103:
164:(2005). The unity of the languages was established by K. Franklin in 1969. Although the family as a whole is clearly valid, Ipiko is quite distinct from the other languages.
546:
698:
447:
195:
153:
44:
693:
494:
519:
465:
539:
199:
621:
423:
210:
was once included, due to a large number of loanwords from
Minanibai, but is best left unclassified for now.
703:
532:
478:
161:
374:
78:
438:
Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
667:
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149:
39:
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Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
102:
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442:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196.
157:
481:(2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In
32:
504:
87:
440:
The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
524:
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224:
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:
485:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
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596:
562:
216:is also included by Pawley and Hammarström (2018).
86:
65:
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489:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.
107:Map: The Inland Gulf languages of New Guinea
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310:
228:
416:
118: Other Trans–New Guinea languages
18:
461:
459:
64:
7:
396:‘mouth’ < *maŋgat ‘mouth, teeth’
14:
518:Timothy Usher, New Guinea World,
101:
112: The Inland Gulf languages
1:
699:Languages of Papua New Guinea
466:New Guinea World, Inland Gulf
130: Austronesian languages
124: Other Papuan languages
424:New Guinea World, Fly River
298:Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
720:
156:in the classifications of
154:Trans–New Guinea languages
392:Hoia Hoia mo’noto, Ipiko
351:
196:Ukusi-Koparamio Hoia Hoia
100:
40:Linguistic classification
373:Inland Gulf reflexes of
375:proto-Trans-New Guinea
694:Inland Gulf languages
146:Inland Gulf languages
406:‘seed’ < *maŋgV
402:mo’moʔo, Hoiahoia
306:The pronouns are:
200:Matakaia Hoia Hoia
186:Minanibai branch:
681:
680:
520:Proto–Inland Gulf
449:978-3-11-028642-7
389:‘tree’ < *inda
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136: Uninhabited
16:Linguistic family
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45:Trans–New Guinea
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704:Anim languages
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513:External links
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377:(pTNG) etyma:
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181:Ipiko language
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162:Malcolm Ross
158:Stephen Wurm
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71:
66:Subdivisions
55:
29:distribution
650:Inland Gulf
566:(Lower Fly)
381:Hoia Hoia,
174:Inland Gulf
160:(1975) and
56:Inland Gulf
52:(Fly River)
22:Inland Gulf
688:Categories
496:0858835622
411:References
33:New Guinea
27:Geographic
668:Hoia Hoia
663:Foia Foia
369:Evolution
188:Minanibai
168:Languages
88:Glottolog
79:Minanibai
612:Zimakani
505:67292782
404:mo’mo:ko
385:, Ipiko
302:Pronouns
220:Phonemes
94:inla1262
583:Makayam
194:(Tao),
176:family
673:Mubami
635:Marind
573:Baramu
503:
493:
446:
400:Mubami
394:manoto
383:Mubami
214:Mahigi
208:Karami
192:Mubami
150:family
148:are a
134:
128:
122:
116:
110:
658:Ipiko
640:Yaqay
630:Bipim
607:Boazi
598:Boazi
578:Bitur
564:Tirio
360:*etu
352:*eti
73:Ipiko
588:Were
501:OCLC
491:ISBN
444:ISBN
349:*ete
341:*jo
338:*ɣ̃o
330:*ni
290:*ɣ̃
144:The
50:Anim
357:3f
346:3m
327:*no
319:pl
265:*g
252:*k
152:of
690::
499:.
458:^
430:^
387:de
335:2
324:1
316:sg
287:*j
282:*w
273:*s
270:*ɸ
260:*d
257:*b
247:*t
244:*p
235:*n
232:*m
198:–
548:e
541:t
534:v
507:.
452:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
