2942:
2377:
2278:
2214:
2064:
861:
Physical and chemical properties of the drug. The physical properties are solid, liquid and gas. The chemical properties are solubility, stability, pH, irritancy etc.
288:. The walls of the rectum absorb many medications quickly and effectively. Medications delivered to the distal one-third of the rectum at least partially avoid the "
3291:
3205:
3017:
2992:
2674:
Kaminsky, Bonnie M.; Bostwick, Jolene R.; Guthrie, Sally K. (2015-04-23). "Alternate Routes of
Administration of Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Medications".
324:, designed to provide comfortable and discreet administration of ongoing medications provides a practical way to deliver and retain liquid formulations in the
269:. Enteric coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the intestine, not the stomach, because the drug present in the tablet causes irritation in the stomach.
758:(perivascular medical devices and perivascular drug delivery systems are conceived for local application around a blood vessel during open vascular surgery).
2884:
2078:
Wright JL, Merchant RE (1994). "Bloodβbrain barrier changes following intracerebral injection of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-Ξ± in the rat".
1333:
Particles that deposit in the upper and central airways are generally absorbed systemically to great extent because they are only partially removed by
100:
The route or course the active substance takes from application location to the location where it has its target effect is usually rather a matter of
1452:
811:
is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect. By this definition,
182:) administration, in the sense that these are taken up by the intestines. However, uptake of drugs administered orally may also occur already in the
2406:
Yamamoto, A; Ukai, H; Morishita, M; Katsumi, H (2020). "Approaches to improve intestinal and transmucosal absorption of peptide and protein drugs".
1921:
Nee, Douglas, Pharm D, MS. "Rectal
Administration of Medications at the End of Life". HPNA Teleconference, December 6, 2006, accessed November 2013.
344:
Needle insertion angles for 4 types of parenteral administration of medication: intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intradermal injection.
1991:"MDMA (ecstasy) metabolites and neurotoxicity: No occurrence of MDMA neurotoxicity from metabolites when injected directly into brain, study shows"
2121:
Goudas, Leonidas C.; Langlade, Agnes; Serrie, Alain; Matson, Wayne; Milbury, Paul; Thurel, Claude; Sandouk, Pierre; Carr, Daniel B. (1999-06-22).
2163:
2329:
1616:"Oklahoma Administrative Code and Register > 195:20-1-3.1. Pediatric conscious sedation utilizing enteral methods (oral, rectal, sublingual)"
1815:
1039:
is highly permeable and thereby provides access to the underlying expansive network composed of capillaries, leading to rapid drug absorption.
2381:
3091:
2868:
2745:
2615:
2198:
2832:
Stahl SM, Stahl's
Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008
2142:
2797:
1969:
3576:
2017:"A potential application for the intracerebral injection of drugs entrapped within liposomes in the treatment of human cerebral gliomas"
1190:
3038:
944:
formulations, breaking the tablets or capsules can lead to more rapid delivery of the drug than intended. The oral route is limited to
1931:
745:
1197:
if the dose has been calculated incorrectly, and there is an increased risk of side effects if the drug is administered too rapidly.
4169:
2772:
774:
409:
2963:
1932:"Use of Rectal Meds for Palliative Care Patients. End of Life / Palliative Education Resource Center, Medical College of Wisconsin"
2938:
1994:
1619:
3155:
Lavik, E. and R. Langer, Tissue engineering; current state and perspectives. Applied
Microbiology Biotechnology, 2004. 65: p. 1β8
2632:
1189:
for administration. However, in some cases, patients are taught to self-inject, such as SC injection of insulin in patients with
1683:
De Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD (1982). "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations".
1535:
1166:
and can be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or ineffective when they are given orally. Some medications, such as certain
57:
Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include
3013:
2988:
1312:
An inhaled powdery particle that is >8 ΞΌm is structurally predisposed to depositing in the central and conducting airways (
3657:
1498:
1416:
937:
1185:
Disadvantages of injections include potential pain or discomfort for the patient and the requirement of trained staff using
3673:
194:) may be a more fitting term for this route of administration. Furthermore, some application locations often classified as
3754:
3597:
2296:
2257:
843:
548:
462:
3074:
Tandel, Hemal; Florence, Kiruba; Misra, Ambikanandan (2011). "Protein and
Peptide Delivery through Respiratory Pathway".
2728:
Rodrigues, Francisca; Oliveira, Maria
Beatriz P.P. (2016). "Cell-based in vitro models for dermal permeability studies".
4128:
4090:
3433:
3249:
1301:
devices is necessary to achieve the correct dose. Some medications can have an unpleasant taste or irritate the mouth.
4042:
1589:
1561:
666:
2892:
1326:
An inhaled powdery particle that is <3 ΞΌm in diameter is structurally predisposed to depositing primarily in the
233:
4070:
3639:
3167:
690:
2123:"Acute Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain"
800:
The definition of the topical route of administration sometimes states that both the application location and the
4164:
4118:
4047:
3634:
3581:
3415:
2449:
Banerjee, Amrita; Ibsen, Kelly; Brown, Tyler; Chen, Renwei; Agatemor, Christian; Mitragotri, Samir (2018-06-20).
1431:
1421:
1032:
1010:
755:
635:
455:
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Epicutaneous (application onto the skin). It can be used both for local effect as in allergy testing and typical
199:
1126:
4037:
3411:
3191:
2015:
McKeran RO, Firth G, Oliver S, Uttley D, O'Laoire S; Firth, G; Oliver, S; Uttley, D; O'Laoire, S (2010-07-06).
1022:
554:
496:
203:
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rectum, giving health practitioners a way to leverage the established benefits of rectal administration. The
4108:
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3438:
3359:
3286:
1370:
882:
824:
762:
589:
480:
1769:
Van
Hoogdalem EJ, de Boer AG, Breimer DD (1991). "Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration, Part 2".
1726:
Van
Hoogdalem EJ, de Boer AG, Breimer DD (1991). "Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration, Part 1".
222:(directly into the intestines) can be used for systemic administration, as well as local (sometimes termed
4103:
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3999:
3905:
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3379:
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1449:
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349:
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219:
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147:
74:
70:
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Inhaled medications can be absorbed quickly and act both locally and systemically. Proper technique with
1193:. As the drug is delivered to the site of action extremely rapidly with IV injection, there is a risk of
966:
The bioavailability of oral administration is affected by the amount of drug that is absorbed across the
864:
Site of desired action: the action may be localised and approachable or generalised and not approachable.
4113:
3994:
3407:
2272:
2058:
1374:
1327:
1250:
1155:
998:
971:
967:
795:
624:
600:, antibiotics, and long-term psychoactive agents. Recreationally the colloquial term 'muscling' is used.
313:
207:
454:
Sublingual and buccal medication administration is a way of giving someone medicine orally (by mouth).
3187:
2518:"Oral delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins: Technology landscape of lipid-based nanocarriers"
2175:
718:. In addition to injection, it is also possible to slowly infuse fluids subcutaneously in the form of
3958:
3803:
3721:
3666:
3586:
3571:
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2462:
941:
684:
476:
366:
250:
104:(concerning the processes of uptake, distribution, and elimination of drugs). Exceptions include the
65:
administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be
1210:
842:, which cannot be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is used orally only as a treatment for
133:
effect, and sometimes merely as a local application location regardless of location of the effects.
4011:
3748:
3629:
3624:
3344:
3240:
2366:
1263:
960:
932:
The oral route is generally the most convenient and costs the least. However, some drugs can cause
676:
643:
378:
164:
81:(systemic action, but is delivered by routes other than the GI tract). Route of administration and
62:
58:
30:
3307:
2841:
Smeltzer SC Bare BG, Textbook of
Medical-Surgical Nursing, 9th ed, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2000.
1914:
1319:
An inhaled powdery particle that is between 3 and 8 ΞΌm in diameter tend to largely deposit in the
4085:
3879:
3834:
3531:
3276:
2707:
2431:
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2122:
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1867:
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1334:
1287:
1244:
1052:
878:
830:
If defined strictly as having local effect, the topical route of administration can also include
715:
284:
route is an effective route of administration for many medications, especially those used at the
246:
126:
120:
66:
2808:
1961:
272:
249:, or drops are taken orally. Administration methods directly into the stomach include those by
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1657:
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729:
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is a slang term that includes subcutaneous injection, and is usually used in association with
568:
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242:
174:
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1482:
1459:
Citing: Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005, Elsevier.
1406:
1064:
1035:
is fulfilled by placing the drug between the tongue and the lower surface of the mouth. The
1009:. In comparison with sublingual tissue, buccal tissue is less permeable resulting in slower
440:
422:
293:
285:
123:, which generally means that both the application location and the effect thereof is local.
116:
101:
3173:
FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Route of Administration.
2598:
Hebert, Mary F. (2013). "Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications".
2559:"Approaches to improve intestinal and transmucosal absorption of peptide and protein drugs"
1939:
1055:
and then systemic circulation and such absorption route allows transport of drugs into the
604:
340:
17:
3759:
1918:
1565:
1529:
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1313:
1171:
1163:
1099:
1071:
801:
749:
719:
530:
470:
258:
130:
3197:
857:
The reason for choice of routes of drug administration are governing by various factors:
586:
Intralesional (into a skin lesion), is used for local skin lesions, e.g. acne medication.
97:
Routes of administration are usually classified by application location (or exposition).
2761:
2466:
1990:
898:
however, only a few drug preparations that are suitable for transdermal administration.
728:(diffusion through the intact skin for systemic rather than topical distribution), e.g.
4159:
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3453:
3133:
3108:
3083:
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2737:
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2041:
2016:
1615:
1401:
1366:
1238:
1091:
949:
782:
534:
399:
1568:
Citing: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000
1134:
115:
The location of the target effect of active substances are usually rather a matter of
4153:
4029:
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3619:
3448:
2435:
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2138:
1899:
1828:
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1524:
1486:
1275:
1194:
1167:
1147:
957:, lipid-based nanocarriers, enzyme inhibitors and microneedles have shown potential.
893:
Enteral routes are generally the most convenient for the patient, as no punctures or
321:
86:
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2107:
1871:
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1712:
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580:
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484:
317:
301:
39:
2230:"Perivascular medical devices and drug delivery systems: Making the right choices"
1471:"Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology"
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By delivering drugs almost directly to the site of action, the risk of systemic
1048:
983:
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816:
649:
564:
507:
466:
448:
413:
329:
309:
305:
254:
169:
105:
82:
3178:
FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Dosage Form.
2575:
2558:
2534:
2517:
2229:
1218:
479:(through the nose) can be used for topically acting substances, as well as for
3982:
3953:
3513:
3487:
3349:
1653:
1306:
1257:
839:
770:
653:
639:
544:
155:
51:
43:
27:
Path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body
2695:
2687:
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2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2484:
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3482:
3334:
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2032:
1103:
1060:
572:
511:
444:
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2703:
2584:
2543:
2502:
2427:
2253:
1661:
1581:
1558:
1494:
2228:
Mylonaki I, AllΓ©mann Γ, Saucy F, Haefliger J-A, Delie F, Jordan O (2017).
2099:
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3443:
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1232:
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916:
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614:
519:
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262:
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tissue that allows for rapid and effective absorption of medications. A
3920:
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3788:
3733:
3728:
3696:
3536:
3492:
3369:
2091:
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1225:
1214:
A dummy wears a nebulizer mask, used to administer inhaled medications.
778:
766:
707:
597:
374:
223:
211:
183:
3107:
Bustamante-Marin, Ximena M.; Ostrowski, Lawrence E. (April 18, 2017).
2723:
2721:
819:
application, where the substance is administered onto the skin but is
119:(concerning e.g. the physiological effects of drugs). An exception is
3910:
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3743:
3563:
3474:
3364:
3329:
3316:
1342:
1107:
912:
670:
593:
503:
325:
297:
281:
179:
129:
is sometimes defined as both a local application location and local
3546:
2191:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
1365:
Neural drug delivery is the next step beyond the basic addition of
3798:
3523:
3425:
3384:
3263:
1346:
1217:
1209:
1133:
1125:
1076:
1006:
987:
870:
Effect of digestive juices and the first pass metabolism of drugs.
603:
558:
526:
429:
421:
339:
271:
232:
227:
29:
3183:
A.S.P.E.N. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
3182:
1386:
1002:
702:
Subcutaneous (under the skin). This generally takes the form of
680:
628:
108:
or transmucosal routes, which are still commonly referred to as
3201:
963:
is often denoted "PO" from "per os", the Latin for "by mouth".
867:
Rate of extent of absorption of the drug from different routes.
384:
Locations of application of parenteral administration include:
3662:
3607:
1138:
A medical professional performs an intradermal (ID) injection.
237:
A medical professional injects medication into a gastric tube.
3076:
Challenges in Delivery of Therapeutic Genomics and Proteomics
2189:
Malenka, Eric J. Nestler, Steven E. Hyman, Robert C. (2009).
447:
effects when the active substance diffuses through skin in a
3841:
3779:
3672:
54:, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.
2516:
Haddadzadegan, S; Dorkoosh, F; Bernkop-SchnΓΌrch, A (2022).
1072:
risk of systemic exposure of the administered drug absorbed
907:
administration. This can be illustrated by the action of
761:
Transmucosal (diffusion through a mucous membrane), e.g.
652:(into the spinal canal) is most commonly used for spinal
296:
of many medications than that of the oral route. Rectal
1912:
2367:"DDS Medication Administration Recertification Manual"
613:
Intraocular, into the eye, e.g., some medications for
2295:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1610:
1608:
1606:
398:(synonym: peridural) (injection or infusion into the
3168:
The 10th US-Japan Symposium on Drug Delivery Systems
4084:
4056:
4028:
3981:
3948:
3829:
3767:
3720:
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3606:
3562:
3522:
3508:
3473:
3424:
3402:
3315:
3262:
3248:
3239:
1001:medication is achieved by placing the drug between
529:, into a joint space. It is generally performed by
2021:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1554:
1552:
1450:TheFreeDictionary.com > route of administration
2851:Ali, Mohammed (2010). "Pulmonary Drug Delivery".
2730:Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies
834:of medications that are poorly absorbable by the
3039:"Diagram for majour zones of respiratory system"
2378:Connecticut Department of Developmental Services
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
1178:can be used to deliver continuous medication or
986:is the mucous membrane lining the inside of the
2455:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2193:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
73:(system-wide effect, but delivered through the
2853:Handbook of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems
1576:
1574:
533:. It is mainly used for symptomatic relief in
365:Parenteral administration can be performed by
348:The parenteral route is any route that is not
292:" through the liver, which allows for greater
3213:
8:
2334:Nursing Practice Clinical Zones: Prescribing
2277:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2213:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2063:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1519:
1517:
1515:
919:. Naloxone counteracts opiate action in the
214:), are taken up in the proximal part of the
2885:"Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System"
3978:
3519:
3421:
3259:
3245:
3220:
3206:
3198:
3113:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2133:(5). Anesthesia-analgesia.org: 1209β1215.
434:A medical professional applies nose drops.
218:without reaching the intestines. Strictly
3190:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3132:
2633:"Drug Absorption - Clinical Pharmacology"
2574:
2533:
2492:
2474:
2451:"Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery"
2040:
1469:Lees P, Cunningham FM, Elliott J (2004).
257:. Substances may also be placed into the
838:. One such medication is the antibiotic
2807:. Manitoba Health. 2003. Archived from
2805:Emergency Treatment Guidelines Appendix
2769:Institute For Safe Medication Practices
1442:
2600:Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2299:from the original on September 6, 2015
2270:
2206:
2056:
1888:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1816:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1330:of the peripheral lung via diffusion.
487:nasal sprays to be taken up along the
3014:"Diagram for lower respiratory tract"
2989:"Diagram for upper respiratory tract"
2778:from the original on 22 February 2016
693:infusion is into the urinary bladder.
567:, (into the skin itself) is used for
369:, that is, using a needle (usually a
7:
2340:from the original on January 2, 2020
1172:long-acting intramuscular injections
1102:and can afterwards reach the viable
557:, an injection into the base of the
3577:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
2762:"List of Error-Prone Abbreviations"
1844:DICP: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1191:insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
1130:A peripheral IV placed on the hand.
936:irritation. For drugs that come in
3084:10.1016/b978-0-12-384964-9.00009-8
2861:10.1016/b978-0-8155-2025-2.10009-5
2738:10.1016/b978-0-08-100094-6.00010-9
2608:10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9
2246:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.028
1559:thefreedictionary.com > topical
638:, (infusion or injection into the
491:. Such substances are also called
332:is an example of rectal infusion.
25:
3109:"Cilia and Mucociliary Clearance"
2682:(7). SAGE Publications: 808β817.
2387:from the original on May 14, 2013
2374:DDS Recertification Review Manual
2330:"The Administration of Medicines"
276:Administering medication rectally
152:enteral or enteric administration
4019:
3545:
3306:
3300:
2798:"Routes for Drug Administration"
2420:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107537
2139:10.1213/00000539-199911000-00023
1783:10.2165/00003088-199121020-00003
1740:10.2165/00003088-199121010-00002
1697:10.2165/00003088-198207040-00002
1487:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x
154:(literally meaning 'through the
34:Oral administration of a liquid.
3045:from the original on 2020-03-29
3020:from the original on 2020-03-29
2995:from the original on 2020-03-29
2970:from the original on 2020-03-29
2945:from the original on 2020-03-29
2643:from the original on 2019-10-31
2637:MSD Manual Professional Edition
2260:from the original on 2020-04-23
2145:from the original on 2006-01-06
1997:from the original on 2010-08-07
1972:from the original on 2017-07-30
1622:from the original on 2011-07-22
1592:from the original on 2017-07-30
1538:from the original on 2017-07-30
1501:from the original on 2022-08-18
1290:(transitional respiratory zone)
1284:(transitional respiratory zone)
1278:(transitional respiratory zone)
1272:(transitional respiratory zone)
1142:The term injection encompasses
551:(no longer commonly performed).
78:
3078:. Elsevier. pp. 429β479.
2964:"Diagram for respiratory zone"
2855:. Elsevier. pp. 209β246.
2732:. Elsevier. pp. 155β167.
2557:Maher, S; Brayden, DJ (2021).
1417:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
1323:of the lung by sedimentation.
160:Enteral/enteric administration
142:Enteral/gastrointestinal route
1:
3345:Effervescent powder or tablet
2939:"Diagram for conducting zone"
2914:"Major Zones & Divisions"
2676:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1081:Involved subjects' positions.
549:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
463:Extra-amniotic administration
4129:Patient-controlled analgesia
3434:Orally disintegrating tablet
2891:. 2020-03-29. Archived from
2602:. Elsevier. pp. 17β39.
1900:10.1016/0378-5173(80)90017-4
1856:10.1177/1060028089023007-806
1829:10.1016/0378-5173(79)90057-7
1005:and the inner lining of the
777:, i.e. between the lips and
402:), e.g. epidural anesthesia.
377:, or by the insertion of an
210:(between the cheek and gums/
3125:10.1101/cshperspect.a028241
2164:"Crystal Meth: The Effects"
911:(Narcan), an antagonist of
756:Perivascular administration
667:Intravaginal administration
18:Inhalational administration
4186:
3640:Relative analgesia machine
3188:Drug Administration Routes
2631:LE.JENNIFER (2020-03-27).
2576:10.1016/j.addr.2021.113925
2535:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114097
2336:. NursingTimes.net. 2007.
2127:Anesthesia & Analgesia
1340:
1020:
793:
685:total parenteral nutrition
608:Intraocular administration
510:drugs in the treatment of
4017:
3543:
3298:
2080:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
1654:10.1007/s00520-001-0311-6
1432:Absorption (pharmacology)
1422:List of medical inhalants
1316:) by inertial impaction.
1170:, can be administered as
1033:Sublingual administration
873:Condition of the patient.
804:effect thereof is local.
773:, i.e. under the tongue,
740:patches for treatment of
456:Sublingual administration
226:), such as in a contrast
4170:Routes of administration
3229:Routes of administration
3192:Medical Subject Headings
2688:10.1177/1060028015583893
1993:. Neurotransmitter.net.
1023:Sublabial administration
877:In acute situations, in
823:into the body to attain
785:, vaginal suppositories.
555:Intracavernous injection
502:Intra-arterial (into an
497:inhalational anesthetics
110:routes of administration
3755:Extra-amniotic infusion
3360:Molecular encapsulation
3292:Osmotic delivery system
3287:Time release technology
2476:10.1073/pnas.1722338115
2168:Fenway Community Health
2033:10.1136/jnnp.48.12.1213
1475:J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther
1371:nerve guidance conduits
883:intensive care medicine
543:(into the heart), e.g.
410:Intracerebroventricular
388:Central nervous system:
320:, a specialized rectal
202:(under the tongue) and
137:By application location
48:route of administration
4058:Central nervous system
3846:
3784:
3712:Mucoadhesive microdisc
3677:
1294:
1270:respiratory bronchiole
1215:
1139:
1131:
1082:
1057:central nervous system
934:gastrointestinal tract
921:central nervous system
836:gastrointestinal tract
832:enteral administration
813:topical administration
704:subcutaneous injection
609:
435:
427:
345:
277:
238:
220:enteral administration
216:gastrointestinal tract
192:gastrointestinal tract
148:gastrointestinal tract
127:Topical administration
121:topical administration
75:gastrointestinal tract
50:is the way by which a
35:
3901:Transfersome vesicles
3845:
3783:
3760:Intravesical infusion
3676:
1685:Clin Pharmacokinetics
1375:Drug delivery systems
1341:Further information:
1251:subsegmental bronchus
1221:
1213:
1158:(ID) administration.
1137:
1129:
1080:
999:Buccally administered
972:first-pass metabolism
968:intestinal epithelium
902:Desired target effect
845:Clostridium difficile
796:Topical drug delivery
625:Intraosseous infusion
607:
433:
425:
343:
314:rectal administration
275:
236:
33:
3587:Metered-dose inhaler
3572:Anesthetic vaporizer
2178:on 10 December 2010.
1966:Cambridge dictionary
1059:via the pathways of
683:), e.g. many drugs,
477:Nasal administration
251:gastric feeding tube
150:is sometimes termed
4012:Transdermal implant
3972:(into tissue/blood)
3749:Intrauterine device
3630:Anaesthetic machine
3625:Oxygen concentrator
2467:2018PNAS..115.7296B
1642:Support Care Cancer
1328:respiratory regions
1264:terminal bronchiole
961:Oral administration
730:transdermal patches
644:peritoneal dialysis
379:indwelling catheter
4124:Nanocell injection
3847:
3785:
3678:
3532:Dry-powder inhaler
2814:on October 1, 2013
2522:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
2408:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
2092:10.1007/BF01057957
1917:2013-01-26 at the
1771:Clin Pharmacokinet
1728:Clin Pharmacokinet
1564:2010-12-05 at the
1455:2011-06-12 at the
1321:transitional zones
1295:
1245:segmental bronchus
1216:
1187:aseptic techniques
1140:
1132:
1083:
879:emergency medicine
716:recreational drugs
699:, through the eye.
610:
516:thrombolytic drugs
436:
428:
346:
278:
239:
36:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
3974:
3936:Transdermal spray
3931:Transdermal patch
3921:Medicated shampoo
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3635:Medical inhalants
3582:Medical inhalants
3510:Respiratory tract
3504:
3503:
3398:
3397:
3093:978-0-12-384964-9
2870:978-0-8155-2025-2
2747:978-0-08-100094-6
2617:978-0-12-386007-1
2461:(28): 7296β7301.
2200:978-0-07-148127-4
2027:(12): 1213β1219.
1412:Hypodermic needle
1266:(conducting zone)
1260:(conducting zone)
1253:(conducting zone)
1247:(conducting zone)
1241:(conducting zone)
1235:(conducting zone)
1228:(conducting zone)
1201:Respiratory tract
1037:sublingual mucosa
748:for treatment of
736:in pain therapy,
518:for treatment of
489:respiratory tract
371:hypodermic needle
290:first pass effect
267:enteral nutrition
265:feeding tube and
162:usually includes
16:(Redirected from
4177:
4165:Pharmacokinetics
4023:
3979:
3970:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3520:
3449:Sublingual drops
3422:
3310:
3304:
3260:
3246:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3071:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2671:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2371:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2326:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2174:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1938:. Archived from
1928:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1850:(7β8): 565β568.
1839:
1833:
1832:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1578:
1569:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1466:
1460:
1447:
1407:Ear instillation
1352:Nasal inhalation
1206:Mouth inhalation
1074:via intranasal.
1065:trigeminal nerve
853:Choice of routes
807:In other cases,
441:local anesthesia
336:Parenteral route
294:bio-availability
259:small intestines
188:gastrointestinal
117:pharmacodynamics
102:pharmacokinetics
21:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4139:
4119:Intraperitoneal
4091:musculoskeletal
4089:
4080:
4052:
4048:Intra-articular
4024:
4015:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3944:
3825:
3763:
3716:
3661:
3644:
3602:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3541:
3500:
3469:
3394:
3311:
3305:
3296:
3250:Digestive tract
3235:
3226:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3073:
3072:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2673:
2672:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2055:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1919:Wayback Machine
1911:
1907:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1566:Wayback Machine
1557:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1530:Merriam-Webster
1523:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1457:Wayback Machine
1448:
1444:
1440:
1383:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1314:conducting zone
1293:
1208:
1203:
1164:bioavailability
1120:
1100:stratum corneum
1088:
1045:
1030:
1025:
1019:
996:
980:
950:small molecules
938:delayed release
930:
904:
891:
855:
802:pharmacodynamic
798:
792:
750:angina pectoris
720:hypodermoclysis
636:Intraperitoneal
575:, and also for
531:joint injection
471:fetal membranes
338:
144:
139:
131:pharmacodynamic
95:
85:are aspects of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4183:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:Intracavernous
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3840:
3838:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3821:Nutrient enema
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3162:External links
3160:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3119:(4): a028241.
3099:
3092:
3055:
3030:
3005:
2980:
2955:
2930:
2905:
2876:
2869:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2789:
2753:
2746:
2717:
2653:
2623:
2616:
2590:
2563:Pharmacol Ther
2549:
2508:
2441:
2398:
2351:
2310:
2284:
2220:
2199:
2181:
2155:
2113:
2070:
2007:
1982:
1953:
1942:on 2 June 2014
1923:
1905:
1894:(2): 127β137.
1877:
1834:
1804:
1777:(2): 110β128.
1761:
1718:
1691:(4): 285β311.
1675:
1632:
1602:
1586:dictionary.com
1570:
1548:
1511:
1481:(6): 397β414.
1461:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:Drug injection
1399:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1367:growth factors
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1239:lobar bronchus
1236:
1229:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1168:antipsychotics
1119:
1116:
1098:into the dead
1087:
1084:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1026:
1021:Main article:
1018:
1015:
995:
992:
979:
976:
929:
926:
903:
900:
890:
887:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
854:
851:
827:distribution.
815:also includes
794:Main article:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:nitroglycerine
765:(snorting) of
759:
753:
746:nitroglycerine
723:
700:
694:
688:
674:
664:
661:
647:
633:
622:
602:
601:
587:
584:
562:
552:
538:
535:osteoarthritis
523:
500:
474:
465:, between the
460:
452:
420:
419:
418:
417:
407:
403:
400:epidural space
390:
389:
337:
334:
312:that fits for
241:Many drugs as
186:, and as such
143:
140:
138:
135:
94:
93:Classification
91:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4182:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Intramuscular
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Intracerebral
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Iontophoresis
3884:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Topical cream
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Nasal cannula
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3548:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2895:on 2020-03-29
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2172:Fenway Health
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1823:(2): 99β109.
1822:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:(2): 117β38.
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:alveolar duct
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:intramuscular
1145:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:blood vessels
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
956:
955:ionic liquids
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
927:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
901:
899:
896:
888:
886:
884:
880:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
858:
852:
850:
848:
846:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
797:
790:Topical route
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:Intrauterine.
662:
659:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:eye neoplasms
616:
612:
611:
606:
599:
596:), e.g. many
595:
591:
590:Intramuscular
588:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:, as well as
442:
438:
437:
432:
424:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
356:
351:
342:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:(through the
167:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
92:
90:
88:
87:drug delivery
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
4114:Intraosseous
4104:Intracardiac
4043:Intravitreal
4005:Injector pen
4000:Subcutaneous
3971:
3941:Jet injector
3926:Dermal patch
3739:Vaginal ring
3707:Insufflation
3459:Effervescent
3233:dosage forms
3228:
3151:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3075:
3047:. Retrieved
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3008:
2997:. Retrieved
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2958:
2947:. Retrieved
2933:
2922:. Retrieved
2920:. 2017-10-30
2918:GetBodySmart
2917:
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:the original
2888:
2879:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2804:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2768:
2756:
2729:
2679:
2675:
2645:. Retrieved
2636:
2626:
2599:
2593:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2373:
2342:. Retrieved
2333:
2301:. Retrieved
2287:
2273:cite journal
2262:. Retrieved
2237:
2234:Biomaterials
2233:
2223:
2190:
2184:
2176:the original
2167:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2130:
2126:
2116:
2086:(1): 17β25.
2083:
2079:
2073:
2059:cite journal
2024:
2020:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1935:
1926:
1908:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1734:(1): 11β26.
1731:
1727:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1594:. Retrieved
1585:
1540:. Retrieved
1528:
1503:. Retrieved
1478:
1474:
1464:
1445:
1427:Nanomedicine
1364:
1355:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1282:alveolar sac
1184:
1176:IV infusions
1160:
1152:subcutaneous
1141:
1121:
1096:
1094:is reduced.
1092:side effects
1089:
1069:
1053:tissue cells
1051:situated at
1046:
1031:
997:
981:
978:Oral mucosal
965:
959:
946:formulations
942:time-release
931:
905:
892:
876:
856:
844:
829:
808:
806:
799:
763:insufflation
712:Skin popping
706:, e.g. with
697:Intravitreal
691:Intravesical
658:chemotherapy
581:tuberculosis
577:mantoux test
569:skin testing
541:Intracardiac
493:inhalational
492:
485:decongestant
481:insufflation
383:
364:
359:
353:
347:
318:hospice care
302:vascularized
279:
261:, as with a
240:
195:
187:
173:
163:
159:
151:
146:Through the
145:
125:
114:
109:
99:
96:
56:
47:
40:pharmacology
37:
4099:Intravenous
4086:Circulatory
4071:Intrathecal
3995:Intradermal
3987:transdermal
3954:Parenterals
3860:Topical gel
3816:Murphy drip
3794:Suppository
3682:Nasal spray
3616:Oxygen mask
3465:Chewing gum
3404:Oral mucosa
2376:. State of
1962:"injection"
1397:Dosage form
1335:mucociliary
1256:conducting
1156:intradermal
1144:intravenous
1049:capillaries
984:oral mucosa
953:enhancers,
948:containing
889:Convenience
817:transdermal
726:Transdermal
677:Intravenous
650:Intrathecal
565:Intradermal
508:vasodilator
467:endometrium
449:transdermal
414:cancer pain
330:Murphy drip
310:dosage form
308:is a solid
306:suppository
286:end of life
255:gastrostomy
190:(along the
106:transdermal
83:dosage form
63:intravenous
4154:Categories
3959:Injections
3722:Urogenital
3658:Ophthalmic
3514:inhalation
3488:Toothpaste
3416:sublingual
3380:Suspension
3350:Herbal tea
3049:2020-03-29
3024:2020-03-29
2999:2020-03-29
2974:2020-03-29
2949:2020-03-29
2924:2020-03-29
2899:2020-03-29
2889:archive.is
2647:2020-03-28
2569:: 113925.
2528:: 114097.
2414:: 107537.
2293:"Vancocin"
2264:2020-03-23
2149:2010-08-19
2001:2010-08-19
1976:2017-07-30
1626:2009-01-18
1596:2017-07-30
1542:2017-07-30
1532:dictionary
1505:2023-12-09
1438:References
1307:exhalation
1258:bronchiole
1174:. Ongoing
1118:Parenteral
1110:, and the
1043:Intranasal
1028:Sublingual
1011:absorption
840:vancomycin
771:sublingual
654:anesthesia
640:peritoneum
632:difficult.
627:(into the
545:adrenaline
300:is highly
200:sublingual
198:, such as
178:(into the
156:intestines
79:parenteral
44:toxicology
3964:infusions
3896:Liposomes
3692:Eye drops
3687:Ear drops
3598:Vaporizer
3593:Nebulizer
3483:Mouthwash
3412:sublabial
3335:Electuary
3325:Decoction
2696:1060-0280
2485:0027-8424
2436:214618193
2240:: 56β68.
2209:cite book
1582:"topical"
1525:"topical"
1154:(SC) and
1104:epidermis
1061:olfactory
1017:Sublabial
775:sublabial
742:addiction
669:, in the
573:allergens
527:articular
512:vasospasm
367:injection
204:sublabial
69:(local),
4135:PIC line
4076:Epidural
3916:Lip balm
3891:Hydrogel
3882:solution
3865:Liniment
3850:Ointment
3809:Hydrogel
3804:Solution
3789:Ointment
3729:Ointment
3702:Hydrogel
3697:Ointment
3493:Ointment
3454:Lozenges
3444:Lollipop
3390:Tincture
3375:Solution
3355:Hydrogel
3340:Emulsion
3282:Pastille
3143:27864314
3043:Archived
3018:Archived
2993:Archived
2968:Archived
2943:Archived
2818:April 2,
2782:14 April
2773:Archived
2712:39802797
2704:25907529
2641:Archived
2585:34418495
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