1475:
57:
5499:
1452:. These attempts have not met with wide acceptance. The information necessary to establish relatedness becomes less available as the time increases. The time-depth of linguistic methods is limited due to chance word resemblances and variations between language groups, but a limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed. Several methods are used to date proto-languages, but the process is generally difficult and its results are inherently approximate.
2645:
1471:
concern of historical linguistics. However, most other branches of linguistics are concerned with some form of synchronic analysis. The study of language change offers a valuable insight into the state of linguistic representation, and because all synchronic forms are the result of historically evolving diachronic changes, the ability to explain linguistic constructions necessitates a focus on diachronic processes.
7196:
6212:
1961:
1947:
542:
1605:
1584:, are used by some linguists to overcome the limitations of the comparative method, but most linguists regard them as unreliable. The findings of historical linguistics are often used as a basis for hypotheses about the groupings and movements of peoples, particularly in the prehistoric period. In practice, however, it is often unclear how to integrate the linguistic evidence with the
7206:
603:
4968:
1387:, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (
1910:
of languages. This perspective explores how languages adapt and change over time in response to cultural, societal, and environmental factors. Language evolution within the framework of historical linguistics is akin to
Lamarckism in the sense that linguistic traits acquired during an individual's
2362:
biological evolution does not proceed by the transmission of acquired characters across generations, and this is precisely what an evolutionary model of language change requires. We therefore must distinguish the cultural, or
Lamarckian, evolution of language, a concern of historical linguistics,
1747:
Dialectologists are concerned with grammatical features that correspond to regional areas. Thus, they are usually dealing with populations living in specific locales for generations without moving, but also with immigrant groups bringing their languages to new settlements. Immigrant groups often
1470:
is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a given time, usually the present, but a synchronic analysis of a historical language form is also possible. It may be distinguished from diachronic, which regards a phenomenon in terms of developments through time. Diachronic analysis is the main
1879:; however, it is clear in most languages that words may be related to one another by rules. These rules are understood by the speaker, and reflect specific patterns in how word formation interacts with speech. In the context of historical linguistics, the means of expression change over time.
1890:. Syntax directly concerns the rules and principles that govern sentence structure in individual languages. Researchers attempt to describe languages in terms of these rules. Many historical linguistics attempt to compare changes in sentence between related languages, or find
1866:
is the study of patterns of word-formation within a language. It attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of speakers. In the context of historical linguistics, formal means of expression change over time. Words as units in the lexicon are the subject matter of
1748:
bring their linguistic practices to new settlements, leading to distinct linguistic varieties within those communities. Dialectologists analyze these immigrant dialects to understand how languages develop and diversify in response to migration and cultural interactions.
4262:
1367:
over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into
2607:(Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen.) (2 vols.) Weimar, H. Boehlau (1861/62); reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag,
6348:
5703:
4308:
4296:
1736:, the varieties of a language that are characteristic of particular groups, based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. This is in contrast to variations based on social factors, which are studied in
5854:
2454:
1513:
on linguistic variation has shown synchronic states are not uniform: the speech habits of older and younger speakers differ in ways that point to language change. Synchronic variation is linguistic change in progress.
5894:
1445:, among many others. Comparative linguistics became only a part of a more broadly-conceived discipline of historical linguistics. For the Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a highly specialized field.
1773:
of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages. Phonology studies when sounds are or are not treated as distinct within a language. For example, the
1437:, another Eurasian language-family for which less early written material exists. Since then, there has been significant comparative linguistic work expanding outside of European languages as well, such as on the
4284:
6544:
4049:
5813:
2206:
6772:
6539:
5957:
5070:
1561:, both of which are synchronic disciplines. However, a diachronic analysis shows that the strong verb is the remnant of a fully regular system of internal vowel changes, in this case the
4595:
1935:
to describe the extent of change within a language variety relative to that of comparable varieties. Conservative languages change less over time when compared to innovative languages.
6754:
6549:
4513:
4496:
4698:
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4980:
1669:: when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. Words may enter a language in several ways, including being borrowed as
6524:
6051:
5538:
5048:
1740:, or variations based on time, which are studied in historical linguistics. Dialectology treats such topics as divergence of two local dialects from a common ancestor and
1501:, as written records always lag behind speech in reflecting linguistic developments. Written records are difficult to date accurately before the development of the modern
7040:
5328:
7052:
6529:
6186:
2679:
6684:
6365:
6100:
3321:
1634:, is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to establish their historical relatedness. Languages may be related by
6579:
6163:
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4383:
6902:
6674:
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to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known. By analysis of related languages by the
5739:
4344:
6661:
5936:
5638:
4563:
2004:
1818:, are considered to be distinct phonemes. In addition to the minimal meaningful sounds (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, such as the
1541:
them as learned forms, but the derived forms of regular verbs are processed quite differently, by the application of productive rules (for example, adding
6107:
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1448:
Some scholars have undertaken studies attempting to establish super-families, linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into
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5734:
5548:
5472:
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4161:
1290:
1490:
and diachronic linguistics is fundamental to the present day organization of the discipline. Primacy is accorded to synchronic linguistics, and
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5170:
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459:
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78:
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Initially, all of modern linguistics was historical in orientation. Even the study of modern dialects involved looking at their origins.
6127:
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1494:
is defined as the study of successive synchronic stages. Saussure's clear demarcation, however, has had both defenders and critics.
1487:
1409:, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity. Initially, historical linguistics served as the cornerstone of
1252:
1165:
871:
100:
5698:
6017:
7241:
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6589:
6215:
5931:
5607:
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5914:
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5489:
5180:
4002:
3532:
3150:
2802:
2727:
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1845:, but the phonological units do not consist of sounds. The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of
1608:
Classification of Indo-European languages. Red: Extinct languages. White: categories or unattested proto-languages. Left half:
419:
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2417:. With co-authors Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen, Andrew Spencer. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Modern historical linguistics dates to the late 18th century, having originally grown out of the earlier discipline of
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have been found. Although originating in the philological tradition, much current etymological research is done in
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is a sub-field of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language or set of languages. Whereas
1442:
1414:
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1505:. Often, dating must rely on contextual historical evidence such as inscriptions, or modern technology, such as
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82:
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45:
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2327:
2326:(1991). "Language Development from an Evolutionary Perspective". In Krasnegor, Norman A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M.;
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from another language, being derived by combining pre-existing elements in the language, by a hybrid known as
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2009:
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4183:
4059:
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3647:
3613:
3601:
3596:
3559:
3509:
3367:
3033:
2978:
1883:
1819:
1783:
1712:
1684:, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time. Etymologists also apply the methods of
1438:
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928:
836:
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384:
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1989:
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In practice, a purely-synchronic linguistics is not possible for any period before the invention of the
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evidence. For example, there are numerous theories concerning the homeland and early movements of the
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5508:
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3569:
3414:
3379:
3333:
3301:
3179:
2893:
2475:
2449:
1846:
1827:
1814:, the same difference of aspiration or non-aspiration differentiates words and so the two sounds, or
1635:
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1562:
1518:
1232:
913:
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826:
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484:
394:
275:
220:
117:
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1692:, linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In that way,
1417:. Scholars were concerned chiefly with establishing language families and reconstructing unrecorded
37:"Divergence (linguistics)" redirects here. For splitting of function during grammaticalization, see
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1979:
1654:, and analyze the historical changes that have resulted in the documented languages' divergences.
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2245:
Bybee, Joan L. "Diachronic
Linguistics." The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, June 2010.
1966:
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because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones.
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993:
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705:
489:
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2075:"The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure: An overview"
1517:
Synchronic and diachronic approaches can reach quite different conclusions. For example, a
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1952:
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1700:
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1418:
1369:
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1197:
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923:
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1902:
In terms of evolutionary theory, historical linguistics (as opposed to research into the
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17:
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from its biological, or neo-Darwinian, evolution, a concern of developmental biology.
2335:
1842:
1807:
1506:
1090:
1085:
1033:
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4465:
1642:
or by genetic descent, thus languages can change and are also able to cross-relate.
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167:
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rules that natural languages follow regardless of when and where they are spoken.
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125:
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Tudor to
Augustan English: a Study in Syntax and Style, from Caxton to Johnson
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1942:
1907:
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1502:
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182:
30:"Historical Linguistics" redirects here. For the German-language journal, see
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2186:"Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics." In:
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1406:
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1646:
implies a common origin among languages. Comparative linguists construct
1589:
1696:
that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the
1509:, can be used to ascertain dates of varying accuracy. Also, the work of
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6436:
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1911:
lifetime can potentially influence subsequent generations of speakers.
1872:
1803:
1733:
1160:
1140:
1108:
898:
2605:
Compendium der vergleichenden
Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.
2297:. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences.
1680:
In languages with a long and detailed history, etymology makes use of
1433:, many of which had long written histories; scholars also studied the
3478:
3055:
2968:
2214:
Rheis, International
Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature
1876:
1610:
1135:
192:
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2455:
Grundriß der vergleichenden
Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen
4113:
4010:
2993:
1841:
Principles of phonology have also been applied to the analysis of
1616:
1572:
The principal tools of research in diachronic linguistics are the
1473:
2813:
1882:
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing
1707:
for which little or no early documentation is available, such as
1596:, each with its own interpretation of the archaeological record.
2998:
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602:
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and are not used to differentiate words so they are considered
2341:
Biological and
Behavioral Determinants of Language Development
50:
1875:, words are generally accepted to be the smallest units of
2344:. New York: Psychology Press (published 2014). p. 6.
2620:
Language
Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
2518:
Historical
Linguistics: An Introduction (Second Edition)
2182:
2180:
6755:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
2163:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 391.
7047:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
2588:
Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
5895:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2409:, Anglistik-Amerikanistik, Cornlesen, pp. 37–49
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5371:
5271:
5233:
5169:
5136:
5027:
4951:
4908:
4849:
4814:
4786:
4721:
4648:
4554:
4482:
4196:
4125:
4058:
4020:
3953:
3871:
3763:
3696:
3495:
3272:
3139:
3101:
2961:
2935:
2774:
2736:
2695:
1565:; historical linguistics seldom uses the category "
5855:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
2566:, London: A. Deutsch, 1969; 242 p. SBN 233-96092-9
2380:
2387:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2189:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1794:is not. In English these two sounds are used in
1401:Comparative method § Origin and development
3322:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2134:"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe"
2104:"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe"
2207:"Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science"
6903:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6773:Western European colonialism and colonization
5322:
2829:
2673:
2480:Language change and linguistic reconstruction
1337:
563:
8:
2485:Richard D. Janda and Brian D. Joseph (Eds),
1429:. The focus was initially on the well-known
2005:List of languages by first written accounts
7130:
7075:
6783:
6707:
6510:
6245:
6234:
5829:
5710:
5458:
5329:
5315:
5307:
5296:
5230:
4479:
4055:
3950:
3939:
3868:
3693:
3682:
3492:
3446:
3098:
3085:
2932:
2919:
2836:
2822:
2814:
2680:
2666:
2658:
2501:Historical linguistics and language change
1344:
1330:
581:
570:
556:
112:
5958:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1925:Historical linguists often use the terms
101:Learn how and when to remove this message
7177:Historical geographic information system
1603:
64:This article includes a list of general
2482:(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press 1960).
2161:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
2060:
2041:
593:
124:
6817:English historical school of economics
4869:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
2487:The Handbook of Historical Linguistics
2433:Historical and Comparative Linguistics
1732:is the scientific study of linguistic
1537:when it is viewed synchronically: the
7013:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
6852:Historical reliability of the Gospels
2790:Farming/language dispersal hypothesis
2503:. (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
2048:
1769:is about the physical production and
7:
7205:
4830:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2257:"The Historiography of Dialectology"
1580:. Less-standard techniques, such as
1478:Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
1380:influences on language development.
460:Conservative and innovative language
5900:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
2573:(Cambridge University Press, 1972)
2534:(Cambridge University Press, 1994)
2465:(Cambridge University Press, 1977)
1908:Lamarckian acquired characteristics
6913:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
4857:Fourth Italian War of Independence
2303:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4
1545:to the basic form of a verb as in
1456:Diachronic and synchronic analysis
70:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Study of language change over time
25:
2435:(2nd ed.) (John Benjamins, 1989)
1363:, is the scientific study of how
7204:
7195:
7194:
6211:
6210:
6052:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4564:5000-year civilization assertion
4140:Nadir of American race relations
2643:
1959:
1945:
1539:native speaker's brain processes
601:
540:
55:
7041:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
5915:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
5850:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5657:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3966:Pyramid construction techniques
3533:Comparative historical research
3151:Library and information science
2546:Linguistic Variation and Change
2407:English Linguistics: Essentials
1822:in English, and topics such as
1806:. In some other languages like
7053:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7003:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
6812:Historical school of economics
6749:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
6187:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6061:Zionism as settler colonialism
5066:Limpieza de sangre controversy
4033:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
2192:. Routledge, 2015, p. 25.
1383:This field is grounded in the
1291:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
6862:Opposition to Papal supremacy
4050:Indigenous population history
2648:The dictionary definition of
2532:Understanding Language Change
2289:Luuk, Erkki (December 2015).
1557:, which is relevant also for
6778:Desacralization of knowledge
5049:Carlism in the Francoist era
5017:Holodomor in modern politics
2618:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003).
2415:Linguistics: An Introduction
2291:"Syntax–Semantics Interface"
400:Functional discourse grammar
266:Ethnography of communication
7170:Historiographic metafiction
7080:Organizations, publications
6869:Proto-orthodox Christianity
5819:German resistance to Nazism
5675:Persian famine of 1917–1919
5085:Islamic revolution of Spain
5012:Holodomor genocide question
4888:Revisionism of Risorgimento
4882:Rerum italicarum scriptores
4863:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4630:Self-Strengthening Movement
3780:decolonization of knowledge
1441:and on various families of
520:Second-language acquisition
32:Historische Sprachforschung
7263:
6967:Wissenschaft des Judentums
6944:Criticism of Protestantism
5824:Nazi foreign policy debate
5255:Second colonial occupation
5002:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4640:Tibetan sovereignty debate
4184:Progressive-era historians
3619:Nationalization of history
3570:Historical-critical method
2020:Real-time sociolinguistics
2000:List of ancestor languages
1918:
1856:
1796:complementary distribution
1755:
1722:
1459:
1413:, primarily as a tool for
1398:
1376:) and the analysis of the
1311:List of indigenous peoples
198:Syntax–semantics interface
43:
36:
29:
7189:
7140:
7129:
7085:
7074:
6717:
6706:
6244:
6233:
6205:
5972:Second Sino-Japanese War
5347:
5306:
5295:
4777:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
3949:
3938:
3692:
3681:
3458:
3445:
3097:
3084:
2931:
2918:
2851:
2798:
2651:Swadesh list of languages
2590:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001)
2332:Studdert-Kennedy, Michael
2328:Schiefelbusch, Richard L.
2324:Studdert-Kennedy, Michael
2220:(1): 5–27. Archived from
1553:). That is an insight of
1443:Native American languages
1415:linguistic reconstruction
1056:Cross-cultural comparison
510:Philosophy of linguistics
410:Interactional linguistics
7247:Quantitative linguistics
6727:Crisis of historiography
5890:Auschwitz bombing debate
5576:Indian Rebellion of 1857
5427:Late Bronze Age collapse
5361:List of military museums
4964:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
4936:Polish People's Republic
4771:Sybel-Ficker controversy
4135:African-American history
4108:Colonial Spanish America
3897:Second Thirty Years' War
2785:Father Tongue hypothesis
2413:Radford, Andrew (1999).
2379:Bynon, Theodora (1977).
1385:Uniformitarian Principle
1228:Historical particularism
46:Evolutionary linguistics
44:Not to be confused with
18:Innovative (linguistics)
7242:Comparative linguistics
5840:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5699:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5250:Porter–MacKenzie debate
5007:Causes of the Holodomor
4544:Problem of two emperors
4492:Catilinarian conspiracy
3719:Historical significance
3580:Indiscipline of history
3555:Historical anthropology
2708:Synchrony and diachrony
2703:Comparative Linguistics
2159:Campbell, Lyle (1998).
2073:Busser, Rik De (2015).
2010:Mass lexical comparison
1975:Etymological dictionary
1921:Conservative (language)
1686:comparative linguistics
1675:phono-semantic matching
1665:studies the history of
1625:Comparative linguistics
1614:languages; right half:
1600:Comparative linguistics
1582:mass lexical comparison
1578:internal reconstruction
1486:'s distinction between
1462:Diachrony and synchrony
1431:Indo-European languages
1427:internal reconstruction
1411:comparative linguistics
1374:comparative linguistics
1061:Participant observation
85:more precise citations.
7232:Historical linguistics
6934:Protestant Reformation
6908:Second Vatican Council
6886:Succession to Muhammad
6881:Criticism of the Quran
6632:Religious perspectives
6366:Klemens von Metternich
5963:"Battle for Australia"
5845:Soviet offensive plans
5814:Broad vs. narrow front
5653:Late Ottoman genocides
4586:Century of humiliation
4367:Goguryeo controversies
4345:2,500-year celebration
4003:Double genocide theory
3790:Historical negationism
3614:Ancestral civilisation
3602:Historical materialism
3560:Historical determinism
3510:History of mentalities
2689:Historical linguistics
2622:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2463:Historical Linguistics
2383:Historical Linguistics
2338:; et al. (eds.).
1621:
1492:diachronic linguistics
1479:
1439:Austronesian languages
1361:diachronic linguistics
1357:Historical linguistics
1203:Cross-cultural studies
347:Theoretical frameworks
301:Philosophy of language
281:History of linguistics
7058:Torsion mangonel myth
6961:Modern Jewish history
6956:Jesuit historiography
6949:Protestant work ethic
6929:Hesychast controversy
6794:Industrial Revolution
6744:Library of Alexandria
6662:The Lord of the Rings
6312:Constantine the Great
6192:Torsion mangonel myth
6124:Sri Lankan Civil War
5203:Storm over the gentry
5104:Colonies or Provinces
4635:Sprouts of capitalism
3709:Historic preservation
3704:Change and continuity
2255:Frees, Craig (1991).
1990:Historical dictionary
1853:Morphology and syntax
1607:
1484:Ferdinand de Saussure
1477:
1460:Further information:
1399:Further information:
241:Conversation analysis
7145:Commemorative plaque
6361:Juan Manuel de Rosas
5809:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5680:Powder keg of Europe
5555:Franco-Prussian War
5225:Winter of Discontent
5208:Suffragette Campaign
4875:Italiani brava gente
4841:Revolutionary period
4663:Frankish Interregnum
4596:"Chineseness" debate
4529:Byzantine succession
4514:Fall of Western Rome
4455:Executed Renaissance
3944:By country or region
3888:Age of Enlightenment
3862:Vaticinium ex eventu
3809:Modernisation theory
3643:Quantitative history
3019:Historical documents
2571:Linguistic Evolution
2564:The Language Library
2476:Henry M. Hoenigswald
1898:Evolutionary context
1742:synchronic variation
1594:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1563:Indo-European ablaut
1519:Germanic strong verb
1296:Anthropology by year
1233:Boasian anthropology
1208:Cultural materialism
1193:Actor–network theory
791:Paleoanthropological
485:Internet linguistics
395:Construction grammar
6974:Schools of thought
6939:Proto-Protestantism
6808:School of Thoughts
6690:William Shakespeare
6675:Robert Falcon Scott
6580:Friedrich Nietzsche
6418:Cult of personality
6403:Neville Chamberlain
6263:Alexander the Great
6145:Russo-Georgian War
6118:Sovereignty dispute
6097:Iranian Revolution
5927:"Polish death camp"
5904:In relation to the
5613:Myth of English aid
5604:War of the Pacific
5381:Albigensian Crusade
4806:Indigenous Aryanism
4502:Constantinian shift
4038:Residential schools
3795:Historian's fallacy
3714:Historic recurrence
3212:Numismatics (Money)
2984:Archaeological site
2908:theories of history
1980:Genetic linguistics
1644:Genetic relatedness
1468:synchronic analysis
1378:cultural and social
1248:Performance studies
1141:Kinship and descent
1081:Cultural relativism
731:Paleoethnobotanical
706:Ethnoarchaeological
420:Systemic functional
215:Applied linguistics
157:General linguistics
7165:Historical realism
7160:Historical fiction
7105:History institutes
7095:Historical society
7090:Heritage registers
6978:Biblical criticism
6891:Islamic golden age
6842:Early Christianity
6722:Bears in antiquity
6610:Medieval Christian
6408:Pedro II of Brazil
6356:José de San Martín
6160:Syrian revolution
6072:Malayan Emergency
6047:1948 Palestine war
5780:Spanish Civil War
5730:War guilt question
5539:American Civil War
5519:Invasion of Russia
5495:New Russian School
5279:Colonial Australia
4995:October Revolution
4758:Strukturgeschichte
4694:Location of Alésia
4613:Hua–Yi distinction
4534:Moscow, third Rome
4150:Reconstruction era
3971:Black Egypt Thesis
3893:European Civil War
3849:Translatio imperii
3804:Invented tradition
2925:Historical sources
2775:Relationship with
2548:(Blackwell, 1992)
2514:Winfred P. Lehmann
2489:(Blackwell, 2004)
1967:Linguistics portal
1915:Rate of adaptation
1904:origin of language
1859:Grammaticalization
1690:comparative method
1622:
1576:and the method of
1574:comparative method
1559:language didactics
1480:
1466:In linguistics, a
1423:comparative method
1268:Post-structuralism
1027:Research framework
525:Theory of language
495:Origin of language
450:Autonomy of syntax
405:Grammaticalization
251:Discourse analysis
246:Corpus linguistics
39:Grammaticalization
7219:
7218:
7185:
7184:
7125:
7124:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7065:
6983:Catholic theology
6837:Avestan geography
6702:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6685:Søren Kierkegaard
6558:
6557:
6469:Warren G. Harding
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6028:
6027:
5906:Armenian genocide
5769:Polish–Soviet War
5764:Burning of Smyrna
5750:
5749:
5740:Reichstag inquiry
5663:Patriotic consent
5534:
5533:
5509:War in the Vendée
5473:French Revolution
5455:century conflicts
5444:Peloponnesian War
5405:Eighty Years' War
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5196:Westminster Stone
4893:Southern question
4732:Alltagsgeschichte
4682:Legendary Saracen
4384:Early settlements
4192:
4191:
4172:Political history
4157:Consensus history
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3916:Continuity thesis
3855:Translatio studii
3741:Theory of history
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3631:Subaltern Studies
3516:Nouvelle histoire
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3353:Medieval churches
3340:Geistesgeschichte
3284:Paleoanthropology
3192:Encyclopaedistics
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
2948:Secondary sources
2811:
2810:
2601:August Schleicher
2558:A. C. Partridge,
2450:Berthold Delbrück
2405:Kortmann, Bernd:
2398:978-0-521-21582-4
2351:978-1-317-78389-3
2264:Lore and Language
2170:978-0-7486-4601-2
1892:universal grammar
1888:natural languages
1705:language families
1648:language families
1555:psycholinguistics
1354:
1353:
1253:Political economy
1076:Thick description
873:Political economy
736:Zooarchaeological
696:Bioarchaeological
580:
579:
368:Distributionalism
311:Psycholinguistics
111:
110:
103:
16:(Redirected from
7254:
7208:
7207:
7198:
7197:
7150:Documentary film
7131:
7110:History journals
7076:
7049:
6921:
6857:Primacy of Peter
6804:Great Depression
6784:
6757:
6735:
6708:
6656:J. R. R. Tolkien
6511:
6506:
6494:
6482:
6464:Ulysses S. Grant
6459:Thomas Jefferson
6450:
6426:
6389:
6352:
6340:
6308:
6296:
6288:Chiang Ching-kuo
6278:Cato the Younger
6268:Amin al-Husseini
6246:
6235:
6214:
6213:
6197:War and genocide
6021:
6007:Résistancialisme
5994:Battle of France
5976:Nanjing Massacre
5830:
5711:
5707:
5671:
5621:
5503:
5486:
5459:
5386:Catharism debate
5372:pre-18th century
5354:Military history
5331:
5324:
5317:
5308:
5301:By war, conflict
5297:
5245:Cambridge School
5231:
5129:
5117:
5093:
5074:
4984:
4972:
4944:
4766:
4744:Historikerstreit
4714:
4702:
4690:
4671:
4657:Cordon sanitaire
4603:New Qing History
4591:Conquest dynasty
4582:
4497:Christianization
4480:
4399:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4266:
4254:
4246:Byzantine Empire
4101:Iquicha Royalism
4090:
4056:
3979:
3951:
3940:
3883:Age of Discovery
3872:Periodization of
3869:
3843:Transhistoricity
3838:Thirty-year rule
3749:
3737:
3694:
3683:
3663:Great Man theory
3626:People's history
3588:
3493:
3485:Three-age system
3447:
3147:Archival science
3099:
3086:
2953:Tertiary sources
2933:
2920:
2869:by area of study
2838:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2761:Syntactic change
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2647:
2633:
2461:Theodora Bynon,
2418:
2402:
2386:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2063:, pp. 17–18
2058:
2052:
2046:
2015:Paleolinguistics
1995:Lexicostatistics
1985:Glottochronology
1969:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1821:
1738:sociolinguistics
1435:Uralic languages
1365:languages change
1359:, also known as
1346:
1339:
1332:
874:
756:Anthrozoological
605:
582:
572:
565:
558:
544:
490:LGBT linguistics
480:Internationalism
455:Compositionality
316:Sociolinguistics
291:Neurolinguistics
286:Interlinguistics
271:Ethnomethodology
113:
106:
99:
95:
92:
86:
81:this article by
72:inline citations
59:
58:
51:
21:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7181:
7136:
7121:
7081:
7062:
7045:
7028:
7019:
6915:
6823:
6799:Great Recession
6782:
6753:
6729:
6713:
6694:
6585:H. P. Lovecraft
6554:
6516:
6509:
6500:
6488:
6476:
6444:
6420:
6393:Muammar Gaddafi
6383:
6371:Leonid Brezhnev
6346:
6334:
6317:Gregory Palamas
6302:
6300:Chiang Kai Shek
6290:
6250:
6240:
6221:
6220:
6201:
6182:Conflict thesis
6170:
6134:
6024:
6015:
5982:
5946:
5876:
5828:
5790:
5756:Interwar period
5746:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5685:Schlieffen Plan
5665:
5626:
5615:
5530:
5497:
5480:
5465:
5454:
5448:
5432:Dorian invasion
5417:Fall of Babylon
5373:
5367:
5366:
5343:
5335:
5302:
5283:
5259:
5236:
5229:
5191:Kingdom of Alba
5172:
5165:
5132:
5123:
5111:
5109:Spanish decline
5087:
5068:
5023:
4978:
4966:
4947:
4938:
4904:
4845:
4810:
4796:Greater Magadha
4782:
4760:
4717:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4665:
4644:
4618:Four Barbarians
4576:
4550:
4478:
4435:Götaland theory
4403:Lusotropicalism
4393:
4374:North Macedonia
4306:
4294:
4282:
4260:
4248:
4188:
4167:Frontier thesis
4162:Cyclical theory
4145:Neoabolitionism
4121:
4084:
4054:
4016:
3993:Greater Morocco
3973:
3945:
3922:
3873:
3867:
3759:
3743:
3731:
3688:
3669:
3582:
3497:
3491:
3473:Historical eras
3454:
3433:
3268:
3165:Writing systems
3135:
3093:
3091:Fields of study
3072:
3066:Service records
3051:Religious texts
2957:
2943:Primary sources
2927:
2914:
2913:
2847:
2842:
2812:
2807:
2794:
2770:
2756:Semantic change
2751:Language change
2738:Language change
2732:
2691:
2686:
2640:
2630:
2617:
2530:April McMahon,
2425:
2423:Further reading
2412:
2399:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
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2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1965:
1958:
1953:Language portal
1951:
1944:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1900:
1861:
1855:
1760:
1754:
1727:
1721:
1701:language family
1660:
1652:proto-languages
1602:
1464:
1458:
1419:proto-languages
1403:
1397:
1350:
1321:
1320:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1258:Practice theory
1198:Alliance theory
1188:
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1175:Postcolonialism
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984:Anthropological
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348:
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335:Writing systems
226:Anthropological
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77:Please help to
76:
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5690:Spirit of 1914
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5647:Fischer thesis
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5341:historiography
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5159:Decline thesis
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4959:Anti-Normanism
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4916:Golden Liberty
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4209:Dealbanisation
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4073:May Revolution
4064:
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4043:Staples thesis
4040:
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3875:modern history
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3819:Paradigm shift
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3505:Annales school
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3368:Constitutional
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2845:Historiography
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2638:External links
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2615:
2598:
2581:
2569:M.L. Samuels,
2567:
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2544:James Milroy,
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1843:sign languages
1756:Main article:
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1723:Main article:
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1717:
1659:
1656:
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1586:archaeological
1567:irregular verb
1521:(e.g. English
1511:sociolinguists
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7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:Panbabylonism
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6709:
6705:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6550:United States
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6512:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6430:Bolivarianism
6428:
6424:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:Simon Bolivar
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6344:Joseph Stalin
6342:
6338:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6232:
6217:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:Post-Cold War
6137:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6113:Falklands War
6111:
6109:
6108:Iran–Iraq War
6106:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:Ongoing Nakba
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6019:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:Western Front
5985:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5968:Bengal famine
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5882:The Holocaust
5879:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:Eastern Front
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5564:Paris Commune
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:Turning point
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:18th and 19th
5451:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:Islamic views
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5122:
5121:Ser de España
5119:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Ottoman claim
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Prosopography
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4472:Trưng sisters
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:Habsburg myth
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4127:United States
4124:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4060:Latin America
4057:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3937:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Transnational
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:Decoloniality
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:Historiometry
3522:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:Periodization
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Sigillography
3252:
3250:
3249:Prosopography
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Local history
3124:
3120:
3119:Human history
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:World history
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Protolanguage
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2654:at Wiktionary
2653:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2629:1-4039-1723-X
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2613:3-8102-1071-4
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:1-57958-218-4
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:0-521-29188-7
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:, in series,
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:0-631-14367-X
2551:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:0-521-44665-1
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:0-03-078370-4
2523:
2520:(Holt, 1973)
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:0-521-45924-9
2506:
2502:
2498:
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2471:0-521-29188-7
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2446:Karl Brugmann
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2441:90-272-3557-0
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2227:on 2019-12-17
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432:Structuralism
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415:Prague circle
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19:
7237:Dictionaries
6965:
6767:The Simpsons
6765:
6712:Other topics
6660:
6637:Christianity
6627:Resurrection
6258:Adolf Hitler
6087:Six-Day War
6083:Algerian War
6054: /
6013:Vichy France
6005:
5998:
5908: /
5796:World War II
5692: /
5359:
5352:
5154:Ghaza thesis
5077:
5053:
5039:White legend
5037: /
5035:Black legend
4990:Soviet Union
4880:
4873:
4861:
4824:Great Famine
4801:Indocentrism
4775:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4730:
4676:Grand Siècle
4674:
4655:
4623:Sinocentrism
4484:Ancient Rome
4464:
4322:Aryan Kartli
4320:
4112:
4075: /
4009:
3906:19th century
3904: /
3895: /
3860:
3853:
3852: /
3847:
3823:
3797: /
3771:Black legend
3729:Historiology
3526: /
3514:
3477:
3415:Quantitative
3347:
3338:
3334:Intellectual
3300: /
3296: /
3282: /
3280:Anthropology
3234:Phaleristics
3227:preservation
3222:Oral history
3163: /
3149: /
3131:Microhistory
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2867: /
2863:
2856:
2777:anthropology
2746:Sound change
2688:
2650:
2619:
2604:
2587:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2545:
2531:
2517:
2500:
2499:Roger Lass,
2486:
2479:
2462:
2458:(1886–1916).
2453:
2432:
2414:
2406:
2382:
2361:
2355:. Retrieved
2340:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2294:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2267:
2263:
2250:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2217:
2213:
2197:
2188:
2160:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:Language Log
2137:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:Language Log
2107:
2094:
2084:September 6,
2082:. Retrieved
2079:Academia.edu
2078:
2068:
2061:Radford 1999
2056:
2051:, p. 1.
2049:Bynon (1977)
2044:
1932:
1928:conservative
1926:
1924:
1901:
1881:
1862:
1840:
1802:of the same
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1761:
1758:Sound change
1746:
1730:Dialectology
1728:
1725:Dialectology
1719:Dialectology
1713:Austronesian
1679:
1661:
1629:comparative
1628:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1571:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1467:
1465:
1447:
1421:, using the
1404:
1382:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1301:Bibliography
1243:Interpretive
1218:Diffusionism
1187:Key theories
1173: /
1103:Key concepts
1014:Sociological
1003:
994:Ethnological
781:Neurological
766:Evolutionary
711:Experiential
595:Anthropology
378:Glossematics
358:Constituency
330:interpreting
168:Lexicography
162:
97:
88:
69:
7155:Hagiography
6916: [
6876:Early Islam
6730: [
6622:Historicity
6600:Historicity
6590:Jane Austen
6570:The Beatles
6540:Netherlands
6501: [
6498:Zhuge Liang
6489: [
6477: [
6474:Yuan Shikai
6445: [
6442:Sun Yat Tse
6421: [
6384: [
6347: [
6335: [
6332:Jiang Zemin
6303: [
6291: [
6283:Che Guevara
6016: [
5951:Pacific War
5735:Article 231
5725:Reparations
5702: [
5666: [
5643:Color books
5632:World War I
5616: [
5593:War of 1812
5498: [
5481: [
5466:(1792–1815)
5437:Sea Peoples
5422:Gallic Wars
5124: [
5112: [
5099:Revisionist
5088: [
5079:Reconquista
5069: [
5061:Inquisition
5055:Convivencia
4979: [
4967: [
4939: [
4836:Revisionism
4761: [
4709: [
4697: [
4685: [
4666: [
4608:Golden ages
4577: [
4574:Wunu School
4569:Archaeology
4442:Switzerland
4425:Kosovo Myth
4413:Great Union
4394: [
4379:Philippines
4362:Nationalist
4335:Ages of Man
4307: [
4295: [
4283: [
4261: [
4249: [
4085: [
4082:Revisionist
3974: [
3911:Renaissance
3776:Coloniality
3744: [
3732: [
3724:Historicity
3648:Revisionist
3638:Pop history
3609:Nationalist
3583: [
3528:Cliometrics
3496:Approaches,
3452:Methodology
3348:Linguistics
3298:Environment
3264:Vexillology
3187:Diplomatics
3170:Chorography
3109:Big History
3061:War diaries
3034:Illuminated
3029:Manuscripts
3014:Hieroglyphs
2894:historicity
2584:R. L. Trask
2373:Works cited
2274:11 February
2236:p. 11.
1826:structure,
1636:convergence
1395:Development
1171:Colonialism
1114:Development
1071:Reflexivity
1039:Ethnography
989:Descriptive
847:Development
786:Nutritional
761:Biocultural
686:Battlefield
530:Terminology
505:Orthography
425:Usage-based
326:Translating
221:Acquisition
126:Linguistics
83:introducing
7226:Categories
7210:Multimedia
7029:Technology
6993:Urreligion
6896:Kharijites
6847:Background
6515:Historical
6486:Zhou Enlai
6381:Mao Zedong
6376:Louis Riel
6149:Background
6000:Guilty Men
5942:Uniqueness
5865:Background
5860:Winter War
5784:Background
5717:Versailles
5571:Great Game
5218:Ricardians
5213:Tudor myth
4931:Partitions
4524:Succession
3814:Narratives
3799:Presentism
3755:Philosophy
3575:Humanistic
3463:Case study
3395:Indigenous
3373:Diplomatic
3317:Capitalism
3217:Onomastics
3175:Chronology
3004:Facsimiles
2989:Chronicles
2887:historians
2858:Historians
2357:2016-12-27
2270:(2): 67–74
2231:2017-05-02
2145:2020-03-22
2115:2020-03-22
2031:References
2025:Wave model
1933:innovative
1906:) studies
1869:lexicology
1864:Morphology
1857:See also:
1836:intonation
1800:allophones
1786:, but the
1771:perception
1694:word roots
1503:title page
1499:gramophone
1488:synchronic
1151:Prehistory
1004:Historical
977:Linguistic
889:Historical
857:Ecological
749:Biological
651:Linguistic
641:Biological
500:Orismology
385:Functional
373:Generative
363:Dependency
183:Pragmatics
173:Morphology
163:Diachronic
66:references
6998:Perennial
6787:Economics
6739:Feudalism
6525:Australia
6273:Aurangzeb
6249:Political
6239:By person
5920:Pius Wars
5715:Treaty of
5374:conflicts
5181:Poor Laws
5044:Hispanism
4921:Sarmatism
4751:Sonderweg
4509:Expansion
4234:Litvinism
4068:Argentina
3902:Long 18th
3785:Dark Ages
3565:Historism
3363:Political
3302:Geography
3239:Philology
3202:Genealogy
3197:Epigraphy
3140:By source
2979:Artifacts
2036:Citations
1884:sentences
1784:aspirated
1767:phonetics
1763:Phonology
1752:Phonology
1682:philology
1671:loanwords
1663:Etymology
1658:Etymology
1640:borrowing
1631:philology
1620:languages
1535:irregular
1450:Nostratic
1407:philology
1389:etymology
1124:Evolution
1119:Ethnicity
1051:Ethnology
929:Political
837:Cognitive
776:Molecular
475:Iconicity
470:Etymology
390:Cognitive
353:Formalist
306:Phonetics
296:Philology
188:Semantics
178:Phonology
91:July 2016
7200:Category
7115:template
6829:Religion
6680:Socrates
6595:Muhammed
6517:rankings
6398:Napoleon
6216:Category
6034:Cold War
5937:Slovakia
5524:Waterloo
5393:Crusades
5338:Military
5186:Scotland
5144:Kemalist
4466:Nam tiến
4461:Vietnam
4451:Ukraine
4409:Romania
4391:Portugal
4317:Georgia
4292:Medieval
4241:Bulgaria
4230:Belarus
4215:Austria
4021:Americas
3989:Morocco
3985:Ethiopia
3764:Specific
3687:Concepts
3592:Leninist
3550:Feminist
3538:Critical
3385:Feminism
3358:Military
3312:Business
3307:Economic
3289:Cultural
3273:By topic
3259:Toponymy
3207:Heraldry
3155:template
3102:By scale
3024:Logbooks
3009:Features
2974:Archives
2803:Category
2766:Archaism
2308:June 30,
2205:(2012).
2132:(2009).
2102:(2009).
1939:See also
1847:modality
1824:syllable
1638:through
1370:families
1306:Journals
1223:Feminism
1009:Semiotic
949:Symbolic
944:Religion
879:Feminist
867:Economic
817:Cultural
771:Forensic
726:Maritime
721:Forensic
716:Feminist
691:Biblical
681:Aviation
646:Cultural
587:a series
585:Part of
276:Forensic
256:Distance
203:Typology
118:a series
116:Part of
7135:Related
7025:Science
6670:Madonna
6642:Judaism
6605:Judaism
6437:Saladin
6327:Hypatia
6251:leaders
6175:Related
6128:Origins
6091:Origins
6042:Origins
5598:Origins
5544:Origins
5410:Origins
5272:Oceania
5235:British
5173:Kingdom
4816:Ireland
4723:Germany
4431:Sweden
4304:New Age
4280:Ancient
4276:Europe
4272:Croatia
4204:Albania
4197:Eurasia
3999:Rwanda
3697:General
3597:Marxist
3498:schools
3327:Thought
3294:Ecology
3056:Scrolls
2994:Codices
2962:Sources
2901:history
2878:History
2728:More...
2586:(ed.),
1873:clitics
1812:Quechua
1804:phoneme
1734:dialect
1590:genetic
1161:Society
1109:Culture
924:Musical
919:Museums
914:Medical
899:Kinship
852:Digital
827:Applied
619:History
614:Outline
231:Applied
141:History
136:Outline
79:improve
6761:Salons
6563:Others
6530:Canada
6164:Causes
6101:Causes
6076:Causes
5870:Spirit
5804:Causes
5774:Causes
5639:Causes
5608:Causes
5581:Causes
5559:Causes
5490:Causes
5237:Empire
5171:United
5137:Turkey
4952:Russia
4926:Deluge
4909:Poland
4649:France
4447:Taiwan
4420:Serbia
4226:Balhae
4077:Causes
4028:Canada
3962:Egypt
3955:Africa
3479:Tarikh
3400:Labour
3390:Gender
3380:Social
3180:dating
3046:Papyri
2969:Annals
2696:Topics
2626:
2611:
2594:
2577:
2552:
2538:
2524:
2507:
2493:
2469:
2439:
2395:
2348:
2167:
1877:syntax
1834:, and
1832:accent
1828:stress
1816:phones
1709:Uralic
1611:centum
1551:walked
1136:Gender
1066:Holism
964:Visual
939:Public
842:Cyborg
812:Social
676:Aerial
656:Social
546:Portal
444:Topics
193:Syntax
68:, but
7008:Roman
6920:]
6734:]
6647:Islam
6617:Jesus
6505:]
6493:]
6481:]
6449:]
6425:]
6388:]
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6307:]
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6020:]
5910:Nakba
5706:]
5670:]
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5502:]
5485:]
5128:]
5116:]
5092:]
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5028:Spain
4983:]
4971:]
4943:]
4850:Italy
4788:India
4765:]
4713:]
4701:]
4689:]
4670:]
4581:]
4556:China
4398:]
4357:Korea
4352:Japan
4341:Iran
4330:Greek
4311:]
4299:]
4287:]
4265:]
4258:Early
4253:]
4114:Casta
4089:]
4011:Maafa
3978:]
3748:]
3736:]
3587:]
3427:Women
3422:Urban
3410:Rural
3405:LGBTQ
3161:Books
2999:Deeds
2936:Types
2260:(PDF)
2225:(PDF)
2210:(PDF)
1667:words
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1533:) is
1285:Lists
1166:Value
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959:Urban
909:Media
904:Legal
630:Types
146:Index
7099:list
5694:1917
4706:Lyon
4177:Eras
4096:Peru
3831:list
3778:and
3658:Whig
2865:list
2624:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2310:2024
2276:2018
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1931:and
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1790:in
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832:Art
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6732:pt
6503:zh
6491:zh
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4941:pl
4763:de
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2603::
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2452:,
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2431:,
2391:.
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2330:;
2293:.
2268:10
2266:.
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2136:.
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1744:.
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