276:
43:
177:
239:
295:
312:
212:
217:
257:
192:
572:
30:
589:
is common and widespread across Europe and North
America. In western North America it is found under live oak, pine and Douglas fir. Both varieties are found in the Canadian Arctic regions of northern Manitoba and North West Territories, with the nominate form found in dryish tundra heath communities
494:
is brown. The almond-shaped spores are smooth and measure around 9 × 5 μm. The faint smell has been likened to meal, damp earth, or even described as spermatic. The white or cream flesh has an acrid taste and does not change colour when cut or bruised.
489:
is 1–6 cm (0.39–2.36 in) high and 0.3–0.6 cm thick and lacks a ring. It has a small bulb at the base, and often does not grow straight. The crowded gills are adnexed and cream early, before darkening to a brownish colour with the developing spores. The
484:
is 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) in diameter and white or cream-coloured with a silky texture, at first conical before flattening out to a more convex shape with a pronounced umbo (boss). The cap margins may split with age. The thin
544:
is similar in shape but tinted lilac all over, with an ochre-brown flush on the cap umbo and the base of the stem. It has a strong mealy or earthy odour. This variety could be mistaken for the edible amethyst deceiver
551:), although the latter species has a fibrous stipe, a fruity smell and lacks the ochre-coloured umbo. It is a similar coloration to the wood blewit, although mushrooms of that species generally grow much larger.
351:. It is widespread and common in Europe and North America, appearing under both conifer and deciduous trees in summer and autumn. The fruiting body is a small all-white or cream mushroom with a fibrous silky
684:
woodlands in summer and autumn. Within these locations, fruiting bodies may be found in grassy areas and near pathways, or often on rich, bare soil that has been disturbed at roadsides, and near ditches.
1507:
1367:
672:
in moist mossy tundra heaths, alongside such plants as
American dwarf birch, snow willow, Arctic bell-heather and northern white mountain avens. It is
1442:
176:
1163:
1573:
927:
Matheny, P. Brandon (2005). "Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales)".
1188:
1293:
1241:
1086:
1044:
1012:
982:
854:
1568:
779:
has not been recorded as a result of consuming this species. It is often ignored by mushroom hunters because of its small size.
1558:
1155:
513:, though these have a mealy smell and gills that remain white. In Israel, it is confused with edible mushrooms of the genus
1494:
446:, who felt that it was consistently different and grew in different locales. A 2005 study of nuclear genes found that
388:
1512:
701:
In
Western Australia, Brandon Matheny and Neale Bougher (2005) pointed to collections of what was referred to as
42:
1563:
1553:
1578:
916:. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Lansing, Michigan: W.H. Crawford, state printers. p. 466.
1335:
719:
462:
818:
751:(tear flow) within 15–30 minutes of ingestion. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by
646:
636:
452:
443:
439:
137:
775:. Inducing vomiting to remove mushroom contents is also prudent due to the speed of onset of symptoms.
1434:
1403:
698:) and pines, with mushrooms still appearing in periods of little or no rain as they are mycorrhizal.
626:
547:
694:
652:
435:
431:
372:
1486:
1130:
664:
658:
527:
521:
318:
198:
37:
1078:
1071:
1520:
1390:
1289:
1237:
1169:
1159:
1122:
1082:
1040:
1008:
978:
944:
850:
824:
592:
481:
222:
531:, all of which grow in similar habitat. In North America it resembles mushrooms of the genus
1548:
1525:
1200:
1114:
936:
620:
509:
486:
262:
1210:
763:, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within two hours.
1286:
Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas – a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians
1429:
604:
559:
468:
84:
1542:
1372:
1134:
610:
598:
533:
400:
380:
356:
154:
74:
1105:
Lurie, Yael (2009). "Mushroom poisoning from species of genus
Inocybe (fiber head".
911:
888:
871:
1395:
803:
797:
744:
1499:
1481:
1455:
940:
748:
673:
491:
412:
352:
302:
282:
158:
104:
1358:
1313:. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain. p. 111.
1262:
1118:
681:
515:
94:
1205:
1173:
1416:
974:
828:
736:
677:
54:
1126:
948:
739:. The symptoms are those of muscarine poisoning, namely, greatly increased
1149:
1468:
1382:
1352:
772:
768:
764:
760:
244:
203:
182:
1257:
Matheny, P. Brandon; Bougher, Neale L. (2004). "A new violet species of
1447:
752:
347:
114:
1460:
1473:
756:
740:
64:
1329:
571:
1421:
29:
776:
570:
802:. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: J. Davis. p. 2,
1408:
709:
by some
Australian taxonomists, as a misapplication of the name
1333:
893:
Annual Report on the New York State Museum of
Natural History
442:
in 1876. It was classified as a separate species in 1918 by
503:
Larger mushrooms can be confused with members of the genus
411:"leaf". It was given its current binomial name in 1871 by
1148:
Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012).
1265:) from Urban and Rural Landscapes in Western Australia".
823:(in Latin). Göttingen, Sweden: H. Dietrich. p. 340.
717:; the specimens have been reclassified as the species
1187:
Ohenoja, Esteri; Ohenoja, Martti (22 December 2010).
971:
Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great
Britain and Europe
1342:
309:
292:
272:
254:
236:
209:
189:
172:
1070:
1288:. New York: WH Freeman and Company. p. 343.
1151:Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America
1003:Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005).
876:(in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 78.
385:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms
8:
998:
996:
994:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
399:. Its specific epithet is derived from the
1330:
1100:
1098:
964:
962:
960:
958:
28:
17:
1204:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
840:
838:
788:
345:, is a poisonous mushroom of the genus
847:Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi
169:
1189:"Larger fungi of the Canadian Arctic"
929:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
662:) and northern white mountain avens (
7:
1311:Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour
845:Nilson, Sven; Persson, Olle (1977).
817:Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1801).
1037:The Young Specialist looks at Fungi
1005:The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms
676:, the fruiting bodies are found in
438:. It was given its current name by
590:composed of American dwarf birch (
14:
799:Coloured Figures of English Fungi
422:; it was originally described as
310:
293:
274:
255:
237:
215:
210:
190:
175:
41:
910:Kauffman, Calvin Henry (1918).
434:in 1872, who came across it in
1156:University of California Press
1007:. Könemann. pp. 83, 137.
767:does not occur. The specific
460:came out as in a lineage with
418:A lilac form is known as var.
1:
887:Peck, Charles Horton (1872).
1077:. Ten Speed Press. pp.
1574:Taxa named by James Sowerby
1284:Benjamin, Denis R. (1995).
941:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014
913:The Agaricaceae of Michigan
873:Der Führer in die Pilzkunde
820:Synopsis Methodica Fungorum
692:grows under Palestine oak (
397:Synopsis methodica fungorum
183:Mycological characteristics
1595:
389:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
355:and adnexed gills. An all-
1119:10.1080/15563650903008448
143:
136:
38:Scientific classification
36:
27:
20:
1232:Laessoe, Thomas (1998).
1206:10.2509/naf2010.005.0056
969:Phillips, Roger (1981).
889:"Report of the botanist"
656:), Arctic bell-heather (
567:Distribution and habitat
333:, commonly known as the
1569:Fungi described in 1799
1267:Australasian Mycologist
1234:Mushrooms (flexi bound)
849:. Penguin. p. 98.
796:Sowerby, James (1799).
450:was closely related to
430:by American mycologist
1559:Fungi of North America
1309:North, Pamela (1967).
1236:. Dorling Kindersley.
1039:. Burke. p. 122.
720:Inocybe violaceocaulis
583:
379:by English naturalist
1073:Mushrooms Demystified
1069:Arora, David (1986).
870:Kummer, Paul (1871).
731:Like many fibrecaps,
647:Arctostaphylos alpina
644:), alpine bearberry (
574:
444:Calvin Henry Kauffman
440:Claude Casimir Gillet
1323:Benjamin, p. 346–49.
1193:North American Fungi
627:Vaccinium uliginosum
548:Laccaria amethystina
339:common white inocybe
1107:Clinical Toxicology
1035:Haas, Hans (1969).
695:Quercus calliprinos
653:Persicaria vivipara
650:), alpine bistort (
436:Bethlehem, New York
432:Charles Horton Peck
424:Agaricus geophyllus
377:Agaricus geophyllus
367:Taxonomy and naming
665:Dryas integrifolia
659:Cassiope tetragona
596:), Arctic willow (
584:
563:are also similar.
528:Suillus granulatus
522:Tricholoma terreum
393:Agaricus geophilus
1536:
1535:
1521:Open Tree of Life
1344:Inocybe geophylla
1336:Taxon identifiers
1165:978-0-520-95360-4
733:Inocybe geophylla
624:), bog bilberry (
608:), polar willow (
602:), dwarf willow (
593:Betula glandulosa
587:Inocybe geophylla
395:in his 1801 work
330:Inocybe geophylla
326:
325:
173:Inocybe geophylla
167:Species of fungus
165:
164:
147:Inocybe geophylla
129:I. geophylla
22:Inocybe geophylla
1586:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1500:NHMSYS0001485366
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1209:. Archived from
1208:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1066:
1051:
1050:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1000:
989:
988:
966:
953:
952:
924:
918:
917:
907:
901:
900:
884:
878:
877:
867:
861:
860:
842:
833:
832:
814:
808:
807:
793:
747:(sweating), and
634:), lingonberry (
621:Salix reticulata
618:), snow willow (
510:Calocybe gambosa
363:is also common.
314:
313:
297:
296:
278:
277:
259:
258:
241:
240:
219:
218:
214:
213:
194:
193:
179:
170:
149:
46:
45:
32:
18:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1564:Poisonous fungi
1554:Fungi of Europe
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1166:
1158:. p. 242.
1147:
1146:
1142:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1015:
1002:
1001:
992:
985:
977:. p. 220.
968:
967:
956:
926:
925:
921:
909:
908:
904:
886:
885:
881:
869:
868:
864:
857:
844:
843:
836:
816:
815:
811:
795:
794:
790:
785:
729:
569:
519:, particularly
501:
499:Similar species
478:
369:
311:
294:
279:
275:
256:
238:
216:
211:
191:
185:
180:
168:
161:
151:
145:
132:
40:
12:
11:
5:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1579:Fungus species
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1377:
1364:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1301:
1294:
1276:
1249:
1242:
1224:
1213:on 31 May 2019
1179:
1164:
1140:
1094:
1087:
1052:
1045:
1020:
1013:
990:
983:
954:
919:
902:
879:
862:
855:
834:
809:
787:
786:
784:
781:
728:
725:
637:V. vitis-idaea
568:
565:
560:Clitocybe nuda
507:or the edible
500:
497:
477:
474:
463:I. agglutinata
368:
365:
343:white fibercap
335:earthy inocybe
324:
323:
315:
307:
306:
298:
290:
289:
280:
273:
270:
269:
260:
252:
251:
242:
234:
233:
220:
207:
206:
195:
187:
186:
181:
174:
166:
163:
162:
152:
141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
85:Agaricomycetes
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
34:
33:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1295:0-7167-2600-9
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1243:0-7513-1070-0
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:(6): 562–65.
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:0-89815-169-4
1084:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:0-222-79409-7
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:3-8331-1239-5
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
991:
986:
984:0-330-26441-9
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
961:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
914:
906:
903:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
874:
866:
863:
858:
856:0-14-063006-6
852:
848:
841:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
821:
813:
810:
805:
801:
800:
792:
789:
782:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:pain, severe
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
724:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
696:
691:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
654:
649:
648:
643:
639:
638:
633:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:pseudopolaris
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
600:
599:Salix arctica
595:
594:
588:
582:(Peck) Gillet
581:
577:
573:
566:
564:
562:
561:
556:
552:
550:
549:
543:
538:
536:
535:
534:Camarophyllus
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
511:
506:
498:
496:
493:
488:
483:
475:
473:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
453:I. fuscodisca
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
407:"earth", and
406:
402:
401:Ancient Greek
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:James Sowerby
378:
374:
371:It was first
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
322:
321:
317:Edibility is
316:
308:
305:
304:
299:
291:
288:
284:
281:
271:
268:
264:
261:
253:
250:
246:
243:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
208:
205:
201:
200:
196:
188:
184:
178:
171:
160:
156:
150:
148:
142:
139:
138:Binomial name
135:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:Basidiomycota
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:
44:
39:
35:
31:
26:
23:
19:
16:
1343:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1199:(5): 85–96.
1196:
1192:
1182:
1154:. Berkeley:
1150:
1143:
1110:
1106:
1072:
1036:
1004:
970:
932:
928:
922:
912:
905:
896:
892:
882:
872:
865:
846:
819:
812:
798:
791:
745:perspiration
732:
730:
718:
714:
711:I. geophylla
710:
706:
703:I. geophylla
702:
700:
693:
690:I. geophylla
689:
687:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
641:
635:
631:
625:
619:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
586:
585:
579:
576:I. geophylla
575:
558:
554:
553:
546:
541:
540:The variety
539:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
504:
502:
479:
467:
461:
457:
451:
448:I. geophylla
447:
427:
423:
419:
417:
408:
404:
396:
392:
384:
383:in his work
376:
370:
360:
353:umbonate cap
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
328:
327:
319:
301:
286:
266:
248:
230:
226:
197:
146:
144:
128:
127:
115:
21:
15:
1482:NatureServe
1456:iNaturalist
935:(1): 1–20.
749:lacrimation
688:In Israel,
674:mycorrhizal
668:) and var.
605:S. herbacea
492:spore print
476:Description
458:I. lilacina
413:Paul Kummer
375:in 1799 as
303:mycorrhizal
300:Ecology is
283:Spore print
105:Inocybaceae
1543:Categories
1273:(1): 7–12.
1263:Agaricales
973:. London:
783:References
741:salivation
682:coniferous
611:S. polaris
516:Tricholoma
505:Tricholoma
95:Agaricales
71:Division:
1174:797915861
1135:205902282
975:Pan Books
899:: 35–92 .
804:plate 124
753:abdominal
737:muscarine
735:contains
678:deciduous
555:I. pudica
469:I. pudica
428:lilacinus
391:spelt it
373:described
320:poisonous
123:Species:
61:Kingdom:
55:Eukaryota
1487:2.912066
1469:MycoBank
1430:Fungorum
1380:BioLib:
1373:60024117
1368:AusFungi
1359:Q1333853
1353:Wikidata
1127:19566380
949:15737578
829:28329773
773:atropine
769:antidote
765:Delirium
761:diarrhea
727:Toxicity
715:lilacina
707:lilacina
670:lilacina
580:lilacina
542:lilacina
456:, while
420:lilacina
361:lilacina
359:variety
245:Hymenium
227:umbonate
204:hymenium
159:P. Kumm.
101:Family:
51:Domain:
1549:Inocybe
1448:3330851
1409:6705994
1259:Inocybe
632:alpinum
409:phyllon
348:Inocybe
249:adnexed
231:conical
155:Sowerby
116:Inocybe
111:Genus:
91:Order:
81:Class:
1526:489303
1474:192709
1461:118336
1435:192709
1422:INOCGE
1292:
1240:
1217:4 June
1172:
1162:
1133:
1125:
1085:
1043:
1011:
981:
947:
853:
827:
757:nausea
525:, and
403:terms
1513:71954
1396:3PQZC
1383:60701
1131:S2CID
777:Death
713:var.
705:var.
642:minus
640:var.
630:var.
614:ssp.
578:var.
487:stipe
426:var.
357:lilac
287:brown
263:Stipe
199:Gills
65:Fungi
1508:NCBI
1443:GBIF
1417:EPPO
1290:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1219:2017
1170:OCLC
1160:ISBN
1123:PMID
1083:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1009:ISBN
979:ISBN
945:PMID
851:ISBN
825:OCLC
680:and
557:and
480:The
466:and
405:geo-
267:bare
1495:NBN
1404:EoL
1391:CoL
1201:doi
1115:doi
1079:460
937:doi
771:is
482:cap
341:or
285:is
265:is
247:is
229:or
225:is
223:Cap
202:on
1545::
1523::
1510::
1497::
1484::
1471::
1458::
1445::
1432::
1419::
1406::
1393::
1370::
1355::
1271:24
1269:.
1195:.
1191:.
1168:.
1129:.
1121:.
1111:47
1109:.
1097:^
1081:.
1055:^
1023:^
993:^
957:^
943:.
933:35
931:.
897:26
895:.
891:.
837:^
759:,
743:,
723:.
537:.
472:.
415:.
387:.
337:,
157:)
1298:.
1261:(
1246:.
1221:.
1203::
1197:5
1176:.
1137:.
1117::
1091:.
1049:.
1017:.
987:.
951:.
939::
859:.
831:.
806:.
545:(
153:(
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