684:, and can expand public awareness and financial contributions for conservation efforts. Wealthy nations such as the United States do list species of concern, and occasionally insects are placed on its Endangered Species List. In 2017 this list had classified over 80 insects as endangered species, the majority of them beetles or butterflies; a significant percentage of these listed insects are native only to the Hawaiian Islands. Migratory species, such as the well-known monarch butterfly (
511:. For many studies, factors such as abundance, biomass, and species richness are often found to be declining for some, but not all locations in many studies; some species are in decline while others are not. Every species is affected in different ways by changes in the environment, and it cannot be inferred that there is a consistent decrease across different insect groups. When conditions change, some species easily adapt to the change while others struggle to survive.
649:
35:
561:
specific geographic areas and specific groups of species. The methodology of the Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys study has been questioned; the search string used to sift through the scientific literature was "(insect* + decline* + survey)". This meant that the authors identified studies finding insect declines, but may have missed those that found increases in insect populations or stability. In assessing the study methodology, an editorial in
705:). This species is restricted to a very small range of habitat due to specificity in their diet. In the international market of insect collecting, the butterfly can retrieve up to US$ 2000. In 1978, the government of Papua New Guinea set up the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to regulate the exploitation and conservation of Queen Alexandra's birdwing and other valuable butterflies.
596:
67:(1.8 million species) are insects (see illustration). With only 950,000 known non-insects, if the actual total number of insects is 5.5 million, they may represent over 80% of the total, and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most insect species likely will remain undescribed, unless species descriptions greatly increase in rate.
582:
although trends in most regions are currently unknown. It is difficult to assess long-term trends in insect abundance or diversity because historical measurements are generally not known for many species. Robust data to assess at-risk areas or species is especially lacking for arctic and tropical regions and a majority of the southern hemisphere.
557:. Data from the past from which to calculate trends is largely unavailable, and what does exist is mostly related to Western Europe and North America. Insect population assessments that have been undertaken were largely concentrated on the more popular insect groups, butterflies and moths, bees, dragonflies and beetles.
565:
stated, "An unbiased review of the literature would still find declines, but estimates based on this 'unidirectional' methodology are not credible. However, according to the authors of that review "more than half of the surveys were obtained from references cited in other reports" and "the 73 insect
664:
is a global problem, conserving habitat for species of insects is uncommon and generally of low priority, although there are exceptions. More commonly insect conservation occurs indirectly, either through the setting aside of large portions of land using "wilderness preservation" as the motive, or
560:
Some studies have suggested a large proportion of insect species (up to a third of the known species) are threatened with extinction in the 21st century, such as a 2019 review by Sánchez-Bayo and
Wyckhuys, though ecologist Manu Sanders notes that many of these findings are often biased limited to
581:
has stated there are not sufficient data to predict an imminent mass extinction of insects. For some insect groups such as some butterflies, bees, and beetles, declines in abundance and diversity have been documented in
European studies. Other areas have shown increases in some insect species,
545:-documented population trends in 2013, 33% were in decline with variation in documented species across orders. Most scientific and public attention has been focused on the conservation of larger, charismatic vertebrates, and relatively fewer studies have been done on insect groups, especially
755: concluded that with the global decline in the amount of pollinators, there is not a complete loss of fruit or seeds, but a significant decrease in quantity and viability in fruits, and a lower number of seeds.
498:
being the second highest. Insect diversity has recovered after past mass extinctions, due to periods where new species originate with increased frequency, though the recovery can take millions of years.
150:). At least 900,000 described species — about 90% of all known insects — belong to the five aforementioned orders, each of which has over 100,000 species, while the next (sixth) most diverse order,
573:
Claims of pending mass insect extinctions or "insect apocalypse" based on a subset of studies have been popularized in news reports, but often make claims extrapolated beyond the study data or
690:), are in need of special conservation methods. One species may require several habitat locations, even across international boundaries, for the different periods of their migratory patterns.
566:
surveys cover all species in a particular taxon – irrespective of them exhibiting declines, stable or increasing trends in their distribution or abundance". Entomology professor
534:
on crops have affected not only non-target insect species, but also the plants on which they feed. Climate change and the introduction of exotic species that compete with the
665:
through protection of "charismatic vertebrates". Some studies estimate that global insect populations are in rapid decline, perhaps by as much as 80% in recent decades. The
541:
As of 2017, at least 66 insect species extinctions had been recorded in the previous 500 years, which generally occurred on oceanic islands. For 203 insect species that had
570:
suggested that media reports of an "Ecological
Armageddon" may be exaggerated and advocated for more funding to allow better collection of long term data on the decline.
858:
507:
Several studies seemed to indicate that some insect populations are in decline in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and has also been popularized as the
495:
59:
species and 5.5 million insect species, with around 1 million insect species currently found and described. Between 950,000–1,000,000 of all described
669:
describes people noticing vastly fewer insects flying into the path of their cars after long drives, and this may reflect worldwide loss of insect
1537:
478:
The fossil record concerning insects stretches back for hundreds of millions of years. It suggests there are ongoing background levels of both
487:
1120:
1047:
613:
1191:
Wagner, David L.; Van
Driesche, Roy G. (January 2010). "Threats Posed to Rare or Endangered Insects by Invasions of Nonnative Species".
1426:
1498:
635:
578:
752:
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Single-species insect conservation can preserve other species indirectly; this preservation-by-default is referred to as the
617:
1563:
1451:
Sanchez-Bayo, Francisco (April 2019). "Response to "Global insect decline: Comments on Sánchez-Bayo and
Wyckhuys (2019)"".
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515:
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have been reported in at least one region or country on every continent except
Antarctica, which has no pollinators. The
574:
538:
ones put the native species under stress, and as a result they are more likely to succumb to pathogens and parasites.
951:
Labandeira, Conrad (1 January 2005), "The fossil record of insect extinction: new approaches and future directions",
518:
in the holocene have been attributed to habitat loss from land use changes such as urbanization or agricultural use,
1609:
606:
1640:
1506:
1137:
747:. According to some estimates, over â…“ of the human diet can be traced directly or indirectly to bee pollination.
677:
1063:
Tscharntke, Teja; Klein, Alexandra M.; Kruess, Andreas; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Thies, Carsten (August 2005).
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Insect conservation has been labelled in the past as a concern only for the affluent. The developing country of
1665:
720:, biodiversity is important for the production of food and for ecological services such as the recycling of
1065:"Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity and ecosystem service management"
55:
are often highly variable. Globally, averages of these predictions estimate there are around 1.5 million
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Braak, Nora; Neve, Rebecca; Jones, Andrew K.; Gibbs, Melanie; Breuker, Casper J. (November 2018).
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1476:
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933:
791:"New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods"
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729:
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has a "happily ever after" ending in their attempts to preserve the world's largest butterfly,
1637:
Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis
1353:
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1319:; Young, Hillary; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick; Collen, Ben (25 July 2014),
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486:. Very occasionally, the record also appears to show mass extinctions of insects. The
1228:"The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis"
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52:
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W. S. Robinson, R. Nowogrodski & R. A. Morse. (1989). "Pollination parameters".
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1499:""Ecological Armageddon" – more evidence for the drastic decline in insect numbers"
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20:
904:"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"
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Why Every Fly Counts: A Documentation about the Value and
Endangerment of Insects
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of insects, five dominate in terms of numbers of described species, namely
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680:. Showy insects such as butterflies or large, colourful beetles serve as
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Estimates of the total number of insect species or those within specific
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620: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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N. E. Stork, J. McBroom, C. Gely, and A. J. Hamilton (16 June 2015).
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986:""Insectageddon": A call for more robust data and rigorous analyses"
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Thomas, Chris D.; Jones, T. Hefin; Hartley, Sue E. (18 March 2019).
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1614:. USDA Agriculture Handbook 496, Washington, D.C. Archived from
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115:
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1383:"Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers"
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526:, and artificial lighting. The use of increased quantities of
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on the planet—over half of the estimated 1.5 million organism
63:
species are considered insects, so over 50% of all described
1381:
Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. (April 2019).
1113:
Insect-plant interactions in a crop protection perspective
1427:"Insectageddon is a great story. But what are the facts?"
1538:"Global Insect Biodiversity: Frequently Asked Questions"
1138:"The effects of insecticides on butterflies – A review"
42:
species, showing just over half of these to be insects
1226:
Owens, Avalon C. S.; Lewis, Sara M. (November 2018).
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1042:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5.
1115:. Academic Press. 2017-01-19. pp. 313–320.
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874:"Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)"
1568:ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System
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1611:Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants
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636:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1285:"Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?"
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19:accounts for a large proportion of all
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728:and local hydrological processes, and
7:
618:adding citations to reliable sources
1425:Saunders, Manu (16 February 2019).
1564:"Conserving the Nature of America"
1543:. Entomological Society of America
1205:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085516
921:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
902:Stork, Nigel E. (7 January 2018).
166:), has just under 24,000 species.
14:
1321:"Defaunation in the Anthropocene"
488:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1090:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x
1036:Reckhaus, Hans-Dietrich (2017).
594:
579:Entomological Society of America
1283:Briggs, John C (October 2017).
753:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
605:needs additional citations for
1570:. US Fish and Wildlife Service
1562:US Fish and Wildlife Service.
1:
1473:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.020
1408:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
1162:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.100
735:In the United States alone,
652:Queen Alexandra's birdwing (
516:declines in insect abundance
27:described are classified as
1431:Ecology is not a dirty word
1193:Annual Review of Entomology
908:Annual Review of Entomology
1682:
739:by bees accounts for over
699:Queen Alexandra's birdwing
575:hyperbolize study findings
490:saw the greatest level of
1641:World Resources Institute
1507:Annals of Applied Biology
1302:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063
880:. Smithsonian Institution
749:Losses of key pollinators
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38:A pie chart of described
1591:Gleanings in Bee Culture
1608:S. E. McGregor (1976).
1453:Biological Conservation
1387:Biological Conservation
1350:10.1126/science.1251817
1142:Environmental Pollution
819:10.1073/pnas.1502408112
703:Ornithoptera alexandrae
654:Ornithoptera alexandrae
743:9 billion of economic
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43:
1232:Ecology and Evolution
990:Global Change Biology
953:American Entomologist
667:windshield phenomenon
656:) of Papua New Guinea
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563:Global Change Biology
509:windshield phenomenon
480:new species appearing
70:Of the 24 identified
37:
1497:(20 December 2017),
614:improve this article
496:Cretaceous–Paleogene
170:Number of described
1643:, Washington, D. C.
1465:2019BCons.233..334S
1399:2019BCons.232....8S
1342:2014Sci...345..401D
1244:2018EcoEv...811337O
1238:(22): 11337–11358.
1154:2018EPoll.242..507B
1081:2005EcolL...8..857T
1002:2019GCBio..25.1891T
810:2015PNAS..112.7519S
175:
17:Insect biodiversity
966:10.1093/ae/51.1.14
730:biological control
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1520:10.1111/aab.12410
1336:(6195): 401–406,
1252:10.1002/ece3.4557
1148:(Pt A): 507–518.
1122:978-0-12-803324-1
1049:978-3-319-58765-3
1011:10.1111/gcb.14608
804:(24): 7519–7523.
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1661:Biodiversity
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1574:21 September
1572:. Retrieved
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882:. Retrieved
877:
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853:cite journal
843:21 September
841:. Retrieved
801:
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726:microclimate
715:agricultural
712:
702:
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685:
675:
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632:
623:
612:Please help
607:verification
604:
586:Conservation
572:
559:
540:
528:insecticides
514:Concerns of
513:
506:
477:
458:Siphonaptera
378:Strepsiptera
348:Thysanoptera
338:Phthiraptera
160:grasshoppers
69:
50:
21:biodiversity
16:
15:
1459:: 334–335.
1436:24 February
770:Defaunation
737:pollination
709:Agriculture
494:, with the
484:extinctions
438:Lepidoptera
428:Trichoptera
408:Megaloptera
368:Hymenoptera
238:Phasmatodea
140:leafhoppers
104:Hymenoptera
84:butterflies
80:Lepidoptera
78:(beetles),
1655:Categories
1622:2007-04-09
1597:: 148–152.
776:References
732:of pests.
718:ecosystems
551:Orthoptera
536:indigenous
532:herbicides
398:Neuroptera
388:Coleoptera
328:Psocoptera
288:Dermaptera
278:Plecoptera
248:Embioptera
228:Orthoptera
152:Orthoptera
100:mosquitoes
76:Coleoptera
65:eukaryotes
1481:150059494
1366:206555761
959:: 14–29,
722:nutrients
671:abundance
555:Hemiptera
520:pesticide
468:Mecoptera
358:Hemiptera
318:Blattodea
298:Zoraptera
198:Zygentoma
128:true bugs
124:Hemiptera
40:eukaryote
1393:: 8–27.
1358:25061202
1270:30519447
1213:19743915
1178:51625489
1170:30005263
1099:54532666
1020:30821400
938:23755007
930:28938083
838:26034274
759:See also
626:May 2024
452:155,477
442:157,338
392:386,500
372:116,861
362:103,590
308:Mantodea
164:crickets
144:bed bugs
120:sawflies
1547:6 March
1514:: 1–3,
1461:Bibcode
1395:Bibcode
1338:Bibcode
1329:Science
1261:6262936
1240:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1077:Bibcode
998:Bibcode
878:BugInfo
829:4475949
806:Bibcode
745:revenue
547:Diptera
448:Diptera
432:14,391
232:23,855
218:Odonata
156:locusts
132:cicadas
130:, e.g.
92:Diptera
29:insects
25:species
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342:5,102
332:5,720
322:7,314
312:2,400
292:1,978
282:3,743
242:3,014
222:5,899
212:3,240
179:Order
172:extant
136:aphids
122:) and
72:orders
61:animal
57:beetle
53:orders
1541:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1477:S2CID
1362:S2CID
1324:(PDF)
1174:S2CID
1095:S2CID
934:S2CID
794:(PDF)
522:use,
116:wasps
96:flies
88:moths
1576:2017
1549:2019
1438:2019
1354:PMID
1266:PMID
1209:PMID
1166:PMID
1117:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1016:PMID
926:PMID
886:2017
859:link
845:2017
834:PMID
798:PNAS
741:US$
553:and
543:IUCN
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