1225:
308:
890:
46:
876:
33:
200:
267:
327:
262:
344:
240:
235:
289:
215:
938:
along their entire depth. The gills are crowded, with white edges that are finely toothed. Younger mushrooms have gills that are greyish-white that eventually mature to an olive-brown colour. The stem is up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, and generally cylindrical in shape, though it is often
921:
brown in colour, though it is paler towards the margin. As well as chestnut, the camp has been described as "Buckthorn brown", "snuff brown", "tawny olive" and "Saccardo's umber". Both cap colour and the presences of veil remnants are known to be very variable. In appearance,
1148:
in alpine regions). Mushrooms grow individually or in scattered groups. Though widespread in the areas it is found, it is not a common species. It is found from western Europe to eastern Asia; and in North
America, from where it was first collected in the 1960s.
939:
thicker towards the base. While the stem is initially solid, it later becomes hollow. There is often a small bulb at the base of the stem. The stem has cream colouration, becoming gradually browner with age. The base sometimes white and powdery. The
1011:, the split fibrecap, but it can be differentiated by the darker colouration of the cap, and the white remains of the veil in the centre of the cap. The species is also similar in appearance to
2153:
917:, especially on younger mushrooms. The cap is covered in fibres which extend from the centre of the cap to the margin (which is usually split). The cap is typically a
703:
2007:
2059:
1708:
Tedersooa, Leho; Suvia, Triin; Larssonb, Ellen; Kõljalga, Zas (2006). "Diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a wooded meadow".
1981:
1878:
199:
839:
is a synonym, but where the species occur together, they can be distinguished from each other, and so it is still recognised as distinct. The
1814:
1763:
1621:
1451:
1405:
1288:
966:(μm) by 5 to 9 μm. The sterigmata (the narrow horns on the end of the basidia which hold the spores) are 4 to 5 μm long. It lacks
1468:
1692:
1667:
2133:
2148:
1534:
930:
has a lighter cap colour (typically more yellow to reddish-brown) and less (or even no) remnants of the veil on the cap. The
2046:
986:
shaped; they have a yellow-brown to rusty brown colouration, and measure from 9 to 11 μm by 4.5 to 5.5 μm. The
1322:
676:
909:
which is up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in diameter. As the mushrooms age, the cap becomes flatter, and the broad
698:
388:
157:
2064:
1090:. It is also encountered on pathsides. As well as beech, the species has been recorded growing in association with
45:
1261:
2138:
2128:
1190:
448:
395:
is found throughout Europe, Asia and North
America. It is a medium-sized brown mushroom with a fibrous, brown
2158:
1238:
731:
2143:
1833:
690:
564:
1013:
835:
829:. In response, mycologist Thom Kuyper has listed over thirty specific names and varieties as synonyms of
597:
774:
140:
1169:
The flesh has a mild taste, and a strong, pungent, fruity smell. The mushroom is poisonous, containing
780:
2074:
1973:
1955:
1870:
822:
631:
614:
1801:
Hall, Ian Robert; Buchanan, Peter K.; Stephenson, Steven L.; Yun, Wang; Cole, Anthony L. J. (2003).
2038:
1755:
1210:
1173:
compounds. Consumption of the mushroom could lead to a number of physiological effects, including:
456:
2123:
1554:
1496:
1031:
931:
792:
420:
350:
221:
166:
40:
821:
There has been some debate about its status as a single species; due to the wide geographic and
2012:
2095:
1942:
1810:
1759:
1725:
1688:
1663:
1617:
1546:
1488:
1447:
1401:
1363:
1284:
991:
906:
889:
786:
396:
245:
32:
1717:
1538:
1480:
1353:
1345:
940:
935:
918:
875:
826:
724:
547:
404:
294:
2100:
2082:
1198:
1051:
971:
958:, which are clavate (club-shaped), lack encrustation at the apex, and are colourless. The
910:
408:
1968:
1865:
1358:
1202:
1063:
1007:
967:
955:
914:
768:
400:
87:
2117:
1613:
1500:
1321:
Larsson, E.; Ryberg, M.; Moreau, P.-A.; Mathiesen, Å. Delcuse; Jacobsson, S. (2009).
1138:
840:
77:
962:
are also clavate, and can be two-, three- or four-spored, and measure from 15 to 30
1947:
1856:
1806:
1230:
739:
1484:
895:
The crowded gills have a finely toothed edge and an adnate attachment to the stem.
1721:
2051:
2033:
1994:
1178:
1079:
975:
859:
436:
384:
334:
314:
107:
1923:
1220:
1186:
1174:
963:
851:
747:
444:
432:
97:
1550:
1349:
1659:
1525:
1182:
1170:
1144:
1067:
810:
440:
424:
117:
57:
1729:
1492:
1371:
1367:
796:. A 2019 multigene phylogenetic study by Matheny and colleagues found that
825:
variation of the species, some authors have proposed multiple species and
2087:
2020:
1934:
1917:
1891:
1850:
1467:
Matheny, P. Brandon; Hobbs, Alicia M.; Esteve-Raventós, Fernando (2020).
1266:
1206:
1091:
1021:
has a characteristic sweet, green-corn smell) and the colour of the cap (
717:
380:
272:
226:
205:
1883:
742:
group (that is, descended from a single exclusive ancestor), and former
1986:
1558:
1128:
1026:
959:
833:, which is still generally recognised. It has also been suggested that
712:
1999:
2025:
1896:
1194:
1158:
1133:
1119:
1059:
987:
452:
67:
1827:
1542:
1323:"Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships within species of section
1115:
1103:
1095:
1075:
1071:
1055:
979:
913:
becomes prominent. The centre of the cap has white remains of the
708:
412:
934:
attachment is adnate, meaning that the gills are attached to the
1960:
1523:
Grund, D. W.; Stuntz, D. E. (1968). "Nova
Scotian Inocybes. I".
1283:(Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 458–459.
1281:
Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi
1197:(vomiting); this array of symptoms is also known by the acronym
1123:
1087:
1083:
983:
680:
1831:
1099:
804:
were only distantly related to the other members of the genus
1054:
species, with a wide ecological range. It is found in all
1752:
Mushrooms and
Toadstools of Britain and Northern Europe
1469:"Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony"
881:
Caps flatten out in maturity and develop a broad umbo.
1656:
Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great
Britain and Europe
1779:
Saber, M. (1999). "The species of
Inocybe in Iran".
1687:. London: Mitchell Beazley Publishing. p. 119.
1610:
Complete Guide to
British Mushrooms & Toadstools
1396:
Fowler, James
Alexander; Brown, Paul Martin (2005).
1907:
1840:
1444:
341:
324:
304:
286:
259:
232:
212:
193:
1400:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 36.
411:and grows at the base of various trees, including
679:, large-subunit, and mitochondrial small-subunit
1161:, and has since been found elsewhere in Europe.
814:was raised to genus rank and the species became
1442:Bi, Zhishu; Zheng, Guoyang; Li, Taihui (1993).
1572:Bon, M. "Flore mycologique du littoral - 07".
1017:, but can be readily distinguished by odour (
8:
1331:) based on ITS, LSU and mtSSU sequence data"
1201:. Other potential effects include a drop in
1035:, but can again be distinguished by colour;
1803:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1082:. In North America, it favours sandy soil,
1066:areas. It typically grows on the ground in
1828:
704:Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
31:
20:
1446:. Chinese University Press. p. 429.
1357:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
427:. Possible symptoms after consumption of
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1796:
1794:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1253:
455:, with the possibility of death due to
2154:Taxa named by Jean Louis Émile Boudier
190:
1437:
1058:from low-lying deciduous woodland to
7:
2075:e8465c67-e717-4a51-8d04-7038ed7edf05
1608:Sterry, Paul; Hughes, Barry (2009).
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
746:species are better grouped into two
738:as formerly defined does not form a
850:was named and described in 1991 by
697:(from the Latin for "spotted"), by
589:
539:
485:
478:
471:
1781:Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology
800:and its relatives in the subgenus
407:is cream or brown. The species is
160:) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. (2019)
14:
1223:
888:
874:
342:
325:
306:
287:
265:
260:
238:
233:
213:
198:
44:
1070:(or mixed) woodland, favouring
1029:cap). It is closely related to
671:and related species in section
667:Phylogeny and relationships of
463:Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming
1535:Mycological Society of America
1398:Wild Orchids of South Carolina
1039:has lighter coloured fibrils.
1:
1485:10.1080/00275514.2019.1668906
905:has a conical or bell-shaped
701:in 1885 in an article in the
1722:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.007
1005:is similar to the variable
716:, it was placed within the
206:Mycological characteristics
2175:
994:, but can also lack them.
982:themselves are smooth and
689:The species was given its
371:and commonly known as the
1683:Pegler, David N. (1983).
1191:gastrointestinal problems
734:, has shown that section
628:
611:
594:
587:
561:
544:
537:
511:
490:
483:
476:
449:gastrointestinal problems
399:with white remnants of a
172:
165:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1750:Kibby, Geoffrey (2003).
1685:Mushrooms and Toadstools
1654:Phillips, Roger (1981).
1350:10.3767/003158509X475913
1157:was first identified in
1043:Distribution and habitat
862:as the frosty fibrecap.
758:. Other species joining
699:Jean Louis Émile Boudier
389:Jean Louis Émile Boudier
2134:Fungi described in 1885
970:. The species leaves a
2149:Fungi of North America
1574:Documents Mycologiques
1279:Arora, David (1986).
732:Phylogenetic analysis
387:. First described by
1809:. pp. 108–109.
1710:Mycological Research
947:Microscopic features
365:, formerly known as
1842:Inosperma maculatum
1262:Inosperma maculatum
1211:respiratory failure
1074:. It grows best on
1048:Inosperma maculatum
1023:I. lanatodisca
1019:I. lanatodisca
1014:Inocybe lanatodisca
1003:Inosperma maculatum
952:Inosperma maculatum
924:Inosperma maculatum
903:Inosperma maculatum
856:Inosperma maculatum
836:Inocybe lanatodisca
816:Inosperma maculatum
457:respiratory failure
417:Inosperma maculatum
403:in the middle. The
362:Inosperma maculatum
195:Inosperma maculatum
150:Inosperma maculatum
25:Inosperma maculatum
1037:I. fastigiata
1032:Inocybe fastigiata
793:I. erubescens
775:I. quietiodor
379:, is a species of
2111:
2110:
2096:Open Tree of Life
1834:Taxon identifiers
1816:978-0-88192-586-9
1765:978-0-7537-1865-0
1623:978-0-00-723224-6
1453:978-962-201-556-2
1407:978-1-57003-566-1
1290:978-0-89815-169-5
1209:and death due to
992:clamp connections
787:I. adaequata
687:
686:
661:
660:
652:
651:
643:
642:
576:
575:
526:
525:
429:I. maculatum
393:I. maculatum
358:
357:
188:Species of fungus
186:
185:
180:
132:I. maculatum
16:Species of fungus
2166:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2054:
2052:NBNSYS0000037297
2042:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1909:Inocybe maculata
1900:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1651:
1628:
1627:
1605:
1582:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1520:
1505:
1504:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1370:. Archived from
1361:
1335:
1318:
1295:
1294:
1276:
1270:
1258:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1151:Inocybe maculata
1108:Inocybe maculata
954:has thin-walled
892:
878:
844:I. maculata
798:I. maculata
781:I. rhodiola
760:I. maculata
691:specific epithet
669:I. maculata
590:
540:
486:
479:
472:
467:
466:
368:Inocybe maculata
346:
345:
329:
328:
310:
309:
291:
290:
269:
268:
264:
263:
242:
241:
237:
236:
217:
216:
202:
191:
178:
176:Inocybe maculata
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2139:Fungi of Europe
2129:Poisonous fungi
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2083:Observation.org
2081:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1836:
1824:
1817:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:. p. 150.
1653:
1652:
1631:
1624:
1616:. p. 192.
1607:
1606:
1585:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1543:10.2307/3757170
1522:
1521:
1508:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1415:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1377:on 27 July 2011
1374:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1298:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1167:
1052:ectomycorrhizal
1045:
1000:
998:Similar species
949:
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
893:
884:
883:
882:
879:
868:
683:sequence data.
662:
653:
644:
577:
527:
465:
409:ectomycorrhizal
373:frosty fibrecap
343:
326:
311:
307:
288:
266:
261:
239:
234:
214:
208:
203:
189:
161:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2159:Fungus species
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2004:
1991:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1939:
1929:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1790:
1771:
1764:
1758:. p. 99.
1735:
1700:
1693:
1675:
1668:
1629:
1622:
1583:
1564:
1506:
1459:
1452:
1413:
1406:
1388:
1296:
1289:
1271:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1218:
1215:
1203:blood pressure
1166:
1163:
1136:, (as well as
1044:
1041:
1008:Inocybe lacera
999:
996:
968:pleurocystidia
956:cheilocystidia
948:
945:
915:universal veil
894:
887:
886:
885:
880:
873:
872:
871:
870:
869:
867:
864:
860:commonly known
831:Inocybe lacera
769:I. cookei
766:clade include
707:. Within the
685:
684:
664:
663:
659:
658:
655:
654:
650:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
636:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
593:
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
574:
573:
570:
569:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
543:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
524:
523:
520:
519:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
470:
464:
461:
431:mushrooms are
401:universal veil
383:in the family
356:
355:
347:
339:
338:
330:
322:
321:
312:
305:
302:
301:
292:
284:
283:
270:
257:
256:
243:
230:
229:
218:
210:
209:
204:
197:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
170:
169:
163:
162:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2171:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Fungi of Asia
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:(6): 734–48.
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1694:0-85533-500-9
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1669:0-330-26441-9
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:HarperCollins
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
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1479:(1): 83–120.
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377:brown inocybe
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1807:Timber Press
1802:
1787:(1–4): 7–11.
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1655:
1609:
1580:(81): 47–54.
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1381:23 September
1379:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1341:
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1231:Fungi portal
1168:
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735:
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694:
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630:
629:
613:
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598:I. rhodiolum
596:
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563:
562:
546:
545:
515:I. maculatum
514:
513:
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497:
494:I. maculatum
493:
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428:
416:
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179:Boud. (1885)
175:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
2034:NatureServe
1995:iNaturalist
1179:lacrimation
1080:leaf litter
976:spore print
964:micrometres
866:Description
854:in France.
730:. However,
437:lacrimation
385:Inocybaceae
335:mycorrhizal
332:Ecology is
315:Spore print
108:Inocybaceae
2118:Categories
1857:Q107150980
1658:. London:
1537:: 406–25.
1249:References
1187:defecation
1175:salivation
943:is white.
852:Marcel Bon
695:"maculata"
445:defecation
433:salivation
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
2124:Inosperma
2039:2.1071786
1660:Pan Books
1551:0027-5514
1526:Mycologia
1501:209407151
1473:Mycologia
1344:: 86–98.
1338:Persoonia
1183:urination
1171:muscarine
1165:Edibility
1145:Polygonum
1068:deciduous
990:can have
827:varieties
811:Inosperma
802:Inosperma
721:Inosperma
675:based on
548:I. cookei
441:urination
425:muscarine
421:poisonous
391:in 1885,
352:poisonous
126:Species:
119:Inosperma
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2021:MycoBank
2013:11051681
1969:Fungorum
1932:BioLib:
1924:Q2277571
1918:Wikidata
1892:MycoBank
1884:10894510
1866:Fungorum
1851:Wikidata
1730:16769208
1493:31846596
1368:20198163
1267:MycoBank
1239:List of
1217:See also
1207:sweating
1114:favours
1092:hornbeam
919:chestnut
764:Maculata
752:Maculata
718:subgenus
673:Maculata
453:vomiting
381:mushroom
273:Hymenium
254:umbonate
227:hymenium
167:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
1987:2527903
1961:1030424
1559:3757170
1359:2802730
1329:Inocybe
1325:Rimosae
1243:species
1241:Inocybe
1129:Populus
1027:fulvous
974:-brown
960:basidia
806:Inocybe
762:in the
756:Rimosae
744:Rimosae
736:Rimosae
728:Rimosae
725:section
713:Inocybe
281:adnexed
250:conical
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
2072:NZOR:
2065:165590
2026:149320
2000:351225
1974:149320
1897:830376
1871:830376
1813:
1762:
1756:Hamlyn
1728:
1691:
1666:
1620:
1557:
1549:
1499:
1491:
1450:
1404:
1366:
1356:
1287:
1199:SLUDGE
1195:emesis
1159:France
1134:willow
1120:spruce
1076:chalky
1064:alpine
1060:arctic
1056:biomes
1050:is an
1025:has a
988:hyphae
980:spores
978:. The
928:fulvum
790:, and
748:clades
498:fulvum
277:adnate
2101:95903
2088:15181
2008:IRMNG
1948:3PR8C
1935:60704
1555:JSTOR
1533:(2).
1497:S2CID
1375:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1155:fulva
1139:Dryas
1116:birch
1112:fulva
1096:hazel
1072:beech
972:snuff
941:flesh
848:fulva
709:genus
413:beech
319:brown
295:Stipe
222:Gills
158:Boud.
68:Fungi
2060:NCBI
1982:GBIF
1879:GBIF
1811:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1726:PMID
1689:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1547:ISSN
1489:PMID
1448:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1383:2010
1364:PMID
1285:ISBN
1193:and
1142:and
1124:pine
1104:lime
1102:and
1088:moss
1084:clay
984:bean
936:stem
932:gill
911:umbo
841:form
754:and
723:and
681:rRNA
451:and
405:stem
299:bare
2047:NBN
1956:EoL
1943:CoL
1718:doi
1714:110
1539:doi
1481:doi
1477:112
1354:PMC
1346:doi
1265:in
1153:f.
1110:f.
1100:oak
1086:or
926:f.
907:cap
858:is
846:f.
677:ITS
496:f.
419:is
397:cap
375:or
317:is
297:is
279:or
275:is
252:or
248:is
246:Cap
225:on
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156:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
