607:. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with a ready source of steam, found ejector technology ideal with its rugged simplicity and lack of moving parts. A steam locomotive usually has two ejectors: a large ejector for releasing the brakes when stationary and a small ejector for maintaining the vacuum against leaks. The exhaust from the ejectors is invariably directed to the smokebox, by which means it assists the blower in draughting the fire. The small ejector is sometimes replaced by a reciprocating pump driven from the
31:
812:, is powered and installed at ground level. Its discharge is split, with the greater part of the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is returned to the jet pump installed below ground in the well. This recirculated part of the pumped fluid is used to power the jet. At the jet pump, the high-energy, low-mass returned flow drives more fluid from the well, becoming a low-energy, high-mass flow which is then piped to the inlet of the main pump.
623:
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cylinders is directed through a nozzle on the end of the blastpipe, to reduce pressure inside the smokebox by entraining the flue gases from the boiler which are then ejected via the chimney. The effect is to increase the draught on the fire to a degree proportional to the rate of steam consumption, so that as more steam is used, more heat is generated from the fire and steam production is also increased. The effect was first noted by
592:
177:
39:
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through a diverging duct increases velocity as a gas expands. The two sketches at the bottom of figure 15 are both diverging, but the bottom one is slightly curved, and produced the highest velocity flow parallel to the axis. The area of a duct is proportional to the square of the diameter, and the
552:
Efficiency was further improved by the development of a multi-stage injector which is powered not by live steam from the boiler but by exhaust steam from the cylinders, thereby making use of the residual energy in the exhaust steam which would otherwise go to waste. However, an exhaust injector also
868:
In operation a two-stage system consists of a primary high-vacuum (HV) ejector and a secondary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. Initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in
561:
Injectors can be troublesome under certain running conditions, such as when vibration causes the combined steam and water jet to "knock off". Originally the injector had to be restarted by careful manipulation of the steam and water controls, and the distraction caused by a malfunctioning injector
251:
The injector consists of a body filled with a secondary fluid, into which a motive fluid is injected. The motive fluid induces the secondary fluid to move. Injectors exist in many variations, and can have several stages, each repeating the same basic operating principle, to increase their overall
634:
and chimney in the locomotive smokebox. The sketch on the right shows a cross section through a smokebox, rotated 90 degrees; it can be seen that the same components are present, albeit differently named, as in the generic diagram of an injector at the top of the article. Exhaust steam from the
872:
In operation a three-stage system consists of a primary booster, a secondary high-vacuum (HV) ejector, and a tertiary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. As per the two-stage system, initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this
276:
of evaporation of the steam which imparts extra velocity to the water. The condensate mixture then enters a divergent "delivery cone" which slows the jet, converting kinetic energy back into static pressure energy above the pressure of the boiler enabling its feed through a non-return valve.
836:
are those in which the jet is located at the bottom of the well. The maximum depth for deep well pumps is determined by the inside diameter of and the velocity through the jet. The major advantage of jet pumps for deep well installations is the ability to situate all mechanical parts (e.g.,
873:
pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to pull vacuum to the lower intermediate pressure. Finally the booster is operated (in conjunction with the HV & LV ejectors) to pull vacuum to the required pressure.
157:, experimenter, and author, with many accomplishments involving railroading. Kneass began publishing a mathematical model of the physics of the injector, which he had verified by experimenting with steam. A steam injector has three primary sections:
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Another common problem occurs when the incoming water is too warm and is less effective at condensing the steam in the combining cone. That can also occur if the metal body of the injector is too hot, e.g. from prolonged use.
531:
An overflow is required for excess steam or water to discharge, especially during starting. If the injector cannot initially overcome boiler pressure, the overflow allows the injector to continue to draw water and steam.
544:(called a "clack valve" in locomotives because of the distinctive noise it makes) between the exit of the injector and the boiler to prevent back flow, and usually a valve to prevent air being sucked in at the overflow.
271:
energy, reducing its pressure to below that of the atmosphere, which enables it to entrain a fluid (e.g., water). After passing through the convergent "combining cone", the mixed fluid is fully condensed, releasing the
522:
The lifting injector can operate with negative inlet fluid pressure i.e. fluid lying below the level of the injector. It differs from the non-lifting type mainly in the relative dimensions of the nozzles.
141:
After some initial scepticism resulting from the unfamiliar and superficially paradoxical mode of operation, the injector became widely adopted for steam locomotives as an alternative to mechanical pumps.
42:
A- Steam from boiler, B- Needle valve, C- Needle valve handle, D- Steam and water combine, E- Water feed, F- Combining cone, G- Delivery nozzle and cone, H- delivery chamber and pipe, K- Check valve, L-
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into the boiler drums of small, stationary, low pressure boilers. In large, high-pressure modern boilers, usage of injectors for chemical dosing is not possible due to their limited outlet pressures.
614:
Vacuum brakes have been superseded by air brakes in modern trains, which allow the use of smaller brake cylinders and/or higher braking force due to the greater difference from atmospheric pressure.
760:
Eductors are used in aircraft fuel systems as transfer pumps; fluid flow from an engine-mounted mechanical pump can be delivered to a fuel tank-mounted eductor to transfer fuel from that tank.
89:
The steam injector is a common device used for delivering water to steam boilers, especially in steam locomotives. It is a typical application of the injector principle used to deliver cold
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water, or cargo oil which cannot be removed using centrifugal pumps due to loss of suction head and may damage the centrifugal pump if run dry, which may be caused due to
630:
An empirical application of the principle was in widespread use on steam locomotives before its formal development as the injector, in the form of the arrangement of the
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absolute, more than one ejector is used, usually with condensers between the ejector stages. Condensing of motive steam greatly improves ejector set efficiency; both
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Fluid feed rate and operating pressure range are the key parameters of an injector, and vacuum pressure and evacuation rate are the key parameters for an ejector.
1196:“THE STEAM INJECTOR.” BY MR.F.T.BARWELL, G.W.R. MECHANICS’ INSTITUTE. SWINDON ENGINEERING SOCIETY. TRANSACTIONS, 1929-30. ORDINARY MEETING. — JANUARY 21ST, 1930
566:. Later injectors were designed to automatically restart on sensing the collapse in vacuum from the steam jet, for example with a spring-loaded delivery cone.
651:
The use of injectors (or ejectors) in various industrial applications has become quite common due to their relative simplicity and adaptability. For example:
284:
of the process. Injectors are therefore typically over 98% energy-efficient overall; they are also simple compared to the many moving parts in a feed pump.
55:
in the jet and carried through a duct to a region of higher pressure. It is a fluid-dynamic pump with no moving parts except a valve to control inlet flow.
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626:
Sketch of the smokebox of a steam locomotive, rotated 90 degrees. The similarity to the generic injector diagram at the top of this article is apparent.
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81:
The motive fluid may be a liquid, steam or any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a gas, a liquid, a slurry, or a dust-laden gas stream.
750:
Eductors are used on-board ships to pump out bilges, since using centrifugal pump would not be feasible as the suction head may be lost frequently.
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515:
The steam-cone minimal orifice diameter is kept larger than the combining cone minimal diameter. The non-lifting Nathan 4000 injector used on the
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The delivery tube is a diverging duct where the force of deceleration increases pressure, allowing the stream of water to enter the boiler.
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cannot work when the locomotive is stationary; later exhaust injectors could use a supply of live steam if no exhaust steam was available.
780:
are water pumps used for dredging silt and panning for gold, they're used because they can handle the highly abrasive mixtures quite well.
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The internal parts of an injector are subject to erosive wear, particularly damage at the throat of the delivery cone which may be due to
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Some aircraft (mostly earlier designs) use an ejector attached to the fuselage to provide vacuum for gyroscopic instruments such as an
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made use of it, and this constitutes much of the reason for its notably improved performance in comparison with contemporary machines.
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At the end of the nozzle, the steam has very high velocity, but at less than atmospheric pressure, drawing in cold water which becomes
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are those in which the jet assembly is attached directly to the main pump and are limited to a depth of approximately 5-8m to prevent
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Delivery tube, a diverging duct, where a high velocity stream of steam and cold water become a slow high pressure stream of water
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is a system of ducting and nozzles used to direct the flow of a high-pressure fluid in such a way that a lower pressure fluid is
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Other key properties of an injector include the fluid inlet pressure requirements i.e. whether it is lifting or non-lifting.
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electric/petrol motor, rotating impellers) at the ground surface for easy maintenance. The advent of the electrical
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In a non-lifting injector, positive inlet fluid pressure is needed e.g. the cold water input is fed by gravity.
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Vacuum autoclaves use an ejector to pull a vacuum, generally powered by the cold water supply to the machine.
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Steam nozzle, a diverging duct, which converts high pressure steam to low pressure, high velocity steam
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to a boiler against its own pressure, using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical
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because this is more economical of steam and is only required to operate when the train is moving.
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97:. When first developed, its operation was intriguing because it seemed paradoxical, almost like
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1025:"Analysis of the adiabatic process by using the thermodynamic property diagram of water vapor"
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operates on similar principles to create a vacuum feed connection for braking systems etc.
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Figure 15 shows four sketches Kneass drew of steam passing through a nozzle. In general,
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Most of the heat energy in the condensed steam is returned to the boiler, increasing the
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in the stream, where the steam condenses into droplets of water in a converging duct.
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expansion (without adding heat), releasing less energy than the same gas would during
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474:(in kg/h) of suction fluid that can be entrained and compressed by a given amount
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curvature allows the steam to expand more linearly as it passes through the duct.
1238:(Second ed.). London: The Technical Publishing Company Limited. p. 51.
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conjunction with the LV ejector to finally pull vacuum to the required pressure.
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Combining tube, a converging duct, which mixes high velocity steam and cold water
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2396:
1993:
1967:
1937:
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1310:
United States Patent 4847043 ... recirculation of a coolant in a nuclear reactor
1297:
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could push 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) per hour at 250 psi (17 bar).
273:
105:. Other types of injector may use other pressurised motive fluids such as air.
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1900:
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expansion (constant temperature). Expansion of steam follows an intermediate
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For expansion work recovery in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
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and subsequently developed empirically by the early locomotive engineers;
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264:
16:
Type of pump using high pressure fluid to entrain a lower pressure fluid
1263:(Revision 1 ed.). Sacramento, California: Gerald Rood. p. 66.
771:
766:
are vacuum pumps based on the same operating principle and are used in
736:
671:
599:
An additional use for the injector technology is in vacuum ejectors in
135:
58:
Depending on the application, an injector can also take the form of an
1176:
1160:
1103:. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Kessinger Publications, 2007 ).
819:
The S type pump is useful for removing water from a well or container.
2276:
2013:
1396:
940:
902:
729:
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718:
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19:
For the system that adds fuel to an internal combustion engine, see
783:
To create vacuum system in vacuum distillation unit (oil refinery).
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1261:
Cab-Forward Notes
Southern Pacific Railroad's Signature Locomotive
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37:
29:
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has partly replaced the need for jet type well pumps, except for
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Compression ratio and the entrainment ratio may also be defined:
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94:
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216:
than an ideal gas, because steam remains hot during expansion.
1138:. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Wentworth Press, 2019).
1365:
180:
Kneass's illustrations of differently shaped steam nozzles
122:
in early 1850s and patented in France in 1858, for use on
1259:
Anderson, David N.; O'Day, Russell M. H. (17 July 2013).
348:, is defined as ratio of the injector's outlet pressure
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453:
411:
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312:
789:
Low weight jet pumps can be made out of paper mache.
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804:Jet pumps are commonly used to extract water from
770:to create a partial vacuum and for medical use in
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466:
439:
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367:
340:
1236:Injectors: their Theory, Construction and Working
1165:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1273:The Model Injector, Ted Crawford, Tee Publishing
724:The construction industry uses them for pumping
666:, they are used for the removal of the boiler
603:, which were made compulsory in the UK by the
1736:
1381:
1000:Steam Jet Ejectors For The Process Industries
8:
853:In practice, for suction pressure below 100
735:Eductors are used in ships to pump residual
1213:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–97.
1204:
1202:
1076:. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–98.
375:to the inlet pressure of the suction fluid
2392:
2331:
2018:
1800:
1743:
1729:
1721:
1388:
1374:
1366:
700:For use in producing a vacuum pressure in
1234:Pullen, William Wade Fitzherbert (1900).
1048:
971:Perry, R. H.; Green, D. W., eds. (2007).
485:
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458:
452:
431:
422:
416:
410:
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359:
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332:
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721:or other granular or powdered materials.
714:processes in the oil & gas Industry.
678:used to remove that ash from the boiler
286:
2618:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
963:
682:, and for drawing a vacuum pressure in
405:The entrainment ratio of the injector,
306:The compression ratio of the injector,
1161:"Obituary Notice of Strickland Kneass"
291:Steam injector of a locomotive boiler
7:
1023:Yarong, Wang; Peirong, Wang (2021).
974:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
618:Earlier application of the principle
1136:Practice and Theory of the Injector
1100:Practice and Theory of the Injector
595:Diagram of a typical modern ejector
101:, but it was later explained using
2470:National Museum of Scotland engine
881:Injectors or ejectors are made of
34:Injector used in steam locomotives
14:
1211:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
1074:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
849:Multi-stage steam vacuum ejectors
2652:List of steam technology patents
1361:Use of Eductor for Lifting Water
1349:(Tenth ed.). Tothill Press.
1345:J.T. Hodgson; C.S. Lake (1954).
1328:Mechanical Engineering: Railways
1209:Goldfinch & Semmens (2000).
1072:Goldfinch & Semmens (2000).
601:continuous train braking systems
562:was largely responsible for the
1002:(First ed.). McGraw-Hill.
697:to circulate the coolant fluid.
605:Regulation of Railways Act 1889
2637:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2623:History of steam road vehicles
1629:Internally rifled boiler tubes
1159:Graff, Frederic (April 1884).
695:boiling water nuclear reactors
263:on a steam jet to convert the
1:
2713:Steam locomotive technologies
2564:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1097:Strickland L. Kneass (1894).
977:(8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
118:The injector was invented by
2287:Return connecting rod engine
1284:"Clan Line : Injectors"
1050:10.1051/e3sconf/202125203055
693:Jet pumps have been used in
2211:Condensing steam locomotive
676:electrostatic precipitators
564:1913 Ais Gill rail accident
501:(in kg/h) of motive fluid.
447:, is defined as the amount
440:{\displaystyle W_{s}/W_{m}}
341:{\displaystyle P_{2}/P_{1}}
261:converging-diverging nozzle
2731:
2518:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
845:or surface water intakes.
797:
774:of mucus or bodily fluids.
584:
219:The extra heat comes from
132:Sharp, Stewart and Company
18:
2524:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2193:Single- and double-acting
1298:"Steam-assisted jet pump"
998:Power, Robert B. (1993).
931:Giovanni Battista Venturi
808:. The main pump, often a
717:For the bulk handling of
126:. It was patented in the
25:Injector (disambiguation)
2363:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1132:Strickland Landis Kneass
674:from the hoppers of the
221:enthalpy of vaporization
151:Strickland Landis Kneass
2667:Timeline of steam power
2662:Stationary steam engine
2545:Woolf's compound engine
2452:Soho Manufactory engine
2307:Steeple compound engine
1974:straight line mechanism
905:, and other materials.
267:energy of the steam to
2672:Water-returning engine
2646:Lean's Engine Reporter
2419:Chacewater Mine engine
2292:Six-column beam engine
1029:E3S Web of Conferences
877:Construction materials
820:
664:thermal power stations
627:
596:
548:Exhaust steam injector
540:There is at least one
495:
468:
441:
396:
369:
342:
292:
181:
44:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
2512:London Steam Carriage
1598:Electric water boiler
1593:Electric steam boiler
1347:Locomotive Management
818:
757:(artificial horizon).
712:enhanced oil recovery
625:
594:
517:Southern Pacific 4294
496:
494:{\displaystyle W_{m}}
469:
467:{\displaystyle W_{s}}
442:
397:
395:{\displaystyle P_{1}}
370:
368:{\displaystyle P_{2}}
343:
296:Key design parameters
290:
206:thermodynamic process
179:
41:
33:
2458:Bradley Works engine
2282:Reciprocating engine
2105:Babcock & Wilcox
1948:Centrifugal governor
1517:Babcock & Wilcox
478:
451:
409:
379:
352:
310:
1999:Sun and planet gear
1326:J.B. Snell (1973).
1041:2021E3SWC.25203055Y
861:and shell-and-tube
641:Stephenson's Rocket
212:. Steam does more
2693:Chemical equipment
2499:Richard Trevithick
2097:Water-tube boilers
1911:Gresley conjugated
1673:Boiler peripherals
1509:Water-tube boilers
1300:. General Electric
863:surface condensers
843:driven point wells
824:Shallow well pumps
821:
755:attitude indicator
637:Richard Trevithick
628:
597:
505:Lifting properties
491:
464:
437:
392:
365:
338:
293:
282:thermal efficiency
186:compressible flows
182:
45:
36:
2680:
2679:
2606:
2605:
2485:
2484:
2169:
2168:
2069:Fire-tube boilers
1924:
1923:
1718:
1717:
1612:Boiler components
1451:Fire-tube boilers
1337:978-0-09-908170-8
1220:978-0-19-860782-3
1110:978-0-548-47587-4
1083:978-0-19-860782-3
1009:978-0-07-050618-3
984:978-0-07-142294-9
946:Surface condenser
702:steam jet cooling
670:, the removal of
124:steam locomotives
2720:
2708:Locomotive parts
2630:fardier Ă vapeur
2464:Whitbread Engine
2425:Smethwick Engine
2393:
2332:
2151:Feedwater heater
2019:
1801:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1690:Feedwater heater
1603:Electrode boiler
1586:Electric boilers
1390:
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1171:(115): 451–455.
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995:
989:
988:
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916:Aspirator (pump)
839:submersible pump
810:centrifugal pump
500:
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99:perpetual motion
60:eductor-jet pump
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2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2602:
2577:
2550:
2531:
2481:
2438:
2382:
2370:Fairbottom Bobs
2355:Newcomen engine
2349:
2321:
2267:Expansion valve
2240:
2226:Watt's separate
2197:
2165:
2139:
2091:
2063:
2008:
1984:Parallel motion
1920:
1871:Stephenson link
1852:
1790:
1759:Operating cycle
1754:
1749:
1719:
1714:
1668:
1607:
1581:
1503:
1445:
1399:
1394:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1330:. Arrow Books.
1325:
1322:
1320:Further reading
1317:
1316:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1010:
997:
996:
992:
985:
970:
969:
965:
960:
955:
936:Gustaf de Laval
921:De Laval nozzle
911:
887:stainless steel
879:
851:
834:Deep well pumps
802:
800:Water well pump
796:
649:
620:
589:
583:
581:Vacuum ejectors
559:
550:
538:
529:
507:
481:
476:
475:
454:
449:
448:
427:
412:
407:
406:
382:
377:
376:
355:
350:
349:
328:
313:
308:
307:
298:
249:
241:
229:
174:
148:
116:
111:
87:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Fluid dynamics
2695:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2405:Kinneil Engine
2401:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2377:Elsecar Engine
2374:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Steeple engine
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:Feedwater pump
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2022:Simple boilers
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2004:Watt's linkage
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Connecting rod
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1705:Snifting valve
1702:
1697:
1695:Feedwater pump
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:Thermic siphon
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1404:Simple boilers
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:External links
1353:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1289:
1275:
1266:
1251:
1244:
1226:
1219:
1198:
1189:
1151:
1145:978-0469047891
1144:
1116:
1109:
1089:
1082:
1064:
1015:
1008:
990:
983:
962:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:
951:Venturi effect
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
926:Diffusion pump
923:
918:
912:
910:
907:
878:
875:
850:
847:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:Water eductors
775:
761:
758:
751:
748:
733:
722:
715:
708:
705:
698:
691:
660:
648:
645:
619:
616:
587:Vacuum ejector
585:Main article:
582:
579:
558:
555:
549:
546:
537:
534:
528:
525:
506:
503:
488:
484:
461:
457:
434:
430:
425:
419:
415:
389:
385:
362:
358:
335:
331:
326:
320:
316:
297:
294:
257:Venturi effect
248:
245:
240:
237:
228:
227:Combining tube
225:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
162:
155:civil engineer
147:
144:
128:United Kingdom
115:
112:
110:
107:
103:thermodynamics
86:
85:Steam injector
83:
21:fuel injection
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2726:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:Puffing Devil
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2491:High-pressure
2488:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:Rotative beam
2441:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2344:Savery Engine
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2317:Working fluid
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Rotative beam
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:hypocycloidal
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:Steam engines
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Air preheater
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Franco-Crosti
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1182:September 22,
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
980:
976:
975:
967:
964:
957:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
874:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
829:
825:
817:
813:
811:
807:
801:
793:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
684:steam turbine
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
653:
652:
646:
644:
642:
638:
633:
624:
617:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
593:
588:
580:
578:
576:
571:
567:
565:
556:
554:
547:
545:
543:
535:
533:
526:
524:
520:
518:
513:
510:
504:
502:
486:
482:
459:
455:
432:
428:
423:
417:
413:
403:
387:
383:
360:
356:
333:
329:
324:
318:
314:
304:
301:
295:
289:
285:
283:
278:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
246:
244:
239:Delivery tube
238:
236:
234:
226:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
210:Rankine cycle
207:
203:
199:
196:cools during
195:
190:
187:
178:
171:
166:
163:
160:
159:
158:
156:
152:
145:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:Henri Giffard
113:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
82:
79:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
65:water eductor
61:
56:
54:
50:
40:
32:
26:
22:
2657:Modern steam
2644:
2629:
2591:Porter-Allen
2570:
2504:
2431:
2411:
2368:
2302:Safety valve
2231:"Pickle-pot"
2160:
2125:Thimble tube
1699:
1685:Boiler water
1634:Safety valve
1624:Fusible plug
1562:Thimble tube
1346:
1327:
1309:
1302:. Retrieved
1292:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1235:
1229:
1210:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1168:
1164:
1154:
1135:
1099:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1032:
1028:
1018:
999:
993:
973:
966:
883:carbon steel
880:
871:
867:
852:
833:
832:
823:
822:
803:
768:laboratories
747:of the ship.
650:
629:
613:
598:
572:
568:
560:
551:
539:
530:
521:
514:
511:
508:
404:
305:
302:
299:
279:
255:It uses the
254:
250:
242:
230:
218:
191:
183:
149:
140:
117:
88:
80:
73:
69:
63:
59:
57:
48:
46:
2388:Watt engine
2188:Oscillating
2144:Boiler feed
1989:Plate chain
1968:Tusi couple
1881:Walschaerts
1766:Atmospheric
1710:Superheater
1664:Water gauge
1522:Corner tube
806:water wells
647:Modern uses
542:check valve
536:Check valve
274:latent heat
208:called the
2687:Categories
2597:Ljungström
2583:High-speed
2476:Lap Engine
2432:Resolution
2336:Precursors
2221:Kirchweger
2183:Locomotive
2130:Three-drum
2110:Field-tube
2077:Locomotive
2059:Lancashire
1979:Link chain
1963:Crankshaft
1930:Mechanisms
1858:Valve gear
1654:Steam drum
1649:Steam dome
1567:Three-drum
1527:Field-tube
1494:Transverse
1479:Locomotive
1436:Lancashire
1245:0951936751
958:References
865:are used.
859:barometric
828:cavitation
794:Well pumps
764:Aspirators
728:water and
688:condensers
668:bottom ash
655:To inject
575:cavitation
202:isothermal
2628:Cugnot's
2571:Salamanca
2272:Hydrolock
2257:Crosshead
2203:Condenser
2039:Egg-ended
1421:Egg-ended
1059:238022926
1035:: 03055.
657:chemicals
632:blastpipe
609:crosshead
247:Operation
233:entrained
198:adiabatic
194:ideal gas
70:aspirator
53:entrained
2611:See also
2537:Compound
2412:Old Bess
2252:Blowback
2175:Cylinder
2161:Injector
2120:Stirling
2115:Sentinel
2029:Haystack
1943:Cataract
1916:Southern
1906:Caprotti
1781:Compound
1700:Injector
1639:Smokebox
1572:Vertical
1557:Stirling
1547:Sentinel
1542:Monotube
1499:Vertical
1431:Haystack
1304:17 March
1134:(1910).
909:See also
895:titanium
730:slurries
704:systems.
686:exhaust
680:flue gas
557:Problems
527:Overflow
269:velocity
265:pressure
252:effect.
49:injector
43:Overflow
2327:History
2236:Surface
2054:Cornish
2014:Boilers
1896:Corliss
1833:Corliss
1816:D slide
1786:Uniflow
1776:Cornish
1619:Firebox
1469:Haycock
1459:Cochran
1416:Cornish
1397:Boilers
1037:Bibcode
772:suction
737:ballast
672:fly ash
136:Glasgow
114:Giffard
109:History
75:ejector
2639:(1784)
2633:(1769)
2599:(1908)
2593:(1862)
2574:(1812)
2566:(1805)
2556:Murray
2547:(1803)
2526:(1804)
2520:(1803)
2514:(1803)
2508:(1801)
2478:(1788)
2472:(1786)
2466:(1785)
2460:(1783)
2454:(1782)
2435:(1781)
2427:(1779)
2421:(1778)
2415:(1777)
2407:(1768)
2379:(1795)
2373:(1760)
2365:(1725)
2346:(1698)
2312:Stroke
2277:Piston
2262:Cutoff
2135:Yarrow
2087:Launch
2082:Scotch
1843:Sleeve
1838:Poppet
1823:Piston
1804:Valves
1796:Valves
1577:Yarrow
1552:Spiral
1537:LaMont
1489:Scotch
1484:Pistol
1474:Launch
1334:
1242:
1217:
1177:982738
1175:
1142:
1107:
1080:
1057:
1006:
981:
941:Nozzle
903:carbon
726:turbid
719:grains
172:Nozzle
153:was a
146:Kneass
68:or an
2703:Pumps
2245:Other
2049:Flued
2034:Wagon
1958:Crank
1901:Lentz
1891:Baker
1886:Allan
1811:Slide
1532:Flash
1441:Wagon
1426:Flued
1173:JSTOR
1055:S2CID
891:brass
259:of a
91:water
72:. An
2397:Beam
1938:Beam
1848:Bash
1828:Drop
1771:Watt
1644:Stay
1332:ISBN
1306:2011
1240:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1184:2023
1140:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1004:ISBN
979:ISBN
899:PTFE
855:mbar
745:list
741:trim
710:For
214:work
95:pump
62:, a
2216:Jet
2044:Box
1876:Joy
1866:Gab
1411:Box
1045:doi
1033:252
743:or
662:In
192:An
134:of
130:by
47:An
2689::
1308:.
1201:^
1169:21
1167:.
1163:.
1119:^
1053:.
1043:.
1031:.
1027:.
901:,
897:,
893:,
889:,
885:,
830:.
577:.
402:.
138:.
1744:e
1737:t
1730:v
1389:e
1382:t
1375:v
1340:.
1286:.
1248:.
1223:.
1186:.
1148:.
1113:.
1086:.
1061:.
1047::
1039::
1012:.
987:.
732:.
690:.
487:m
483:W
460:s
456:W
433:m
429:W
424:/
418:s
414:W
388:1
384:P
361:2
357:P
334:1
330:P
325:/
319:2
315:P
27:.
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