467:
profession was then being supervised and controlled by the
Ministry of Commerce of the Central Government. With a view to helping the Government in discharging the necessary responsibilities with respect to the accountancy profession, the Indian Accountancy Board was established. The Board consisted of officials and practising accountants nominated by the Government. Later, in 1939, the appointment of a majority of the members on the Board was made on the elective principle. The Board was only an advisory body. The Auditors' Certificates Rules, 1932, required the passing of two examinations – Registered Accountants first and final. It further laid down the tenure of the prescribed training which was required to be completed during the period of apprenticeship. Provisions meant to regulate and control the profession were also contained therein.
476:
therein. A person who passed the
Registered Accountants first and final examinations and who satisfied the Ministry of Commerce, Central Government of Pakistan that he had completed the prescribed practical training could have his name placed on the register maintained by the said Ministry and was entitled to use the designation 'Registered Accountant' (RA). The Companies Act, 1913, as adapted by Pakistan allowed only a Registered Accountant to act as the auditor of a public limited company, although his services could also be utilised for the audit of private companies, partnership, etc.
25:
511:. With this Ordinance, it was also necessitated for the manufacturing concern to prepare and maintain cost accounting records and to arrange cost audit on annual basis by a Chartered Accountant or a Cost and Management Accountant. It also lays down the requirements for the preparation of financial statements of unlisted companies. For listed companies the above Ordinance also made mandatory the National Accounting Standards (NAS) and other standards to be strictly followed while preparing financial statements.
355:. It has over 10,000 members working locally and globally. The institute was established on July 1, 1961 to regulate the profession of accountancy in Pakistan. It is a statutory autonomous body established under the Chartered Accountants Ordinance, 1961. With the significant growth in the profession, the CA Ordinance and By-Laws were revised in 1983.
124:
495:
amended version called the
Chartered Accountants By-Laws, 1961 was published in Part 1 of the Extraordinary Gazette of Pakistan on July 1, 1961 and was enforced on that date. As of that date the Department of Accountancy and the Pakistan Institute of Accountants having served a very useful purpose for a long time were finally liquidated.
457:
An
Accountancy Board was set up by the Government and was attached to the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, Bombay. This functioned till 1932. The Board was required to register apprenticeships and conduct the required examinations. The successful candidates were granted the GDA Diploma and
445:
On 1 April 1914, the Indian
Companies Act, 1913 was passed and it was necessitated that every auditor of a public limited company must be a certified auditor by the government. The provincial governments were empowered to grant auditors' certificates but, at the same time, the central government also
436:
Then the
Companies Act of 1885 was passed. Regulations 83–94 of Table A contained in the First Schedule provided for the audit of accounts of the companies adopting that table and for the appointment, remuneration and duties of the auditors. In those times, it was not necessary for an auditor to be a
427:
In the Indian subcontinent there were a few
British firms of accountants, but they were so busy that their services were not available to the general public. The public companies used to appoint a European auditor for safeguarding the interests of the European shareholders, and an Indian auditor with
486:
During this period, an advisory body called the 'Council of
Accountancy' was set up under Auditors' Certificates Rules, 1950 and recommended the establishment of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Pakistan. The Government accepted the recommendations and the Department of Accountancy assisted
1383:
From 1994, a Pre-entry
Proficiency Test (PPT) was introduced to determine the suitability of candidates before being registered as Trainee Students/Full Time Students. PPT was mandatory for all entrants except those who were exempt from PPT but later when a new policy was introduced in 2014, it was
494:
on March 3, 1961 and was published in Part 1 of the
Extraordinary Gazette of Pakistan on March 10, 1961. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan came into being on July 1, 1961. A draft of the Chartered Accountants By-Laws was also prepared and published for inviting public comments. The
362:
The course of CA by ICAP involves 4 stages named PRC, CAF, CFAP and MSA. PRC stage has 5 papers, CAF stage has 2 groups (group A and group B) 4 papers in group A and 4 papers in group B, CFAP stage has 6 papers and MSA stage has 2 papers but in-between after CAF stage there is a period of mandatory
514:
Keeping in view the convergence, undergone by the major economies of the world such as United States of America, China and Canada, of the International Financial Reporting Standards with respective local GAAP, the demand for IFRS specialists is increasing. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of
453:
At that time there was no provision of any kind for the training and examination of the accountants. The government of Bombay was the first provincial government to take a constructive step in the direction of organising the profession. In 1918, it instituted the Government Diploma in Accountancy
466:
In 1932, the Government framed rules under Section 144 of the companies Act, 1913, called Auditors' Certificates Rules, 1932. The objectives of the rules, broadly, were to register apprenticeships, to conduct examinations, and to control and regulate the profession of auditing. The accountancy
475:
After independence, Pakistan adopted the Auditors' Certificates Rules 1932 with certain amendments in 1950, and thus the auditing profession was administered under the Auditors' Certificates Rules, 1950. The Rules of 1950 were generally based on the old rules with some amendments incorporated
1111:
The ICAP Council governs the Institute under the provisions of the Chartered Accountant Ordinance, 1961 and the CA by-laws. The Council has a four-year term, and consists of 19 members: 15 members elected by chartered accountants among themselves, and four nominated by the
446:
reserved the right to recognise members of certain professional bodies as qualified auditors without obtaining an Auditor's Certificate from the government. Consequently, the members of the English, Scottish, and Irish Institutes of Chartered Accountants and the English
479:
In 1952, the Registered Accountants formed a private body known as 'Pakistan Institute of Accountants' with the object of looking after their own interest and taking up with the Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan, matters affecting the accountancy profession.
1419:
The Pakistan Accountant is the professional flagship publication of the Institute. It is intended to serve as a forum for disseminating information on auditing and accounting practices, business and finance, and topics of current national and international interest.
498:
The Chartered Accountants By-Laws provided for the formation of regional committees to look after the interests of their members. The members are divided into two classes – namely, Associate Chartered Accountants (ACA) and Fellow Chartered Accountants (FCA).
358:
The course of ICAP involves a blend of theoretical education and practical training which runs for a period of approximately 6 years and equips a student with knowledge, ability, skills and other qualities required of a professional accountant.
2813:
458:
they could practise if they had previously received training as apprentices with a practising accountant. The Accountancy Board was also required to advise the Government on all matters relating to accountancy and the Government.
3047:
2707:
2697:
2975:
2712:
1501:
2889:
2904:
2884:
483:
In June 1959 the Department of Accountancy was established in the Ministry of Commerce with a Controller of Accountancy to deal with the profession instead of a Section Officer.
3022:
2752:
2838:
2823:
2742:
2722:
3032:
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54:
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1511:
1491:
1450:
1423:
Through the Members Information & Education Series (MIES) the Institute hopes to promote the integration of best practices and sound judgment among members.
2970:
2879:
2803:
2798:
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2747:
70:
2788:
2687:
2677:
196:
2272:
2945:
2828:
2672:
1556:
428:
the objectives of safeguarding the interests of the Indian shareholders. The audit of financial statements were conducted under the Companies Act 1850.
3037:
1863:
1444:
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2757:
2655:
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1438:
2682:
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2201:
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called GDA and made regulations for the examination and training of those who wanted to obtain that Diploma and certificate to practise.
2940:
2762:
1531:
2909:
2732:
2658:
94:
507:
In December 1984, the Companies Act, 1913 was replaced by the Companies Ordinance, 1984 with an order by the President of Pakistan
1612:
Saeed, Prof. Dr. Khawaja Amjad, Auditing: Principles & Procedures, Lahore: Institute of Business Management, 1993 pages 18–22.
1622:
59:
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3001:
1051:
2919:
1887:
123:
1113:
561:
2869:
2578:
2327:
2153:
2914:
1426:
These publications form the body of literature that fosters the Institute's policy of promoting education and research.
1462:
46:
2639:
1465:(CAW), making it the second professional body to be admitted to the organisation since its launch in February 2013.
548:
50:
2177:
1668:
2279:
2248:
2129:
2108:
2618:
1932:
872:
782:
754:
712:
648:
1982:
1838:
487:
by the officials of the Institute and a number of its members prepared the Draft Ordinance to be passed.
35:
2632:
2449:
1718:
515:
Pakistan (ICAP) has introduced a diploma in IFRS to prepare the candidates to avail such opportunities.
172:
2006:
39:
2401:
2224:
508:
491:
1957:
63:
2083:
2303:
1864:"Russell Bedford Pakistan Senior Partner Elected President of the PIPFA. - Free Online Library"
2383:
857:
662:
595:
74:
1644:
1535:
1024:
886:
768:
687:
411:
399:
367:
299:
International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA)
243:
183:
2351:
1581:"The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan » Communication with Institute"
171:
established under The Chartered Accountants Ordinance, 1961 that was promulgated by the
2304:"An inspiring Journey of CA Women – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
1224:
900:
832:
543:
168:
1630:
3016:
2996:
1234:
867:
338:
2624:
1912:
2541:
1743:
1064:
1763:
1693:
2450:"Our International Presence – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
2874:
2579:"2nd Saudi-Pak Accountancy Seminar organised in Riyadh – Business News Pakistan"
1220:
348:
2109:"An interview with President ICAP Riaz A. Rehman Chamdia | The Financial Daily"
2950:
2425:
2402:"The Pakistan Accountant – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
407:
403:
387:
2225:"Council and Presidents – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
1623:"Institute of Chartered Accountant of Pakistan » Our Vision Our Mission"
437:
qualified accountant and companies used to employ lawyers as their auditors.
211:
198:
1258:
375:
2555:"First Pak-Saudi accountancy seminar held in Riyadh. - Free Online Library"
2473:
2387:
1580:
370:
where it has its own premises. The institute also has regional offices at
2619:
http://www.icap.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/CoffeeTable/CTB/index.html#p=14
1010:
914:
726:
379:
352:
2375:
2030:
1813:
1789:
490:
Kanika Jenson, 1961, received the assent of the President of Pakistan,
2202:"ICAP council member Mr M Ali Latif appointed as SBP's Board Director"
1645:"Past Presidents – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
1479:
1248:
1238:
964:
395:
391:
383:
371:
2497:
2426:"Publications – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
2328:"ICAP launches book: A journey through time. - Free Online Library"
2056:
1475:
2352:"Newsletter – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
1201:
ICAP has over 10,750 members, out of which 25% working abroad.
939:
818:
740:
247:
2628:
1116:. As of 2022, Council members of the Institute are as follows:
2078:
2076:
1557:"Members – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
18:
3048:
Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants
2518:"The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP)"
1888:"Money matters: ICAP graduates pocket the highest salaries"
318:
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
1913:"Ahmad Saeed elected president ICAP – Business Recorder"
1502:
Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan
523:
The following is a list of presidents of the institute:
1790:"Asad Ali Shah Jilani appointed director K-Electric"
2984:
2928:
2852:
2776:
2665:
313:
303:
295:
281:
267:
253:
237:
227:
190:
178:
164:
146:
138:
130:
2382:. Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan.
1089:Muniff Ziauddin & Co., Chartered Accountants
2542:http://www.icapuaechapter.com/contact-us.aspxand
2154:"Iftikhar Taj elected as president ICAP Council"
1744:"ICAP elects office-bearers – Business Recorder"
1532:"Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan"
1507:Pakistan Institute of Public Finance Accountants
448:Society of Incorporated Accountants and Auditors
2031:"ICAP Council unanimously elects President, VP"
1669:"ICAP initiates reviewing of financial reports"
1100:A.F. Ferguson & Co., Chartered Accountants
16:Pakistani professional accountancy organization
2219:
2217:
2215:
1512:Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan
1492:Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
1451:Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants
335:Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan
108:Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan
2640:
1788:Report, BR Web Desk | Recorder (2020-01-29).
928:A. R. Suriya & Co, Chartered Accountants
8:
1814:"Saqib Masood elected ICAP council chairman"
107:
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
3023:Professional associations based in Pakistan
2609:, Lahore: Institute of Business Management.
1474:ICAP has two full overseas centers, one in
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
2647:
2633:
2625:
796:M/s Amin & Co., Chartered Accountants
525:
343:
122:
114:
106:
3033:Pakistan federal departments and agencies
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
2616:, And it can be viewed using this link,
2273:"Symbolising Growth :Annual Report 2013"
2178:"ICAP elects office-bearers for 2022-23"
1933:"Briefing: ICAP delegation meets AJK PM"
1445:International Accounting Standards Board
1281:
1208:
3043:Government agencies established in 1961
2605:Saeed, Prof. Dr. Khawaja Amjad (1993),
1523:
1497:International Federation of Accountants
1439:International Federation of Accountants
1392:The publications of the Institute are:
1189:MALIK AMJED ZUBAIR TIWANA CHAIRMAN, FBR
1107:Council members and government nominees
450:were recognised as qualified auditors.
366:The head office of the institute is in
2249:"Chartered Accountant Ordinance, 1961"
2130:"ICAP awards RDAI certificate to NUST"
1958:"Partners : ICAP, CIPFA sign MoU"
1719:"Best 2005 corporate awards announced"
1482:, where students can appear in exams.
1128:KHURSHEED KOTWAL, FCA (Vice President)
846:Chartac Business Services (Pvt.) Ltd.
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1457:South Asian Federation of Accountants
1384:completely excluded from the course.
1179:The current government nominees are:
7:
2607:Auditing: Principles and Procedures
342:
45:Please consider converting them to
1131:ZEESHAN IJAZ, FCA (Vice President)
1039:Professionals' Academy of Commerce
14:
1983:"ICAP to organise CFO conference"
1396:An Inspiring Journey of CA Women
1165:MUHAMMAD SAMIULLAH SIDDIQUI, FCA
344:ادارہَ محاسبانِ منشوری ، پاکستان
115:ادارہَ محاسبانِ منشوری ، پاکستان
23:
3038:1961 establishments in Pakistan
2522:Chartered Accountants Worldwide
2007:"Yousaf elected ICAP president"
1463:Chartered Accountants Worldwide
1183:SENATOR MOHAMMAD ISHAQ DAR, FCA
1125:FARRUKH REHMAN, FCA (President)
1052:Pakistan International Airlines
492:Field Marshal General Ayub Khan
701:Hameed Chaudhri & Company
562:Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)
182:Chartered Accountants Avenue,
49:to ensure the article remains
1:
2278:. Icap.org.pk. Archived from
2084:"ICAP office-bearers elected"
113:
2659:Member Bodies and Associates
1534:. 2008-06-21. Archived from
1067:Hussain Chaudhury & Co.
549:First Accountant of Pakistan
2498:"Member Bodies – esafa.org"
868:Syed Mohammad Shabbar Zaidi
676:BKR International Pakistan
3064:
1434:The ICAP is a member of:
1430:International affiliations
1192:JAMEEL AHMAD GOVERNOR, SBP
953:Rusell Brad Ford Pakistan
560:
347:, ICAP) is a professional
2376:"The Pakistan Accountant"
1839:"ICAP appoints president"
1186:AKIF SAEED CHAIRMAN, SECP
807:First Paramount Modaraba
121:
112:
2612:ICAP Coffee Table Book,
2583:businessnewspakistan.com
2474:"Membership : CAPA"
2683:ICMAI (formerly ICWAI)
2380:The Pakistan Accountant
2057:"ICAP elects president"
1408:The Pakistan Accountant
1278:Evolution of membership
1141:ASHFAQ YOUSUF TOLA, FCA
977:Hassan Naeem & Co.
212:24.984167°N 67.035444°E
3028:Accounting in Pakistan
2614:A journey through time
2559:www.thefreelibrary.com
2332:www.thefreelibrary.com
1868:www.thefreelibrary.com
1415:Technical e-Newsletter
1153:HUSNAIN R. BADAMI, FCA
1021:Riaz A. Rehman Chamdia
873:PricewaterhouseCoopers
804:Pir Mohammad A. Kaliya
783:PricewaterhouseCoopers
755:PricewaterhouseCoopers
713:PricewaterhouseCoopers
649:PricewaterhouseCoopers
152:; 63 years ago
1478:and the other one in
1159:MOHAMMAD MAQBOOL, FCA
996:Hafiz Mohammad Yousaf
737:Syed Masoud Ali Naqvi
698:Abdul Hameed Chaudhri
173:President of Pakistan
723:Muhammad Yousuf Adil
276:Ms. Khursheed Kotwal
217:24.984167; 67.035444
142:Ministry of Commerce
2253:pakistancode.gov.pk
1962:The Express Tribune
1937:The Express Tribune
1892:The Express Tribune
1162:MUHAMMAD AWAIS, FCA
1086:Muhammad Ali Latif
1075:Ashfaq Yousuf Tola
974:Naeem Akhtar Sheikh
936:Shaikh Saqib Masood
815:A. Husain A. Basrai
621:Abdur Raouf Shaikh
208: /
109:
2182:www.thenews.com.pk
2158:www.thenews.com.pk
2134:www.thenews.com.pk
2055:PPI (2016-09-11).
2011:www.thenews.com.pk
1987:www.thenews.com.pk
1215:Number of members
1156:KHALID RAHMAN, FCA
1147:ARSLAN KHALID, FCA
1114:Federal government
1048:Khalilullah Sheikh
1007:Nadeem Yousuf Adil
925:Abdul Rahim Suriya
911:Syed Asad Ali Shah
854:Zafar Iqbal Sobani
765:Ahmad Dawood Patel
509:General Zia-ul-Haq
309:>approx. 75,000
262:Mr. Farrukh Rehman
239:Official language
3010:
3009:
2208:. 3 January 2023.
2206:www.nation.com.pk
1400:Coffee Table Book
1376:
1375:
1275:
1274:
1174:SHAHAB QADIR, FCA
1168:M. ALI LATIF, FCA
1104:
1103:
1025:Ernst & Young
999:NCBMS Consulting
965:Mazars Consulting
950:Rashid Rahman Mir
887:Ernst & Young
858:Hub Power Company
793:Shaukat Amin Shah
779:Najam I. Chaudhri
769:Ernst & Young
688:Ernst & Young
663:BDO International
659:Ebrahim Dahodwala
629:Aftab Ahmed Khan
596:Vasim Aon Jafarey
331:
330:
150:July 1, 1961
105:
104:
97:
55:Several templates
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2174:
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2167:
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2164:
2150:
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2126:
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2119:
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2018:
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2003:
1997:
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1779:
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1775:
1764:"ICAP president"
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1694:"ICAP president"
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
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1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:. Archived from
1619:
1613:
1610:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1553:
1547:
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1544:
1543:
1528:
1470:Overseas offices
1282:
1209:
1205:Overseas members
1150:HINA USMANI, FCA
1144:ASAD FEROZE, FCA
1078:Tola Associates
883:Nasimuddin Hyder
829:Khaliq-ur-Rahman
613:Ejaz Ahmed Naik
526:
368:Clifton, Karachi
346:
345:
327:
324:
322:
320:
290:Mr. Zeeshan Ijaz
284:Vice President 2
270:Vice President 1
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
213:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
184:Clifton, Karachi
160:
158:
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93:
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78:
67:
27:
26:
19:
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2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2478:www.capa.com.my
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2171:
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1627:www.icap.org.pk
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1381:
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1207:
1199:
1178:
1138:
1136:Council members
1122:
1109:
1097:Farrukh Rehman
988:Asia Petroleum
521:
505:
503:1984 to present
473:
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2100:
2072:
2047:
2022:
1998:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1904:
1879:
1855:
1843:The Accountant
1830:
1805:
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1636:
1633:on 2014-01-08.
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1225:Gulf Countries
1217:
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1206:
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1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1176:
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1171:SAIFULLAH, FCA
1169:
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1120:Office bearers
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934:
930:
929:
926:
923:
919:
918:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:Grant Thornton
898:
895:
891:
890:
884:
881:
877:
876:
870:
865:
861:
860:
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
837:
836:
833:Grant Thornton
830:
827:
823:
822:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
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692:
691:
685:
682:
678:
677:
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673:M. Afzal Munif
671:
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581:
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569:
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564:
559:
556:
552:
551:
546:
544:Syed Osman Ali
541:
537:
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533:
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169:Body corporate
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128:
127:
119:
118:
103:
102:
47:full citations
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3060:
3049:
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2998:
2997:CPA Australia
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2329:
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2299:
2296:
2285:on 2015-09-24
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2012:
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1597:
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1573:
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1558:
1552:
1549:
1538:on 2008-06-21
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987:
985:Yacoob Suttar
984:
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853:
850:
849:
845:
843:Mujahid Eshai
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
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824:
820:
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811:
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722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
684:Ebrahim Sidat
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
645:Irtiza Husain
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535:Organization
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111:
99:
96:
88:
76:
75:documentation
72:
65:
64:documentation
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2717:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:
2549:
2537:
2526:. Retrieved
2524:. 2014-11-24
2521:
2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:
2396:
2379:
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2287:. Retrieved
2280:the original
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2205:
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2111:. 2018-02-02
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2090:. 2017-10-30
2087:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2037:. 2016-09-11
2034:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1964:. 2014-11-24
1961:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1939:. 2014-05-02
1936:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1894:. 2012-02-03
1891:
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1847:. Retrieved
1845:. 2011-10-02
1842:
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1820:. 2010-09-17
1817:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1770:. 2007-09-15
1767:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1725:. 2007-01-10
1722:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1700:. 2005-09-15
1697:
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1675:. 2005-08-28
1672:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1631:the original
1626:
1617:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1526:
1473:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1388:Publications
1382:
1331:
1285:
1200:
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