297:. During heavy rainfall forests absorb water. During floods, rivers overflow their banks and flood adjacent forests. Later the forests gradually release water back into the rivers. Deforestation reduces this buffering effect. It also accelerates soil erosion, causing downstream rivers to silt up and overflow their banks. The frequency and severity of flooding in the Gangetic plain and Bangladesh has steadily increased in recent years.
368:
100:
605:
421:
119:
357:
354:
196:
444:
The
Deukhuri Valley is southeast of the Dang Valley and extends about 60 km (37 mi) in WNW-ESE direction with a maximum width of 20 km (12 mi). It forms a nearly 600 km (230 sq mi) plain within a drainage basin of 6,100 km (2,400 sq mi). The valley is
289:
The well-meaning malaria eradication campaign has had unexpected consequences by opening up the Terai region to human settlement. The Inner Terai valleys are home to a rich and diverse ecosystem. Since the early 1990s, however, the forests have been increasingly destroyed because of growing demands
502:
of central Nepal. The
Chitwan Valley lies south-west of the Kathmandu valley and it has 600 square miles in area. After the re-structuring of the country in 2015, two districts of this valley, namely, Makwanpur and Chitwan lies in Bagmati Province and Nawalpur district lies in Gandaki Province. It
238:
in the late 1760s, the rulers granted large areas of fertiIe land and forest resources to members of the royal family, officials, priests and selected groups of the society. The beneficiaries of these grants had the right to collect revenues from cultivated land and forest products. They appointed
471:
436:
in mid-western Nepal. The Dang Valley lies between the
Mahabharat Range in the north and the Churia Range in the south. It forms a nearly 1,000 km (390 sq mi) plain within a local drainage basin of less than 3,000 km (1,200 sq mi). It is drained by the
468:
305:. However, these efforts may have mixed results. They contain floodwater in the short term, but may increase the problem in the longer term by reducing water velocity in the rivers downstream, and thus accelerating silting and reducing the drainage capacity of the rivers.
1285:. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development; Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology; United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from
407:
646:
643:
543:
281:, where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over uncultivated forest and waste land, thus accelerating the deforestation process in the Terai.
616:
in southeastern Nepal. It is about 30 km (19 mi) long and between 2 km (1.2 mi) and 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. It is drained by the
Triyuga river flowing east to join the great
839:
Terrenato, L., Shrestha, S., Dixit, K.A., Luzzatto, L., Modiano, G., Morpurgo, G., Arese, P. (1988). "Decreased malaria morbidity in the Tharu people compared to sympatric populations in Nepal".
817:
Gautam, A. P., Shivakoti, G. P., & Webb, E. L. (2004). A review of forest policies, institutions, and changes in the resource condition in Nepal. International
Forestry Review 6 (2): 136–148.
87:
was prevalent in this region until the late 1950s. Since its eradication, the area became a viable destination for large-scale migration of people from the hills who transformed the area from
211:
climate. The mean annual rainfall at the Rampur weatherstation in
Chitwan was 2,214 mm (87.2 in) between 1995 and 2006. More than 80% of the total annual rainfall occurs during the
383:. The valley is about 700 m (2,300 ft) above sea level, forming an ellipse about 9 km (5.6 mi) east-west by 6 km (3.7 mi) north-south. It is drained by the
301:
of the Terai appears to be one of the major causes. The Indian and
Nepalese governments are cooperating in measures including construction of barrages and dams in the Terai, such as the
938:
1030:
410:
546:
1303:
1247:
1153:
874:
313:
The major Inner Terai
Valleys are listed from west to east. Click on the terrain and satellite imagery links to see vegetation, rivers, topography, roads and towns.
744:
Hasegawa S.; Dahal, R. K.; Yamanaka M.; Bhandary N. P.; Yatabe R.; Inagaki H. (2009). "Causes of large-scale landslides in the Lesser
Himalaya of central Nepal".
1277:
620:. This valley lies between the Mahabharat Range to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south, with an average elevation of about 430 m (1,410 ft).
140:
218:
In the past, the inner and outer Terai were a formidable barrier between Nepal and potential invaders from India because marshes and forests were infested by
555:, Nepal's first national park established in 1973, was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1984. It contains the largest and least disturbed natural
187:. They hold flat plains with winding rivers that shift their courses from time to time, running northwest or southeast along the axis of the Sivalik Hills.
1212:
Mugnier J. L., Leturmy P., Mascle G., Huyghe P., Chalaron E., Vidal G., Delcaillau B. (1999). "The
Siwaliks of western Nepal: I. Geometry and kinematics".
1374:
635:
in Nepal. The reserve is mostly wetlands, subject to seasonal flooding, but also includes some grasslands and small patches of riverine forest. It is a
1061:
215:
season from June to September. Average temperatures ranged from 8.08 °C (46.54 °F) in January to 34.91 °C (94.84 °F) in June.
969:
An Overview of Floral Diversity in Wetlands of Terai Region of Nepal: M. Siwakoti, Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University Swayambhu, Nepal
945:
1263:
Kimura, K. (1998). Geomorphic Development of the Deukhuri Dun, Nepal Sub-Himalaya. The science reports of the Tohoku University, 7th series.
1037:
1087:
829:
Regmi, R. R. (1994). Deforestation and Rural Society in the Nepalese Terai. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 4: 72–89.
913:
888:
166:
58:
623:
The mouth of the valley opens onto a 175 km (109 mi) rectangle of land where the Triyuga meets the Koshi river above the
234:
Until the mid 18th century, the Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests were little disturbed. After the
1318:
144:
1173:
889:"Regional Workshop on Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Forest Management of Terai, Inner Terai and Churia in Nepal"
239:
tax collectors who were also responsible for reclamation of land and establishment of settlements. In the late 1920s, the
805:
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (2006). Climatological Records of Nepal (Several Volumes), Babarmahal, Kathmandu.
1379:
980:
628:
1005:
1286:
129:
981:"Fluvial geomorphological analysis with special reference to flood hazard, Baghmati River basin, north Bihar, India"
1389:
148:
133:
1369:
380:
1384:
632:
655:
people (or Danuwar), but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India.
261:
in the mid-1950s, people from the hills migrated to the Terai. Timber export continued to 1969. In 1970, the
108:
429:
1065:
1241:
1147:
868:
552:
1352:
The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary
290:
for timber and agricultural land. This has led to concerns about the risk of losing many rare plants.
1351:
1221:
753:
652:
235:
1297:
769:
707:
491:
274:
1122:"Medicinal Plants Used by Raji Ethnic Tribe of Nepal in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders"
968:
503:
is 150 km (93 mi) long and roughly 30–48 km (19–30 mi) wide. The cities of
856:
613:
568:
499:
1095:(MSc. Thesis). Trondheim: The Norwegian University For Science and Technology. Archived from
523:
flowing from the Mahabharat Range near Hetauda, then west down the valley to join the bigger
1229:
1133:
848:
761:
699:
520:
504:
495:
453:
446:
376:
270:
253:
have been living in the Terai for many centuries, and reputedly had an innate resistance to
184:
47:
1096:
624:
588:
294:
80:
1279:
Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites
1197:
Sharmai, D. R. (1988). Archaeological Remains of the Dang Valley. Ancient Nepal 88: 8–15.
917:
892:
1225:
757:
367:
580:
572:
564:
556:
524:
487:
278:
266:
72:
1330:
1233:
99:
1363:
388:
302:
298:
262:
180:
88:
51:
773:
711:
686:
Nagendra, H. (2002). "Tenure and forest conditions: community forestry in the Nepal
604:
420:
247:
in order to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture.
852:
560:
250:
240:
1009:
726:
1319:"Notes on the mosquitoes of Nepal: II. New species records from 1991 collections"
1031:"Indian Ministry of Water Resources – Flood and centrally sponsored schemes (c)"
636:
617:
438:
395:. Tharu people from Dang settled in the valley since at least the 19th century.
392:
384:
118:
76:
787:
Gurung, H. (1988). "Nepal: Consequences of migration and policy implications".
765:
703:
508:
456:
passes through the Deukhuri Valley. Both valleys are settled by Tharu people.
433:
243:
rulers ordered the clearing of forests and extraction of timber for export to
984:
219:
208:
68:
61:
195:
17:
1138:
1121:
860:
528:
516:
65:
43:
39:
584:
512:
254:
223:
212:
84:
199:
Nepal topography. The green/yellow zones hold the Inner Terai valleys.
103:
Geologic – Tectonic map of the Himalaya, modified after Le Fort (1988)
1062:"Causes, Effects and responses to flooding: The UK and Bangladesh"
603:
419:
366:
244:
204:
194:
98:
35:
1276:
Bhuju, U. R., Shakya, P. R., Basnet, T. B., Shrestha, S. (2007).
34:
comprise several elongated river valleys in the southern lowland
651:
Traditionally, the Kamala Valley was primarily inhabited by the
576:
1089:
Hydrological Analysis for Bheri-Babai Hydropower Project Nepal
258:
112:
1317:
Darsie, R. F. Jr; Pradhan, S. P. & Vaidya, R. G. (1992).
226:, especially during the hot spring and rainy summer monsoon.
1006:"Recent floods in Bangladesh: Possible causes and solutions"
559:
hill forest and associated communities. Its fauna comprises
490:, the biggest valley in Nepal, encompasses the districts of
265:
granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of
1174:"The Anthropology of the Tharus: An Annotated Bibliography"
1120:
Thapa L. B., Dhakal T. M., Chaudhary R., Thapa H. (2014).
939:"Orchids in the Churiya Hills and their survival in Nepal"
631:
in 1976, and is home to the last remaining population of
293:
The valleys also mitigate the severity of floods on the
612:
The Kamala Valley, also called Udayapur Valley is in
1354:. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 22 (1): 43–55.
1167:
1165:
1163:
671:Gurung, H. (1971). "Landscape pattern of Nepal".
441:, and is one of the largest Inner Terai valleys.
424:Map of the settlements in Dang-Deukhuri District
83:are some of the largest Inner Terai Valleys.
8:
1302:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1152:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
873:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
841:Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
813:
811:
1271:
1269:
825:
823:
608:Sagarmatha zone: Udayapur district in green
147:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1207:
1205:
1203:
1259:
1257:
1137:
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
64:. They are filled up with coarse to fine
519:are in the valley. It is drained by the
179:The Inner Terai valleys lie between the
663:
1295:
1239:
1145:
866:
391:. The district is the homeland of the
375:The Surkhet Valley is situated in the
257:. After malaria was eradicated using
222:that transmitted virulent strains of
7:
914:"Forests Monitor: The Terai Forests"
145:adding citations to reliable sources
727:"Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands"
724:Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. (2001).
371:Map of the VDCs in Surkhet District
25:
1375:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
789:Contributions to Nepalese Studies
59:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
428:Both valleys are located in the
117:
1214:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
853:10.1080/00034983.1988.11812202
57:These valleys are part of the
1:
1234:10.1016/s1367-9120(99)00038-3
629:Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
531:situated within the valley.
42:valleys are enclosed by the
32:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal
91:and grassland to farmland.
38:part of the country. These
1406:
692:Environmental Conservation
642:Imagery of Kamala valley:
106:
766:10.1007/s00254-008-1420-z
704:10.1017/S0376892902000383
416:Dang and Deukhuri Valleys
633:wild Asian water buffalo
627:. It was designated the
1329:: 23–28. Archived from
1172:Krauskopff, G. (1995).
569:great one-horned rhinos
109:Geology of the Himalaya
733:. World Wildlife Fund.
731:Terrestrial Ecoregions
609:
430:Dang Deukhuri District
425:
372:
200:
104:
27:River valleys in Nepal
1139:10.3126/on.v11i2.9645
1086:Yadav, S. K. (2002).
746:Environmental Geology
607:
553:Chitwan National Park
423:
387:, a tributary of the
370:
198:
102:
1323:Mosquito Systematics
285:Environmental issues
236:unification of Nepal
220:anopheline mosquitos
141:improve this section
1380:Grasslands of Nepal
1350:Khatry, P. (1995).
1226:1999JAESc..17..629M
1187:(3&4): 185–213.
758:2009EnGeo..57.1423H
321:Markers at valleys
46:foothills, viz the
610:
426:
373:
201:
105:
1390:Wetlands of Nepal
614:Udayapur district
459:Imagery of Dang (
381:mid-western Nepal
177:
176:
169:
16:(Redirected from
1397:
1370:Valleys of Nepal
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1064:. Archived from
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1036:. Archived from
1035:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1008:. Archived from
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
983:. Archived from
977:
971:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
950:
944:. Archived from
943:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
916:. Archived from
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
891:. Archived from
885:
879:
878:
872:
864:
836:
830:
827:
818:
815:
806:
803:
797:
796:
784:
778:
777:
752:(6): 1423–1434.
741:
735:
734:
722:
716:
715:
683:
677:
676:
673:Himalayan Review
668:
463:) and Deukhuri (
454:Mahendra Highway
447:West Rapti River
377:Surkhet district
185:Mahabharat Range
172:
165:
161:
158:
152:
121:
113:
81:Deukhuri Valleys
48:Mahabharat Range
21:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1385:Plains of Nepal
1360:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1238:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1144:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
979:
978:
974:
967:
963:
954:
952:
948:
941:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
865:
838:
837:
833:
828:
821:
816:
809:
804:
800:
786:
785:
781:
743:
742:
738:
725:
723:
719:
685:
684:
680:
670:
669:
665:
661:
602:
597:
589:marsh crocodile
484:
479:
445:drained by the
418:
365:
319:
311:
295:Gangetic plains
287:
232:
193:
173:
162:
156:
153:
138:
122:
111:
97:
54:farther south.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1309:
1292:on 2011-07-26.
1265:
1253:
1220:(5): 629–642.
1199:
1190:
1159:
1132:(2): 177–186.
1112:
1078:
1053:
1022:
997:
972:
961:
930:
905:
880:
831:
819:
807:
798:
779:
736:
717:
698:(4): 530–539.
678:
662:
660:
657:
601:
598:
596:
593:
581:monitor lizard
573:Asian elephant
565:Indian leopard
525:Narayani River
488:Chitwan Valley
483:
482:Chitwan Valley
480:
478:
475:
417:
414:
364:
363:Surkhet Valley
361:
318:
315:
310:
307:
286:
283:
231:
228:
192:
189:
175:
174:
125:
123:
116:
107:Main article:
96:
93:
73:Chitwan Valley
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1333:on 2008-12-19
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1102:on 2008-12-19
1098:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1068:on 2009-01-21
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1043:on 2008-12-19
1039:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1012:on 1997-07-24
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
987:on 2008-09-22
986:
982:
976:
973:
970:
965:
962:
951:on 2008-12-19
947:
940:
934:
931:
920:on 2017-06-29
919:
915:
909:
906:
895:on 2008-12-01
894:
890:
884:
881:
876:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
832:
826:
824:
820:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
737:
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
667:
664:
658:
656:
654:
649:
648:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Koshi Barrage
621:
619:
615:
606:
600:Kamala Valley
599:
595:Eastern Terai
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
548:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
477:Central Terai
476:
474:
473:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
442:
440:
435:
431:
422:
415:
413:
412:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
362:
360:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:Western Terai
316:
314:
308:
306:
304:
303:Koshi Barrage
300:
299:Deforestation
296:
291:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
207:has a humid,
206:
197:
190:
188:
186:
182:
181:Sivalik Hills
171:
168:
160:
157:December 2014
150:
146:
142:
136:
135:
131:
126:This section
124:
120:
115:
114:
110:
101:
94:
92:
90:
89:virgin forest
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
55:
53:
52:Sivalik Hills
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1326:
1322:
1312:
1287:the original
1278:
1242:cite journal
1217:
1213:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1148:cite journal
1129:
1125:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1088:
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:the original
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
1000:
989:. Retrieved
985:the original
975:
964:
953:. Retrieved
946:the original
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
908:
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
883:
869:cite journal
844:
840:
834:
801:
792:
788:
782:
749:
745:
739:
730:
720:
695:
691:
687:
681:
672:
666:
650:
641:
622:
611:
561:Bengal tiger
550:
539:
535:
533:
485:
464:
460:
458:
451:
443:
427:
403:
399:
397:
374:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
312:
292:
288:
251:Tharu people
249:
233:
217:
202:
178:
163:
154:
139:Please help
127:
56:
31:
29:
847:(1): 1–11.
795:(1): 67–94.
637:Ramsar Site
618:Koshi River
534:Imagery of
521:Rapti River
439:Babai River
398:Imagery of
393:Raji people
385:Bheri River
209:subtropical
18:Inner Terai
1364:Categories
1337:2008-10-13
1126:Our Nature
1106:2008-10-11
1072:2008-10-14
1047:2008-10-13
1016:2008-10-14
991:2008-10-14
955:2008-10-10
924:2008-10-10
899:2008-10-10
675:(4): 1–10.
659:References
509:Ratnanagar
434:Rapti Zone
1298:cite book
647:satellite
579:, golden
547:satellite
505:Bharatpur
492:Makwanpur
472:satellite
411:satellite
358:satellite
275:Rupandehi
128:does not
69:sediments
62:ecoregion
44:Himalayan
774:59490114
712:86632135
529:Meghauli
527:west of
517:Kawasoti
500:Nawalpur
347:Deukhuri
323:Jogbudha
75:and the
66:alluvial
50:and the
40:tropical
1222:Bibcode
1181:Kailash
861:3041928
754:Bibcode
653:Dhanwar
644:terrain
585:gharial
571:, wild
544:terrain
536:Chitwan
513:Hetauda
496:Chitwan
469:terrain
432:of the
408:terrain
400:Surkhet
389:Karnali
355:terrain
331:Surkhet
309:Valleys
271:Sunsari
255:malaria
230:History
224:malaria
213:monsoon
191:Climate
149:removed
134:sources
95:Geology
85:Malaria
859:
772:
710:
345:) and
71:. The
1290:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
1100:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
949:(PDF)
942:(PDF)
770:S2CID
708:S2CID
688:Terai
279:Banke
267:Jhapa
245:India
205:Terai
36:Terai
1304:link
1248:link
1154:link
875:link
857:PMID
587:and
577:gaur
551:The
515:and
498:and
486:The
467:):
452:The
339:Dang
277:and
263:king
241:Rana
203:The
183:and
132:any
130:cite
79:and
77:Dang
30:The
1230:doi
1134:doi
849:doi
762:doi
700:doi
690:".
557:Sal
542:):
406:):
337:),
329:),
259:DDT
143:by
1366::
1327:24
1325:.
1321:.
1300:}}
1296:{{
1268:^
1256:^
1244:}}
1240:{{
1228:.
1218:17
1216:.
1202:^
1185:17
1183:.
1179:.
1162:^
1150:}}
1146:{{
1130:11
1128:.
1124:.
871:}}
867:{{
855:.
845:82
843:.
822:^
810:^
793:15
791:.
768:.
760:.
750:57
748:.
729:.
706:.
696:29
694:.
639:.
591:.
583:,
575:,
567:,
563:,
511:,
507:,
494:,
449:.
379:,
353:)
273:,
269:,
1340:.
1306:)
1250:)
1236:.
1232::
1224::
1156:)
1142:.
1136::
1109:.
1075:.
1050:.
1019:.
994:.
958:.
927:.
902:.
877:)
863:.
851::
776:.
764::
756::
714:.
702::
540:C
538:(
465:E
461:A
404:S
402:(
351:E
349:(
343:A
341:(
335:S
333:(
327:J
325:(
170:)
164:(
159:)
155:(
151:.
137:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
