3252:
organizations are "groups of people bound by some common purpose to achieve objectives." Additionally, because institutions serve as an umbrella for smaller groups such as organizations, North discusses the impact of institutional change and the ways in which it can cause economic performance to decline or become better depending on the occurrence. This is known as "path dependence" which North explains is the idea of historical and cultural events impacting the development of institutions over time. Even though North argues that institutions due to their structure do not possess the ability to change drastically, path dependence and small differences have the ability to cause change over a long period of time. For example, Levitsky and
Murillo stress the importance of institutional strength in their article "Variation in Institutional Strength." They suggest that in order for an institution to maintain strength and resistance there must be legitimacy within the different political regimes, variation in political power, and political autonomy within a country. Legitimacy allows for there to be an incentive to comply with institutional rules and conditions, leading to a more effective institution. With political power, its centralization within a small group of individual leaders makes it easier and more effective to create rules and run an institution smoothly. However, it can be abused by individual leaders which is something that can contribute to the weakening of an institution over time. Lastly, independence within an institution is vital because the institutions are making decisions based on expertise and norms that they have created and built over time rather than considerations from other groups or institutions. Having the ability to operate as an independent institution is crucial for its strength and resistance over time. An example of the importance of institutional strength can be found in Lacatus' essay on national human rights institutions in Europe, where she states that "As countries become members of GANHRI, their NHRIs are more likely to become stronger over time and show a general pattern of isomorphism regarding stronger safeguards for durability." This demonstrates that institutions running independently and further creating spaces for the formation of smaller groups with other goals and objectives is crucial for an institution's survival.
3221:
that is rooted in the distribution of resources across society and preexisting political institutions. These two factors determine de jure and de facto political power, respectively, which in turn defines this period's economic institutions and the next period's political institutions. Finally, the current economic institutions determine next period's distribution of resources and the cycle repeats. Douglass North attributes institutional change to the work of "political entrepreneurs", who see personal opportunities to be derived from a changed institutional framework. These entrepreneurs weigh the expected costs of altering the institutional framework against the benefits they can derive from the change. North describes the institutional change as a process that is extremely incremental, and that works through both formal and informal institutions. North also proposes that institutional change, inefficiencies, and economic stagnation can be attributed to the differences between institutions and organizations. This is because organizations are created to take advantage of the opportunities created by institutions and, as organizations evolve, these institutions are then altered. Overall, according to North, this institutional change would then be shaped by a lock-in symbiotic relationship between institutions and organizations and a feedback process by which the people in a society may perceive and react to these changes. Lipscomb argues that patterns of institutional change vary according to underlying characteristics of issue areas, such as network effects. North also offers an efficiency hypothesis, stating that relative price changes create incentives to create more efficient institutions. It is a utilitarian argument that assumes institutions will evolve to maximize overall welfare for economic efficiency.
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institution. He talks about the "lock-in" phenomenon in which adds a lot of value to a piece of technology that is used by many people. It is important for policymakers and people of higher levels within an institution to consider when looking at products that have a long term impact on markets and economic developments and stability. For example, recently the EU has banned TikTok from official devices across all three government institutions. This was due to "cybersecurity concerns" and data protection in regards to data collection by "third parties." This concern regarding TikTok's growing popularity demonstrates the importance of technological development within an institutional economy. Without understanding of what these products are doing or selling to the consumers, there runs a risk of it weakening an institution and causing more harm than good if not carefully considered and examined by the individual actors within an institution. This can also be seen in the recent issue with
Silvergate and money being moved to crypto exchanges under the SEN Platform institution, which has led the bank to "delay the filing of its annual report due to questions from its auditors." Additionally, they lost many crypto clients the next day allowing the bank's stock price to fall by 60% before it stabilized again. These examples demonstrate the ways in which institutions and the economy interact, and how the well-being of the economy is essential for the institution's success and ability to run smoothly.
3228:, Levitksy and Murillo acknowledge that some formal institutions are "born weak," and attribute this to the actors creating them. They argue that the strength of institutions relies on the enforcement of laws and stability, which many actors are either uninterested in or incapable of supporting. Similarly, Brian Arthur refers to these factors as properties of non-predictability and potential inefficiency in matters where increasing returns occur naturally in economics. According to Mansfield and Snyder, many transitional democracies lack state institutions that are strong and coherent enough to regulate mass political competition. According to Huntington, the countries with ineffective or weak institutions often have a gap between high levels of political participation and weak political institutions, which may provoke nationalism in democratizing countries. Regardless of whether the lack of enforcement and stability in institutions is intentional or not, weakly enforced institutions can create lasting ripples in a society and their way of functioning. Good enforcement of laws can be classified as a system of rules that are complied with in practice and has a high risk of punishment. It is essential because it will create a slippery slope effect on most laws and transform the nature of once-effective institutions.
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produced by a lack of mediating institutions and an inability to reach a bargain. Artificial implementation of institutional change has been tested in political development but can have unintended consequences. North, Wallis, and
Weingast divide societies into different social orders: open access orders, which about a dozen developed countries fall into today, and limited access orders, which accounts for the rest of the countries. Open access orders and limited access orders differ fundamentally in the way power and influence is distributed. As a result, open access institutions placed in limited access orders face limited success and are often coopted by the powerful elite for self-enrichment. Transition to more democratic institutions is not created simply by transplanting these institutions into new contexts, but happens when it is in the interest of the dominant coalition to widen access.
3303:. According to Amyx, Japanese experts were not unaware of the possible causes of Japan's economic decline. Rather, to return Japan's economy back to the path to economic prosperity, policymakers would have had to adopt policies that would first cause short-term harm to the Japanese people and government. Under this analysis, says Ian Lustick, Japan was stuck on a "local maxima", which it arrived at through gradual increases in its fitness level, set by the economic landscape of the 1970s and 80s. Without an accompanying change in institutional flexibility, Japan was unable to adapt to changing conditions, and even though experts may have known which changes the country needed, they would have been virtually powerless to enact those changes without instituting unpopular policies that would have been harmful in the short-term.
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least, however, it might add credibility to the idea that truly beneficial change might require short-term harm to institutions and their members. David Sloan Wilson notes that
Lustick needs to more carefully distinguish between two concepts: multilevel selection theory and evolution on multi-peaked landscapes. Bradley Thayer points out that the concept of a fitness landscape and local maxima only makes sense if one institution can be said to be "better" than another, and this in turn only makes sense insofar as there exists some objective measure of an institution's quality. This may be relatively simple in evaluating the economic prosperity of a society, for example, but it is difficult to see how objectively a measure can be applied to the amount of freedom of a society, or the quality of life of the individuals within.
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compliance and socio-economic conditions in a consolidated democratic state are important in the emergence of institutions and the compliance power they have for the rules imposed. In his work, he explains the difference between wealthy societies and non-wealthy societies; wealthy societies on one hand often have institutions that have been functioning for a while, but also have a stable economy and economic development that has a direct effect in the society's democratic stability. He presents us with three scenarios in which institutions may thrive in poor societies with no democratic background. First, if electoral institutions guarantee multiple elections that are widely accepted; second, if military power is in evenly equilibrium; and third, if this institutions allow for different actors to come to power.
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most efficient of the ones available. He proceeds to explain that lock-in is a result of path-dependence, where the early choice of technology in a market forces other actors to choose that technology regardless of their natural preferences, causing that technology to "lock-in". Economist W. Brian Arthur applied David's theories to institutions. As with a technology, institutions (in the form of law, policy, social regulations, or otherwise) can become locked into a society, which in turn can shape social or economic development. Arthur notes that although institutional lock-in can be predictable, it is often difficult to change once it is locked-in because of its deep roots in social and economic frameworks.
2741:: The penal systems acts upon prisoners and the guards. Prison is a separate environment from that of normal society; prisoners and guards form their own communities and create their own social norms. Guards serve as "social control agents" who discipline and provide security. From the view of the prisoners, the communities can be oppressive and domineering, causing feelings of defiance and contempt towards the guards. Because of the change in societies, prisoners experience loneliness, a lack of emotional relationships, a decrease in identity and "lack of security and autonomy". Both the inmates and the guards feel tense, fearful, and defensive, which creates an uneasy atmosphere within the community. See
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change shortly after: institutional isomorphism. There were three main proposals. The first one is the coercive process where organizations adopt changes consistent with their larger institution due to pressures from other organizations which they might depend on or be regulated by. Such examples include state mandates or supplier demands. The second one is the mimetic process where organizations adopt other organizations' practices to resolve internal uncertainty about their own actions or strategy. Lastly, it is the normative pressure where organizations adopt changes related to the professional environment like corporate changes or cultural changes in order to be consistent.
967:, institutions are, in the most general sense, "building blocks of social order: they represent socially sanctioned, that is, collectively enforced expectations with respect to the behavior of specific categories of actors or to the performance of certain activities. Typically, they involve mutually related rights and obligations for actors." Sociologists and anthropologists have expansive definitions of institutions that include informal institutions. Political scientists have sometimes defined institutions in more formal ways where third parties must reliably and predictably enforce the rules governing the transactions of first and second parties.
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example clientelism or corruption is sometimes stated as a part of the political culture in a certain place, but an informal institution itself is not cultural, it may be shaped by culture or behaviour of a given political landscape, but they should be looked at in the same way as formal institutions to understand their role in a given country. The relationship between formal and informal institutions is often closely aligned and informal institutions step in to prop up inefficient institutions. However, because they do not have a centre, which directs and coordinates their actions, changing informal institutions is a slow and lengthy process.
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during a critical juncture, it becomes progressively difficult to return to the initial point where the choice was made. James
Mahoney studies path dependence in the context of national regime change in Central America and finds that liberal policy choices of Central American leaders in the 19th century was the critical juncture that led to the divergent levels of development that we see in these countries today. The policy choices that leaders made in the context of liberal reform policy led to a variety of self-reinforcing institutions that created divergent development outcomes for the Central American countries.
3176:, Douglas North argues that institutions may be created, such as a country's constitution; or that they may evolve over time as societies evolve. In the case of institutional evolution, it is harder to see them since societal changes happen in a slow manner, despite the perception that institutional change is rapid. Furthermore, institutions change incrementally because of how embedded they are in society. North argues that the nature of these changes is complicated process because of the changes in rules, informal constraints, and the effectiveness of enforcement of these institutions.
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3148:, institutions that are judicially independent. Scholars have also focused on the interaction between formal and informal institutions as well as how informal institutions may create incentives to comply with otherwise weak formal institutions. This departure from the traditional understanding of institutions reflects the scholarly recognition that a different framework of institutional analysis is necessary for studying developing economies and democracies compared to developed countries.
3296:, such that for the institution to improve any further, it would first need to decrease its overall fitness score (e.g., adopt policies that may cause short-term harm to the institution's members). The tendency to get stuck on local maxima can explain why certain types of institutions may continue to have policies that are harmful to its members or to the institution itself, even when members and leadership are all aware of the faults of these policies.
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2751:: People learn to socialize differently depending on the specific language and culture in which they live. A specific example of this is code switching. This is where immigrant children learn to behave in accordance with the languages used in their lives: separate languages at home and in peer groups (mainly in educational settings). Depending on the language and situation at any given time, people will socialize differently. See
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2950:: Video games also fall into the category of social institutions, given the fact that the complex gamer identity is seen as being at the confluence with other social institutions, such as gender and sexuality. Also, video games frequently contribute to ideological power dynamics in society by incorporating them into discourses that associate them with other phenomena, such as aggression.
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advantages from economic outcomes than others, which allow them to gain political control. A separate paper by
Acemoglu, Robinson, and Francisco A. Gallego details the relationships between institutions, human capital, and economic development. They argue that institutions set an equal playing field for competition, making institutional strength a key factor in economic growth. Authors
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a particular individual to an institution, such as a mental institution. To this extent, "institutionalization" may carry negative connotations regarding the treatment of, and damage caused to, vulnerable human beings by the oppressive or corrupt application of inflexible systems of social, medical, or legal controls by publicly owned, private or not-for-profit organizations.
2711:: A peer group is a social group whose members have interests, social positions and age in common. This is where children can escape supervision and learn to form relationships on their own. The influence of the peer group typically peaks during adolescence however peer groups generally only affect short term interests unlike the family which has long term influence.
956:. These definitions entail varying levels of formality and organizational complexity. The most expansive definitions may include informal but regularized practices, such as handshakes, whereas the most narrow definitions may only include institutions that are highly formalized (e.g. have specified laws, rules and complex organizational structures).
2723:: Children are pressured from both parents and peers to conform and obey certain laws or norms of the group/community. Parents' attitudes toward legal systems influence children's views as to what is legally acceptable. For example, children whose parents are continually in jail are more accepting of incarceration. See
2697:: Some religion is like an ethnic or cultural category, making it less likely for the individuals to break from religious affiliations and be more socialized in this setting. Parental religious participation is the most influential part of religious socialization—more so than religious peers or religious beliefs. See
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There are some criticisms to
Lustick's application of natural selection theory to institutional change. Lustick himself notes that identifying the inability of institutions to adapt as a symptom of being stuck on a local maxima within a fitness landscape does nothing to solve the problem. At the very
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Though institutions are persistent, North states that paths can change course when external forces weaken the power of an existing organization. This allows other entrepreneurs to affect change in the institutional framework. This change can also occur as a result of gridlock between political actors
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In the context of institutions and how they are formed, North suggests that institutions ultimately work to provide social structure in society and to incentivize individuals who abide by this structure. North explains that there is in fact a difference between institutions and organizations and that
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John Meyer and Brian Rowan were the first scholars to introduce institutional theory to inspect how organizations are shaped by their social and political environments and how they evolve in different ways. Other scholars like Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell proposed one of the forms of institutional
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An informal institution tends to have socially shared rules, which are unwritten and yet are often known by all inhabitants of a certain country, as such they are often referred to as being an inherent part of the culture of a given country. Informal practices are often referred to as "cultural", for
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define institutions "as a system of human-made, nonphysical elements – norms, beliefs, organizations, and rules – exogenous to each individual whose behavior it influences that generates behavioral regularities." Additionally, they specify that organizations "are institutional elements that influence
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Other social scientists have examined the concept of institutional lock-in. In an article entitled "Clio and the
Economics of QWERTY" (1985), economist Paul A. David describes technological lock-in as the process by which a specific technology dominates the market, even when the technology is not the
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The term "institutionalization" is widely used in social theory to refer to the process of embedding something (for example a concept, a social role, a particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing
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and María
Victoria Murillo define in terms of the level of enforcement and sustainability of an institution. Weak institutions with low enforcement or low sustainability led to the deterioration of democratic institutions in Madagascar and the erosion of economic structures in China. Another area of
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comes from Latin meaning, "middle", suggesting that the media's function is to connect people. The media can teach norms and values by way of representing symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behavior. Mass media has enormous effects on our attitudes and behavior, notably in regards
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North argues that because of the preexisting influence that existing organizations have over the existing framework, change that is brought about is often in the interests of these organizations. This is because organizations are created to take advantage of such opportunities and, as organizations
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Additionally, technological developments are important in the economic development of an institution. As detailed by Brian Arthur in "Competing
Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events", technological advancements play a crucial role in shaping the economic stability of an
3220:
In order to understand why some institutions persist and other institutions only appear in certain contexts, it is important to understand what drives institutional change. Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson assert that institutional change is endogenous. They posit a framework for institutional change
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explore the way institutions are created. When it comes to institutional design, the timeframe in which these institutions are created by different actors may affect the stability the institution will have on society, because in these cases the actors may have more (or less) time to fully calculate
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The relationship of the institutions to human nature is a foundational question for the social sciences. Institutions can be seen as "naturally" arising from, and conforming to, human nature—a fundamentally conservative view—or institutions can be seen as artificial, almost accidental, and in need
2988:– Social and political scientists often speak of the state as embodying all institutions such as schools, prisons, police, and so on. However, these institutions may be considered private or autonomous, whilst organised religion and family life certainly pre-date the advent of the nation-state. The
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and María Victoria Murillo claim that institutional strength depends on two factors: stability and enforcement. An unstable, unenforced institution is one where weak rules are ignored and actors are unable to make expectations based on their behavior. In a weak institution, actors cannot depend on
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The lessons from Lustick's analysis applied to Sweden's economic situation can similarly apply to the political gridlock that often characterizes politics in the United States. For example, Lustick observes that any politician who hopes to run for elected office stands very little to no chance if
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This produces a phenomenon called path dependence, which states that institutional patterns are persistent and endure over time. These paths are determined at critical junctures, analogous to a fork in the road, whose outcome leads to a narrowing of possible future outcomes. Once a choice is made
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In history, a distinction between eras or periods, implies a major and fundamental change in the system of institutions governing a society. Political and military events are judged to be of historical significance to the extent that they are associated with changes in institutions. In European
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argues that institutions are "humanly devised constraints that shape interaction". According to North, they are critical determinants of economic performance, having profound effects on the costs of exchange and production. He emphasizes that small historical and cultural features can drastically
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Many may identify the creation of these formal institutions as a fitting way for agents to establish legitimacy in an international or domestic domain, a phenomenon identified by DiMaggio and Powell and Meyer and Rowan as "isomorphism" and that Levitsky and Murillo liken to window dressing. They
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of games. For example, whenever people pass each other in a corridor or thoroughfare, there is a need for customs, which avoid collisions. Such a custom might call for each party to keep to their own right (or left—such a choice is arbitrary, it is only necessary that the choice be uniform and
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agree with the analysis presented by North. They write that institutions play a crucial role in the trajectory of economic growth because economic institutions shape the opportunities and constraints of investment. Economic incentives also shape political behavior, as certain groups receive more
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who defines institutions as entailing "a set of rules that structure social interactions in particular ways" and that "knowledge of these rules must be shared by the members of the relevant community or society." Definitions by Knight and Randall Calvert exclude purely private idiosyncrasies and
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is a humanly devised structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain social behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions. Institutions vary in their
3199:
Some scholars argue that institutions can emerge spontaneously without intent as individuals and groups converge on a particular institutional arrangement. Other approaches see institutional development as the result of evolutionary or learning processes. For instance, Pavlović explores the way
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also pose the importance of gradual societal change in the emergence of brand new institutions: these changes will determine which institutions will be successful in surviving, spreading, and becoming successful. The decisions actors within a society make also have lot to do in the survival and
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and expectations. Social institutions created and were composed of groups of roles, or expected behaviors. The social function of the institution was executed by the fulfillment of roles. Basic biological requirements, for reproduction and care of the young, are served by the institutions of
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investigated the impact of institutions on economic development in various countries, concluding that institutions in prosperous countries like the United States induced a net increase in productivity, whereas institutions in Third World countries caused a net decrease. Scholars of this period
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Secondly, how do institutions affect behaviour? In this perspective, the focus is on behaviour arising from a given set of institutional rules. In these models, institutions determine the rules (i.e. strategy sets and utility functions) of games, rather than arise as equilibria out of games.
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eventual evolution of an institution: they foster groups who want to maintain the set of rules of the game (as described by North), keeping a status quo impeding institutional change. People's interests play an important role in determining the direction of institutional change and emergence.
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describe the developing world institutions as "window-dressing institutions" that "are often a response to international demands or expectations." It also provides an effective metaphor for something that power holders have an interest in keeping on the books, but no interest in enforcing.
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perspective, like game theory borrowed from biology. A "memetic institutionalism" has been proposed, suggesting that institutions provide selection environments for political action, whereby differentiated retention arises and thereby a Darwinian evolution of institutions over time.
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Randall Calvert defines institution as "an equilibrium of behavior in an underlying game." This means that "it must be rational for nearly every individual to almost always adhere to the behavior prescriptions of the institution, given that nearly all other individuals are doing so."
3096:, another branch of economics with a close relationship to political science, considers how government policy choices are made, and seeks to determine what the policy outputs are likely to be, given a particular political decision-making process and context.
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the set of beliefs and norms that can be self-enforcing in the transaction under consideration. Rules are behavioral instructions that facilitate individuals with the cognitive task of choosing behavior by defining the situation and coordinating behavior."
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The term "institutionalization" may also be used in a political sense to apply to the creation or organization of governmental institutions or particular bodies responsible for overseeing or implementing policy, for example in the welfare or development.
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they enact policies that show no short-term results. There is a mismatch between policies that bring about short-term benefits with minimal sacrifice, and those that bring about long-lasting change by encouraging institution-level adaptations.
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model is based on an institution involving an auctioneer who sells all goods at the market-clearing price. While it is always possible to analyze behaviour with the institutions-as-equilibria approach instead, it is much more complicated.
3235:
The dependence developing countries have on international assistance for loans or political power creates incentives for state elites to establish a superficial form of Western government but with malfunctioning institutions.
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In a 2020 study, Johannes Gerschewski created a two-by-two typology of institutional change depending on the sources of change (exogenous or endogenous) and the time horizon of change (short or long). In another 2020 study,
3244:
created a two-by-two typology of institutional design depending on whether actors have full agency or are bound by structures, and whether institutional designs reflect historical processes or are optimal equilibriums.
3292:, Lustick argues that the gradual improvements typical of many institutions can be seen as analogous to hill-climbing within one of these fitness landscapes. This can eventually lead to institutions becoming stuck on
2944:: Through the constant interference of gender within social structures, it is observed that it constantly interacts with other social institutions (in more or less visible ways), such as race, sexuality and family.
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While institutions tend to appear to people in society as part of the natural, unchanging landscape of their lives, the study of institutions by the social sciences tends to reveal the nature of institutions as
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of a particular time, culture and society, produced by collective human choice, though not directly by individual intention. Sociology traditionally analyzed social institutions in terms of interlocking social
944:, the formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement. Historians study and document the founding, growth, decay and development of institutions as part of political, economic and cultural history.
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the impacts the institution in question will have, the way the new rules affect people's interests and their own, and the consequences of the creation of a new institution will have in society. Scholars like
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and institutions can be synonymous, but Jack Knight writes that organizations are a narrow version of institutions or represent a cluster of institutions; the two are distinct in the sense that organizations
2717:: Economic systems dictate "acceptable alternatives for consumption", "social values of consumption alternatives", the "establishment of dominant values", and "the nature of involvement in consumption".
2996:, for instance, distinguishes between institutions of political society (police, the army, the legal system., which dominate directly and coercively) and civil society (the family, education system).
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there is little consensus about what exactly is meant by an institution. Still, most social scientists seem to hold the position that they would recognize an institution whenever they see one.
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consistent). Such customs may be supposed to be the origin of rules, such as the rule, adopted in many countries, which requires driving automobiles on the right side of the road.
1056:, it is misleading to say that an institution is a form of behavior. Instead, Hodgson states that institutions are "integrated systems of rules that structure social interactions."
4406:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ochs, Elinor, and Bambi Schieffelin. 1984. Language Acquisition and Socialization: Three Developmental Stories and Their Implications. In
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All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions.
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Marcus, Richard R. (2005). "Chapter 7: The Fate of Madagascar's Democracy: Following the Rules while Eroding the Substance". In Villalón, Leonardo A.; VonDoepp, Peter (eds.).
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2691:. Children learn continuously from their environment. Children also become aware of class at a very early age and assign different values to each class accordingly.
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defined institutions as "persistent and connected sets of rules (formal or informal) that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity, and shape expectations."
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Ho, Peter (September 2014). "The 'credibility thesis' and its application to property rights: (In)Secure land tenure, conflict and social welfare in China".
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North, Douglass C. Limited access orders in the developing world: A new approach to the problems of development. Vol. 4359. World Bank Publications, 2007.
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purports that institutions emerge from intentional institution-building but never in the originally intended form. Instead, institutional development is
3071:. Over time institutions develop rules that incentivize certain behaviors over others because they present less risk or induce lower cost, and establish
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Grabel, Ilene (2000). "The political economy of 'policy credibility': the new-classical macroeconomics and the remaking of emerging economies".
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Scholars have proposed different approaches to the emergence of institutions, such as spontaneous emergence, evolution and social contracts. In
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marriage and family, for example, by creating, elaborating and prescribing the behaviors expected for husband/father, wife/mother, child, etc.
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3044:—is that supra-individual institutions such as the market and the state are incompatible with the individual liberty of a truly free society.
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to study institutions from two perspectives. Firstly, how do institutions survive and evolve? In this perspective, institutions arise from
2687:: The family is the center of the child's life. The family teaches children cultural values and attitudes about themselves and others – see
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As an example, Lustick cites Amyx's analysis of the gradual rise of the Japanese economy and its seemingly sudden reversal in the so-called
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and institutional persistence can be explained by their credibility, which is provided by the function that particular institutions serve.
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suggests that the social sciences, particularly those with the institution as a central concept, can benefit by applying the concept of
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as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning"). Primary or meta-institutions are institutions such as the
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of architectural redesign, informed by expert social analysis, to better serve human needs—a fundamentally progressive view.
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assumed that "parchment institutions" that were codified as law would largely guide the behavior of individuals as intended.
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4247:"Religious resources or differential returns? early religious socialization and declining attendance in emerging adulthood"
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Political scientists have traditionally studied the causes and consequences of formal institutional design. For instance,
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North, D. C. (1992). Transaction costs, Institutions, and Economic Performance (pp. 13–15). San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.
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Denhart, R. B.; Jeffress, P. W. (1971). "Social learning and economic behavior: The process of economic socialization".
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5757:"Explaining Institutional Strength: The case of national human rights institutions in Europe and Its Neighbourhood, 23"
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North, Douglass Cecil. Transaction costs, institutions, and economic performance. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press, 1992.
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Poole, E. D.; Regoli, R. M. (1981). "Alienation in prison: An examination of the work relation of prison guards".
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Helmke, Gretchen; Levitsky, Steven (2004). "Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda".
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Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2005-01-01), Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. (eds.),
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370:
205:
2769:: The mass media are the means for delivering impersonal communications directed to a vast audience. The term
1935:
3795:
8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), p. 45
940:
that are broad enough to encompass sets of related institutions. Institutions are also a central concern for
7358:
7022:
6669:
4410:. R. Shweder and R.A. LeVine, eds. pp. 276–320. New York: Cambridge University. Schieffelin, Bambi B. 1990.
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one another to act according to the rules, which creates barriers to collective action and collaboration.
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Tsai, Kellee Sing (2006). "Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China".
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Arthur, W. Brian (1989). "Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events".
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Other scholars see institutions as being formed through social contracts or rational purposeful designs.
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Arnett, J. J. (1995). "Broad and narrow socialization: The family in the context of a cultural theory".
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argues, the very emergence of an institution reflects behavioral adaptations through his application of
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Harris, J. R. (1995). "Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development".
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7368:
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Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village
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have criticized traditional marriage and other institutions as element of an oppressive and obsolete
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Transaction costs, Institutions, and Economic Performance (pp. 13–15). San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.
5442:
5426:"Explaining Institutional Change: Policy Areas, Outside Options, and the Bretton Woods Institutions"
4919:"De Facto Versus de Jure Political Institutions in the Long-Run: A Multivariate Analysis, 1820-2000"
4725:
60:
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6714:
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Mansfield, Edward; Snyder, Jack (2002). "Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength, and War".
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2008:
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On the other hand, recent scholars began to study the importance of institutional strength, which
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4968:"Economic Growth and Judicial Independence: Cross-Country Evidence Using a New Set of Indicators"
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anchored his economics in the supposed human "propensity to truck, barter and exchange". Modern
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to the study of how institutions change over time. By viewing institutions as existing within a
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North, Douglass C. (June 5, 2012). "An introduction to institutions and institutional change".
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Pierson, Paul (2000-01-01). "Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics".
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2013:
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internal institutions (that govern interactions between the members of the organizations).
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4278:
Macionis, John J., and Linda M. Gerber. Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011. p. 113.
4235:
Macionis, John J., and Linda M. Gerber. Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011. p. 116.
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1960:
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Path-dependent explanations of regime change: Central America in comparative perspective
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4494:
Macionis, John J., and Linda M. Gerber. Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011. Print.
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2702:
2565:
2479:
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2035:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1885:
1765:
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1582:
1552:
1497:
1464:
1307:
1015:
987:
982:
861:
777:
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673:
260:
106:
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6104:
5185:
4903:
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4697:
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4610:
4575:
4529:
4485:
McQuail (2005): McQuail's Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage. 494
4445:
4265:
3899:
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2912:
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2724:
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2080:
1945:
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1632:
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1391:
1302:
749:
737:
721:
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643:
155:
101:
5819:"Silvergate Closes SEN Platform Institutions Used to Move Money to Crypto Exchanges"
5541:
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2206:
2196:
2108:
2065:
2060:
1993:
1930:
1900:
1870:
1697:
1642:
1622:
1507:
1474:
1454:
1312:
1287:
1076:
1037:
917:
741:
693:
5992:
5931:
5400:
4402:
4226:
Hodgson (2015 p. 501), Journal of Institutional Economics (2015), 11: 3, 497–505.
3923:
7343:
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1512:
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1334:
1292:
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1266:
1164:
1025:
757:
729:
701:
585:
540:
270:
245:
5779:"EU bans TikTok from official devices across all three government institutions"
5525:
5299:
4812:
7348:
7308:
6877:
6867:
6744:
6674:
6561:
6530:
6510:
6454:
6449:
6404:
6299:
5616:
5599:
5557:
The Soldier and the State: the theory and politics of civil-military relations
5467:"Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events"
5113:
5021:
4934:
4602:
4437:
4189:
3818:
3778:
3678:
3565:
3514:
3360:
3033:
3025:
2932:
2895:
2819:
2766:
2708:
2560:
2146:
2090:
1755:
1587:
1502:
1423:
1408:
1354:
1251:
856:
290:
210:
135:
5679:
5635:
5490:
5307:
5231:
5170:
5121:
4521:
4412:
The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children
4197:
3874:
3720:
3630:
3522:
3478:
3152:
history, particular significance is attached to the long transition from the
7388:
7338:
7102:
6977:
6704:
6475:
6399:
6306:
6280:
6200:
5978:
Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade
5962:
The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge
5906:"Institutional Rigidity and Evolutionary Theory: Trapped on a Local Maximum"
5258:
4590:
4158:
4138:
3375:
3153:
3133:
3132:(formal) institutions in observing cross-country differences. For instance,
3041:
2781:
2592:
2158:
2153:
2126:
2085:
2075:
2020:
1890:
1479:
1418:
1324:
1207:
925:
921:
709:
665:
52:
38:
5223:
4952:
4505:
4424:
Morita, N (2009). "Language, culture, gender, and academic socialization".
1022:
defined institutions as "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior."
5600:"Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a "Missing Diagonal""
4567:
17:
7313:
6789:
6515:
6485:
6444:
6439:
6205:
6180:
4895:
4734:
3087:, the effect of institutions on behavior has also been considered from a
3029:
2879:
2865:
2836:
2832:
2815:
2811:
2748:
2694:
2168:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2095:
2003:
1998:
1371:
1359:
5869:." Studies in Comparative International Development 36.1 (2001): 111–41.
5626:
5343:, Handbook of Economic Growth, vol. 1, Elsevier, pp. 385–472,
4551:
4023:
6551:
6414:
6195:
6153:
6136:
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5498:
5466:
5451:
5315:
5283:
5161:
5144:
4662:
4205:
4173:
4123:
4088:
4072:
3925:
Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies
3728:
3696:
3530:
3498:
3470:
3428:
2962:
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2609:
2141:
2101:
1895:
1344:
1261:
96:
4746:
4744:
4653:
4336:
3758:
3658:
7333:
6424:
6394:
6246:
6158:
6089:
5933:
Japan's Financial Crisis: Institutional Rigidity and Reluctant Change
3851:"Economic Institutions and the State: Insights from Economic History"
3424:
2941:
2785:
2684:
2173:
1329:
933:
6039:
5482:
4869:
The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions
4644:
4115:
3712:
3140:
found that real GDP growth per capita is positively correlated with
4328:
4174:"Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda"
6434:
6429:
6409:
6217:
4799:
Carey, John M. (2000). "Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions".
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6419:
5340:
Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth
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6043:
2958:
941:
4001:
Acemoglu, Daron; Gallego, Francisco; Robinson, James (2014).
3947:
3945:
3622:
Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power
5282:
Koremenos, Barbara; Lipson, Charles; Snidal, Duncan (2001).
3954:
Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance
5993:
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
5695:
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
5070:
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
5045:
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
4786:
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
3174:
Institutions: Institutional Change and Economic Performance
5654:"Making Sense of the Design of International Institutions"
4871:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 153–174.
6008:
Institutional Attitudes. Instituting Art in a Flat World.
5096:
Kingston, Christopher; Caballero, Gonzalo (August 2009).
3970:
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (2005).
4382:
Carmi, A (1983). "The role of social energy in prison".
3972:"Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth"
5777:
Xu, Brennan, Frater, Xiaofei, Eve, James (March 2023).
5186:"Rational Actors, Equilibrium and Social Institutions"
3900:"Rational Actors, Equilibrium and Social Institutions"
7189:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3597:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2014
3040:
towards voluntary social cooperation, shared by some
4350:
4348:
4346:
3965:
3963:
3625:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
7301:
7130:
6798:
6590:
6539:
6468:
6382:
6375:
6315:
6077:
5284:"The Rational Design of International Institutions"
5091:
5089:
3416:
List of oldest institutions in continuous operation
5247:"The Emergence of Cooperative Social Institutions"
4834:Levitsky, Steven; Murillo, María Victoria (2009).
4751:Levitsky, Steven; Murillo, Maria Victoria (2009).
4038:Levitsky, Steven; Murillo, María Victoria (2009).
3805:Caporaso, James A.; Jupille, Joseph, eds. (2022),
3552:Caporaso, James A.; Jupille, Joseph, eds. (2022),
4408:Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion
3922:Streeck, Wolfgang; Thelen, Kathleen Ann (2005).
3813:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–164,
908:Institutions are a principal object of study in
3619:Mahoney, James; Thelen, Kathleen, eds. (2009).
952:There are a variety of definitions of the term
5936:. Princeton University Press. pp. 17–18.
5697:. Cambridge University Press; 59262nd edition.
4003:"Institutions, Human Capital, and Development"
3164:institutions, which govern contemporary life.
3036:. The Marxist view—which sees human nature as
6055:
5970:Institutional Change and Economic Development
3560:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–15,
3499:"A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change"
2661:
881:
8:
6297:
6251:
6237:
5842:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5802:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5740:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5098:"Comparing theories of institutional change"
4254:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
3763:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3.
3697:"International Institutions: Two Approaches"
3663:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
1276:
4290:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
4172:Helmke, Gretchen; Levitsky, Steven (2004).
6379:
6062:
6048:
6040:
6001:The Economic Theory of Social Institutions
5899:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5708:Levitsky, Murrillo, Steven, Maria (2009).
5386:
5384:
5382:
3928:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–11.
2668:
2654:
1063:
974:definition of institutions is provided by
888:
874:
59:
43:
5725:
5669:
5625:
5615:
5441:
5160:
5072:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
4942:
4851:
4768:
4724:
4652:
4055:
4022:
6003:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5996:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5727:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756
4853:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756
4770:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756
4414:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4057:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756
3554:"Introduction: Theories of Institutions"
3265:evolve, these institutions are altered.
4788:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4015:10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041119
3497:Greif, Avner; Laitin, David D. (2004).
3445:
1075:
51:
5960:Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann (1966),
5835:
5795:
5733:
3128:(informal) institutions as opposed to
27:Structure or mechanism of social order
5710:"Variation in Institutional Strength"
5671:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-021108
5430:American Journal of Political Science
5201:
5199:
4975:European Journal of Political Economy
4966:Feld, Lars P.; Voigt, Stefan (2003).
4836:"Variation in Institutional Strength"
4753:"Variation in Institutional Strength"
4633:The American Political Science Review
4140:Political Order in Changing Societies
4040:"Variation in institutional strength"
3917:
3915:
3913:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3503:The American Political Science Review
3249:Institutions and economic development
986:change the nature of an institution.
7:
5693:North, Douglass (October 26, 1990).
5208:"How Democratic Institutions Emerge"
4591:"Video Games as Social Institutions"
4143:. Yale University Press. p. 9.
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3690:
3688:
3652:
3650:
3614:
3612:
3492:
3490:
3488:
905:level of formality and informality.
6035:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5586:Variation in Institutional Strength
3594:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3226:Variation in Institutional Strength
3168:Theories of institutional emergence
5714:Annual Review of Political Science
5658:Annual Review of Political Science
5102:Journal of Institutional Economics
4840:Annual Review of Political Science
4757:Annual Review of Political Science
4369:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1981.tb00415.x
4302:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1971.tb02952.x
4073:"Clio and the Economics of QWERTY"
4044:Annual Review of Political Science
3406:Institutionalist political economy
2680:Examples of institutions include:
25:
5604:American Political Science Review
3867:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145436
7259:The Closing of the American Mind
7179:Civilization and Its Discontents
7159:A Vindication of Natural Society
5964:, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY.
5149:Journal of Economic Perspectives
4698:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.09.019
4266:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01573.x
3793:The Rules of Sociological Method
3760:Institutions and social conflict
3660:Institutions and social conflict
3459:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3207:Theories of institutional change
3124:interest for modern scholars is
2635:
2623:
1083:
972:Rational Choice Institutionalist
855:
6022:, Doubleday Publishing, 1956. (
3701:International Studies Quarterly
2845:sociology of health and illness
441:Peace, war, and social conflict
5980:, Cambridge University Press,
5598:Gerschewski, Johannes (2020).
5190:Explaining Social Institutions
5047:. Cambridge University Press.
4713:Cambridge Journal of Economics
4552:"Gender As Social Institution"
4317:Journal of Marriage and Family
4137:Huntington, Samuel P. (1996).
3904:Explaining Social Institutions
3212:Origin of institutional theory
1:
7433:Political science terminology
7149:Oration on the Dignity of Man
5967:Chang, Ha-Joon (ed.) (2007),
5817:Allison, De, Ian, Nikhilesh.
5349:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
5253:. Routledge. pp. 13–34.
4987:10.1016/S0176-2680(03)00017-X
4801:Comparative Political Studies
4510:American Behavioral Scientist
4506:"Media as Social Institution"
3988:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
3956:. Cambridge University Press.
3807:"Definitions of Institutions"
7219:The Society of the Spectacle
5401:10.1017/CBO9780511808678.003
4077:The American Economic Review
3050:, in recent years, has used
32:Institution (disambiguation)
5559:. Harvard University Press.
5068:North, Douglass C. (1990).
5043:North, Douglass C. (1990).
4473:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458
4071:David, Paul A. (May 1985).
3976:Handbook of Economic Growth
3695:Keohane, Robert O. (1988).
3453:North, Douglass C. (1991).
3371:Ideological state apparatus
3366:Historical institutionalism
3075:outcomes. For example, the
3001:Social science perspectives
7454:
6024:excerpts from Whyte's book
5764:Queen's University Belfast
5584:Levitsky; Murillo (2009),
5526:10.1162/002081802320005496
5514:International Organization
5393:Cambridge University Press
5300:10.1162/002081801317193592
5288:International Organization
4923:Social Indicators Research
4813:10.1177/001041400003300603
4007:Annual Review of Economics
3855:Annual Review of Sociology
3849:Hillmann, Henning (2013).
3318:
2026:Traditionalist Catholicism
112:Human environmental impact
36:
29:
7397:
7289:Intellectuals and Society
7239:The Culture of Narcissism
5617:10.1017/S0003055420000751
5572:Institutional Isomorphism
5465:Arthur, W. Brian (1989).
5245:Hechter, Michael (1990).
5212:Serbian Political Thought
5184:Calvert, Randall (1995).
5114:10.1017/S1744137409001283
5022:10.1017/S1537592704040472
4935:10.1007/s11205-015-1204-2
4603:10.1177/15554120231177479
4550:Martin, Patricia (2004).
4504:Silverblatt, Art (2004).
4438:10.1080/09500780902752081
4190:10.1017/S1537592704040472
3898:Calvert, Randall (1995).
3819:10.1017/9781139034142.007
3566:10.1017/9781139034142.001
3515:10.1017/S0003055404041395
3260:Institutional persistence
928:(the latter described by
7423:Management organizations
7279:The Malaise of Modernity
7229:The History of Sexuality
6328:Catholic social teaching
6006:Gielen, P. (ed. 2013),
5424:Lipscy, Phillip (2015).
5206:Pavlović, Dušan (2010).
5010:Perspectives on Politics
4917:Foldvari, Peter (2017).
4784:North, Douglass (1990).
4522:10.1177/0002764204267249
4245:Vaidyanathan, B (2011).
4178:Perspectives on Politics
3952:North, Douglass (1990).
3811:Theories of Institutions
3631:10.1017/cbo9780511806414
3558:Theories of Institutions
2954:In an extended context:
2921:charitable organizations
2514:Catholic social teaching
206:Structural functionalism
37:Not to be confused with
7359:Philosophy of education
5930:Amyx, Jennifer (2004).
5259:10.4324/9781351328807-3
5143:Sugden, Robert (1989).
4589:Obreja, Dragos (2023).
3386:Institutional economics
3351:Base and superstructure
3038:historically 'evolving'
2743:sociology of punishment
2689:sociology of the family
2630:Conservatism portal
2452:Conservative liberalism
1298:Family as a state model
226:Symbolic interactionism
121:Industrial revolutions
6298:
6252:
6238:
5555:Huntington, Samuel P.
5224:10.22182/spt.2122011.1
4426:Language and Education
4384:Dynamische Psychiatrie
4009:. 6:875-912: 875–912.
2806:sociology of education
1277:
216:Social constructionism
7364:Philosophy of history
7354:Philosophy of culture
7249:A Conflict of Visions
5999:Schotter, A. (1981),
5990:North, D. C. (1990),
5976:Greif, Avner (2006),
5904:Lustick, Ian (2011).
4597:. OnlineFirst: 1-20.
4568:10.1353/sof.2004.0081
3757:Knight, Jack (1992).
3657:Knight, Jack (1992).
3589:"Social Institutions"
3356:Cultural reproduction
3106:spontaneously ordered
2888:financial institution
2854:Psychiatric hospitals
2802:post-secondary/higher
2761:sociology of language
2699:sociology of religion
2529:Hispanic conservatism
2519:Conservative feminism
2043:Traditionalist School
591:Conversation analysis
166:Social stratification
7428:Comparative politics
7369:Political philosophy
7169:Democracy in America
6019:The Organization Man
5471:The Economic Journal
4896:10.1353/wp.2007.0018
4461:Psychological Review
4400:Ochs, Elinor. 1988.
4104:The Economic Journal
3401:Institutional racism
3396:Institutional memory
3341:Academic institution
3321:Institutionalisation
3315:Institutionalization
3189:Christopher Kingston
3156:institutions of the
3094:Public choice theory
3008:social constructions
2908:industrial sociology
2828:sociology of science
2605:Small-c conservative
2492:Anti-gender movement
1020:Samuel P. Huntington
30:For other uses, see
7438:Social institutions
7209:One-Dimensional Man
6031:Social Institutions
5251:Social Institutions
5145:"Spontaneous Order"
3411:Linkage institution
3391:Institutional logic
3381:Institutional abuse
2937:virtual communities
2843:institutions – see
2824:research institutes
2774:to aggression. See
2642:Politics portal
2578:Right-wing politics
2009:Jewish conservatism
1984:Christian democracy
1450:Social institutions
1225:Collective identity
1220:Class collaboration
1054:Geoffrey M. Hodgson
176:Social cycle theory
47:Part of a series on
7329:Cultural pessimism
7324:Cultural criticism
6223:National character
5570:Dimaggio; Powell,
5452:10.1111/ajps.12130
5162:10.1257/jep.3.4.85
4735:10.1093/cje/24.1.1
3471:10.1257/jep.5.1.97
3224:Contrastingly, in
3098:Credibility thesis
3069:increasing returns
2979:cultural sociology
2900:division of labour
2874:military sociology
2794:primary/elementary
2502:Black conservatism
2431:Related ideologies
2021:Theravada Buddhism
1414:Organised religion
1318:Complementarianism
862:Society portal
485:History of science
466:Race and ethnicity
146:Social environment
7410:
7409:
7126:
7125:
6271:Spontaneous order
6261:Social alienation
6110:Cultural heritage
6071:Social philosophy
6014:Whyte, William H.
6010:Valiz: Amsterdam.
5986:978-0-521-67134-7
5865:Mahoney, James. "
5755:Lacatus, Corina.
5268:978-1-351-32880-7
4595:Games and Culture
4150:978-0-300-11620-5
3935:978-0-19-928046-9
3828:978-0-521-87929-3
3791:Durkheim, Émile
3770:978-0-511-52817-0
3670:978-0-511-52817-0
3640:978-0-521-11883-5
3575:978-0-521-87929-3
3290:fitness landscape
3286:natural selection
3277:Natural selection
3193:Gonzalo Caballero
3085:political science
2929:political parties
2849:medical sociology
2729:philosophy of law
2678:
2677:
2541:LGBT conservatism
2524:Conservative wave
2186:National variants
2055:Personal variants
2014:Religious Zionism
1230:Cultural heritage
1203:Ancestral worship
996:James A. Robinson
914:political science
898:
897:
616:Social experiment
496:Social psychology
141:Social complexity
16:(Redirected from
7445:
7374:Social criticism
7294:
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6362:Frankfurt School
6340:Communitarianism
6303:
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5477:(394): 116–131.
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4807:(6/7): 735–761.
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4562:(4): 1249-1273.
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4110:(394): 116–131.
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2975:cultural studies
2967:culture industry
2757:sociolinguistics
2733:sociology of law
2715:Economic systems
2670:
2663:
2656:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2583:Authoritarianism
2534:in United States
2497:Anti-immigration
2447:Communitarianism
2442:Clerical fascism
1688:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
1445:Social hierarchy
1367:Moral absolutism
1282:
1087:
1064:
961:Wolfgang Streeck
890:
883:
876:
860:
859:
611:Network analysis
501:Sociocybernetics
491:Social movements
221:Social darwinism
171:Social structure
63:
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21:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7446:
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7319:Critical theory
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6323:Budapest School
6311:
6100:Cosmopolitanism
6073:
6068:
5973:, Anthem Press.
5957:
5955:Further reading
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5443:10.1.1.595.6890
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4726:10.1.1.366.5380
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4686:Land Use Policy
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4645:10.2307/2586011
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3433:Sovereign state
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3209:
3170:
3121:Steven Levitsky
3077:Cournot duopoly
3056:Nash equilibria
3003:
2994:Antonio Gramsci
2971:critical theory
2925:advocacy groups
2784:institutions –
2674:
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1989:Christian right
1979:
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1435:Public morality
1430:Property rights
1404:Ordered liberty
1279:Noblesse oblige
1240:Culture of life
1235:Cultural values
1198:
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1189:
1095:
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1001:Steven Levitsky
965:Kathleen Thelen
950:
910:social sciences
894:
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634:Major theorists
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201:Critical theory
196:Conflict theory
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151:Social equality
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7379:Social science
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7269:Gender Trouble
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7199:The Second Sex
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6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6249:
6244:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:Invisible hand
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5988:
5974:
5965:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5943:978-0691114477
5942:
5922:
5889:
5880:
5871:
5858:
5849:
5809:
5769:
5747:
5700:
5685:
5664:(1): 147–163.
5652:(2019-05-11).
5641:
5590:
5576:
5562:
5547:
5520:(2): 297–337.
5504:
5457:
5436:(2): 341–356.
5416:
5409:
5378:
5369:
5357:
5329:
5294:(4): 761–799.
5274:
5267:
5237:
5195:
5176:
5135:
5108:(2): 151–180.
5085:
5078:
5060:
5053:
5035:
5016:(4): 725–740.
5000:
4981:(3): 497–527.
4958:
4929:(2): 759–777.
4909:
4890:(1): 116–141.
4884:World Politics
4874:
4859:
4826:
4791:
4776:
4740:
4703:
4676:
4623:
4581:
4542:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4451:
4416:
4393:
4374:
4342:
4329:10.2307/353917
4307:
4280:
4271:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4184:(4): 725–740.
4164:
4149:
4129:
4094:
4083:(2): 332–337.
4063:
4030:
3993:
3959:
3941:
3934:
3909:
3883:
3861:(1): 251–273.
3841:
3827:
3797:
3784:
3769:
3742:
3707:(4): 379–396.
3684:
3669:
3646:
3639:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3544:
3484:
3455:"Institutions"
3444:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Actor analysis
3343:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3319:Main article:
3316:
3313:
3278:
3275:
3261:
3258:
3208:
3205:
3169:
3166:
3113:Douglass North
3073:path dependent
3065:Douglass North
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2910:
2876:
2872:forces – see
2863:
2862:
2861:
2830:
2809:
2779:
2764:
2746:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2703:civil religion
2692:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2566:Patriarchalism
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2480:Anti-communism
2476:
2474:Related topics
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:Ordoliberalism
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:United Kingdom
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2036:Ultramontanism
2033:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:State religion
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1308:Fundamentalism
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1180:Traditionalist
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1016:Robert Keohane
988:Daron Acemoglu
983:Douglass North
970:One prominent
949:
946:
930:Émile Durkheim
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:
878:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
803:
802:
799:
798:
652:
651:
637:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Astrosociology
258:
253:
248:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
119:
114:
109:
107:Human behavior
104:
99:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7450:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7384:Social theory
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7038:Radhakrishnan
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:20th and 21st
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6591:18th and 19th
6589:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5824:
5823:Yahoo Finance
5820:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5417:
5412:
5410:9780521397346
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5360:
5358:9780444520418
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5218:(1–2): 7–21.
5217:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5079:9780511808678
5075:
5071:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5054:9780511808678
5050:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:(2): 251–67.
4638:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:Social Forces
4553:
4546:
4543:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4467:(3): 458–89.
4466:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4432:(5): 443–60.
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4363:(2): 251–70.
4362:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:(3): 617–28.
4322:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4296:(2): 113–25.
4295:
4291:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4260:(2): 366–87.
4259:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:(1): 97–112.
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:"Lost Decade"
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:Civil society
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:media studies
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:Penal systems
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:jurisprudence
2722:
2721:Legal systems
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Right realism
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:United States
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2419:United States
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Chateaubriand
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:Intellectuals
1489:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:Law and order
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Family values
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:Ethical order
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Paternalistic
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Authoritarian
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1052:According to
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1038:Organizations
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
992:Simon Johnson
989:
984:
980:
979:conventions.
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
959:According to
957:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
852:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Organizations
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776: ·
775:
772: ·
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732: ·
731:
728:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664: ·
663:
659:
656:
649:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Computational
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
555:
554:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Environmental
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Consciousness
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
235:
234:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
190:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Social equity
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
102:Globalization
100:
98:
95:
94:
88:
87:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7287:
7277:
7267:
7257:
7247:
7237:
7227:
7217:
7207:
7197:
7187:
7177:
7167:
7157:
7147:
7137:
6557:Guicciardini
6540:Early modern
6376:Philosophers
6350:Conservatism
6345:Confucianism
6333:Distributism
6266:Social norms
6254:Sittlichkeit
6240:Ressentiment
6186:Institutions
6185:
6164:Human nature
6034:
6017:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5977:
5969:
5961:
5932:
5925:
5916:
5913:Cliodynamics
5912:
5883:
5874:
5861:
5852:
5827:. Retrieved
5822:
5812:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:CNN Business
5782:
5772:
5763:
5750:
5736:cite journal
5717:
5713:
5703:
5694:
5688:
5661:
5657:
5650:Voeten, Erik
5644:
5627:10419/228451
5607:
5603:
5593:
5585:
5579:
5571:
5565:
5556:
5550:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5392:
5372:
5362:, retrieved
5339:
5332:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5250:
5240:
5215:
5211:
5189:
5179:
5155:(4): 85–97.
5152:
5148:
5138:
5105:
5101:
5069:
5063:
5044:
5038:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4978:
4974:
4961:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4868:
4862:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4760:
4756:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4614:. Retrieved
4594:
4584:
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4516:(1): 35-41.
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4139:
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4024:1721.1/95986
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3858:
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3621:
3599:. Retrieved
3592:
3583:
3557:
3547:
3506:
3502:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3328:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3294:local maxima
3280:
3271:
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3263:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3230:
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3141:
3138:Stefan Voigt
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3084:
3082:
3061:
3047:
3046:
3022:
3004:
2986:nation-state
2953:
2904:social class
2884:corporations
2882:, including
2870:paramilitary
2820:universities
2814:community –
2770:
2679:
2556:Para-fascism
2485:White Terror
2114:
2109:Maurrassisme
2107:
2100:
2061:Berlusconism
1994:Confucianism
1703:Solzhenitsyn
1693:Gómez Dávila
1475:Subsidiarity
1455:Social order
1449:
1313:Gender roles
1077:Conservatism
1051:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:David Laitin
1024:
1014:
1010:
1006:
981:
969:
958:
953:
951:
918:anthropology
907:
901:
899:
812:Bibliography
726:
654:
653:
640:
606:Mathematical
586:Ethnographic
566:Quantitative
251:Architecture
189:Perspectives
161:Social power
7344:Historicism
7173:(1835–1840)
7139:De Officiis
6863:de Beauvoir
6833:Baudrillard
6785:Vivekananda
6775:Tocqueville
6690:Kierkegaard
6506:Ibn Khaldun
6476:Alpharabius
6367:Personalism
6276:Stewardship
6233:Reification
6228:Natural law
6149:Familialism
6115:Culturalism
5720:: 115–133.
5610:: 218–233.
4846:: 115–133.
4763:: 115–133.
4719:(1): 1–19.
4357:Criminology
4050:: 115–133.
3982:: 385–472.
3282:Ian Lustick
3242:Erik Voeten
3158:Middle Ages
3052:game theory
2992:thought of
2990:Neo-Marxist
2965:(see also:
2948:Video games
2933:think tanks
2878:Industry –
2841:health care
2782:Educational
2753:linguistics
2709:Peer groups
2457:Corporatism
2437:Agrarianism
2399:South Korea
2394:Switzerland
2344:New Zealand
2339:Netherlands
2164:Thatcherism
2132:Pinochetism
2031:Integralism
1750:Politicians
1568:Tocqueville
1533:Czartoryski
1470:Stewardship
1460:Sovereignty
1440:Rule of law
1382:Natural law
1377:Nationalism
1350:Maternalism
1335:Imperialism
1293:Familialism
1272:Meritocracy
1267:Aristocracy
1213:Traditional
1165:Reactionary
1160:Progressive
1130:Libertarian
1105:Corporatist
1026:Avner Greif
976:Jack Knight
954:institution
902:institution
817:Terminology
786:Baudrillard
662:Tocqueville
576:Comparative
571:Qualitative
541:Victimology
371:Immigration
356:Generations
271:Criminology
7417:Categories
7349:Humanities
7309:Agnotology
6968:Kołakowski
6531:Ibn Tufayl
6511:Maimonides
6455:Thucydides
6450:Tertullian
6405:Lactantius
6300:Volksgeist
6281:Traditions
6095:Convention
5829:2023-03-03
5789:2023-03-03
5364:2023-03-04
4654:1814/23648
4616:21 October
4535:21 October
3779:1127523562
3679:1127523562
3601:30 January
3509:(4): 635.
3440:References
3361:Dispositif
3102:endogenous
3042:anarchists
3034:patriarchy
3026:Adam Smith
2896:capitalism
2880:businesses
2839:and other
2767:Mass media
2561:Patriarchy
2324:Luxembourg
2202:Bangladesh
2147:Khomeinism
2091:Fujimorism
2081:Erdoğanism
2071:Cameronism
1831:De Gasperi
1796:Mannerheim
1771:Metternich
1613:Jabotinsky
1603:Chesterton
1573:Dostoevsky
1424:Patriotism
1409:Organicism
1355:Monarchism
1252:Discipline
1197:Principles
948:Definition
842:By country
596:Historical
521:Technology
461:Punishment
446:Philosophy
421:Mathematic
411:Literature
376:Industrial
366:Historical
291:Demography
211:Positivism
136:Popularity
91:Key themes
18:Instituted
7389:Sociology
7339:Historism
7048:Santayana
7018:Oakeshott
6988:MacIntyre
6973:Kropotkin
6948:Heidegger
6801:centuries
6715:Nietzsche
6680:Jefferson
6665:Helvétius
6630:Condorcet
6593:centuries
6577:Montaigne
6400:Confucius
6390:Augustine
6307:Worldview
6201:Modernity
6174:Formation
5680:1094-2939
5636:0003-0554
5491:0013-0133
5438:CiteSeerX
5308:0020-8183
5232:1450-5460
5171:0895-3309
5122:1744-1382
4904:143922732
4821:153846896
4721:CiteSeerX
4692:: 13–27.
4671:154860619
4611:258977259
4576:145432357
4530:144458574
4446:143008978
4198:1537-5927
3875:0360-0572
3837:245805736
3737:145468285
3721:0020-8833
3523:0003-0554
3479:0895-3309
3376:Institute
3134:Lars Feld
3048:Economics
3030:feminists
3012:artifacts
2837:hospitals
2798:secondary
2790:preschool
2384:Singapore
2284:Guatemala
2237:Hong Kong
2192:Australia
2159:Sarkozysm
2154:Reaganism
2127:Powellism
2086:Francoism
2076:Chiangism
1956:Bolsonaro
1941:Netanyahu
1936:Kaczyński
1846:De Gaulle
1821:Churchill
1786:Salisbury
1728:Mansfield
1708:Koselleck
1668:Oakeshott
1538:Coleridge
1480:Tradition
1419:Orthodoxy
1325:Historism
1208:Authority
1170:Religious
1155:Pragmatic
926:sociology
922:economics
658:Martineau
601:Interview
526:Terrorism
506:Sociology
451:Political
391:Knowledge
311:Education
53:Sociology
39:Institute
7402:Category
7314:Axiology
7302:See also
7093:Voegelin
7083:Spengler
7058:Shariati
7013:Nussbaum
6998:Maritain
6958:Irigaray
6938:Habermas
6903:Foucault
6888:Durkheim
6790:Voltaire
6755:de Staël
6730:Rousseau
6655:Franklin
6516:Muhammad
6501:Gelasius
6486:Avempace
6469:Medieval
6445:Polybius
6440:Plutarch
6206:Morality
6181:Ideology
6169:Identity
6078:Concepts
5838:cite web
5798:cite web
5542:55323505
5395:: 3–10.
5324:41593236
5192:: 80–82.
5130:15033144
5030:14953172
4953:28163351
4214:14953172
3906:: 58–60.
3334:See also
3180:Levitsky
3142:de facto
3126:de facto
2866:Military
2833:Medicine
2816:academia
2812:Research
2749:Language
2695:Religion
2551:Nativism
2354:Pakistan
2329:Malaysia
2249:Colombia
2169:Trumpism
2137:Putinism
2122:Metaxism
2116:Mellismo
2096:Gaullism
2066:Bukelism
2004:Islamism
1999:Hindutva
1978:Religion
1926:Fujimori
1916:Thatcher
1911:Vajpayee
1876:Pinochet
1861:Khomeini
1851:Dollfuss
1826:Adenauer
1781:Bismarck
1776:Disraeli
1738:Peterson
1678:Lefebvre
1663:Voegelin
1633:Mannheim
1618:Savarkar
1608:Spengler
1543:Karamzin
1372:Natalism
1360:Royalism
1245:Pro-Life
1150:Populist
1140:National
1135:Moderate
1110:Cultural
1094:Variants
1069:a series
1067:Part of
1060:Examples
912:such as
837:Timeline
822:Journals
790:Bourdieu
782:Habermas
778:Luhmann
774:Foucault
718:Mannheim
698:Durkheim
471:Religion
431:Military
396:Language
381:Internet
336:Feminist
320:Jealousy
306:Economic
301:Disaster
296:Deviance
239:Branches
117:Identity
7143:(44 BC)
7073:Sombart
7068:Skinner
7053:Scruton
7033:Polanyi
7008:Niebuhr
6993:Marcuse
6928:Gramsci
6923:Gentile
6883:Du Bois
6873:Deleuze
6843:Benoist
6813:Agamben
6770:Thoreau
6760:Stirner
6750:Spencer
6700:Le Play
6650:Fourier
6635:Emerson
6620:Carlyle
6605:Bentham
6582:Müntzer
6552:Erasmus
6526:Plethon
6521:Photios
6481:Aquinas
6415:Mencius
6383:Ancient
6316:Schools
6196:Loyalty
6154:History
6142:Counter
6137:Culture
6105:Customs
5825:. Yahoo
5534:3078607
5499:2234208
5316:3078615
4995:2303068
4944:5250652
4663:2586011
4206:3688540
4124:2234208
4089:1805621
3729:2600589
3539:1983672
3531:4145329
3429:country
3184:Murillo
3160:to the
3146:de juri
3130:de jure
2963:culture
2892:factory
2858:history
2786:schools
2610:Toryism
2598:Radical
2409:Ukraine
2294:Iceland
2289:Hungary
2274:Germany
2264:Finland
2259:Denmark
2207:Belgium
2197:Austria
2142:Qutbism
2102:Janismo
1896:Suharto
1841:Salazar
1816:Metaxas
1806:Maurras
1801:Baldwin
1791:Dmowski
1766:Canning
1733:Scruton
1718:Buckley
1713:Mishima
1673:Burnham
1648:Strauss
1623:Schmitt
1553:Carlyle
1548:Savigny
1518:Maistre
1498:Johnson
1392:Customs
1345:Loyalty
1262:Elitism
1125:Liberal
1043:contain
794:Giddens
792:·
788:·
780:·
768:·
766:Goffman
762:Schoeck
748:·
740:·
716:·
714:Du Bois
712:·
704:·
700:·
692:·
686:Tönnies
684:·
670:Spencer
668:·
646:·
559:Methods
536:Utopian
481:Science
426:Medical
416:Marxist
406:Leisure
316:Emotion
281:Culture
97:Society
76:Outline
71:History
7334:Ethics
7293:(2010)
7283:(1991)
7273:(1990)
7263:(1987)
7253:(1987)
7243:(1979)
7233:(1976)
7223:(1967)
7213:(1964)
7203:(1949)
7193:(1935)
7183:(1930)
7163:(1756)
7153:(1486)
7098:Walzer
7088:Taylor
7078:Sowell
7063:Simmel
7028:Pareto
7023:Ortega
6933:Guénon
6918:Gehlen
6913:Gandhi
6868:Debord
6853:Butler
6848:Berlin
6838:Bauman
6828:Badiou
6818:Arendt
6808:Adorno
6740:Ruskin
6695:Le Bon
6670:Herder
6645:Fichte
6640:Engels
6610:Bonald
6600:Arnold
6572:Milton
6567:Luther
6547:Calvin
6425:Origen
6395:Cicero
6355:Social
6291:Family
6286:Values
6247:Rights
6211:Public
6159:Honour
6090:Anomie
6085:Agency
5984:
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3162:modern
3154:feudal
3144:, not
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2886:– see
2826:– see
2800:, and
2685:Family
2546:NatCon
2404:Turkey
2389:Sweden
2379:Serbia
2374:Russia
2369:Poland
2359:Panama
2349:Norway
2334:Mexico
2309:Israel
2279:Greece
2269:France
2242:Taiwan
2222:Canada
2217:Brazil
2212:Belize
2174:Ziaism
1966:Meloni
1881:Marcos
1871:Powell
1866:Reagan
1856:Franco
1836:Chiang
1811:Horthy
1723:Sowell
1658:Freyre
1638:Jünger
1593:Belloc
1588:Nordau
1583:Le Bon
1563:Newman
1523:Bonald
1428:
1330:Honour
1175:Social
1115:Fiscal
994:, and
934:family
924:, and
832:People
770:Bauman
750:Nisbet
746:Merton
738:Gehlen
734:Adorno
727:1900s:
702:Addams
694:Simmel
690:Veblen
682:Pareto
674:Le Bon
655:1800s:
648:Sieyès
641:1700s:
621:Survey
546:Visual
456:Public
361:Health
351:Gender
341:Fiscal
331:Family
7131:Works
7118:Žižek
7103:Weber
7043:Röpke
7003:Negri
6983:Lasch
6953:Hoppe
6908:Fromm
6898:Evola
6878:Dewey
6858:Camus
6765:Taine
6745:Smith
6735:Royce
6725:Renan
6660:Hegel
6625:Comte
6615:Burke
6562:Locke
6496:Dante
6491:Bruni
6460:Xunzi
6435:Plato
6430:Philo
6410:Laozi
6218:Mores
6130:Multi
6120:Inter
5909:(PDF)
5785:. CNN
5760:(PDF)
5538:S2CID
5530:JSTOR
5495:JSTOR
5320:S2CID
5312:JSTOR
5126:S2CID
5026:S2CID
4991:S2CID
4971:(PDF)
4900:S2CID
4817:S2CID
4667:S2CID
4659:JSTOR
4607:S2CID
4572:S2CID
4526:S2CID
4442:S2CID
4333:JSTOR
4250:(PDF)
4210:S2CID
4202:JSTOR
4155:JSTOR
4120:JSTOR
4085:JSTOR
3833:S2CID
3733:S2CID
3725:JSTOR
3535:S2CID
3527:JSTOR
3421:State
3017:roles
2804:–see
2771:media
2319:Japan
2314:Italy
2299:India
2232:China
2227:Chile
1961:Orbán
1951:Putin
1931:Trump
1891:Smith
1756:Adams
1653:Röpke
1643:Evola
1628:Eliot
1598:Iorga
1578:Taine
1558:Ranke
1508:Burke
1397:Mores
1387:Norms
1185:Ultra
1120:Green
938:money
805:Lists
754:Mills
730:Fromm
722:Elias
710:Weber
644:Comte
531:Urban
516:Sport
511:Space
476:Rural
436:Music
386:Jewry
286:Death
246:Aging
81:Index
7113:Zinn
7108:Weil
6978:Land
6963:Kirk
6823:Aron
6780:Vico
6720:Owen
6710:Mill
6705:Marx
6685:Kant
6675:Hume
6420:Mozi
6125:Mono
5982:ISBN
5938:ISBN
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5844:link
5804:link
5742:link
5676:ISSN
5632:ISSN
5487:ISSN
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5263:ISBN
5228:ISSN
5167:ISSN
5118:ISSN
5074:ISBN
5049:ISBN
4949:PMID
4618:2023
4537:2023
4194:ISSN
4145:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3871:ISSN
3823:ISBN
3775:OCLC
3765:ISBN
3717:ISSN
3675:OCLC
3665:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3603:2015
3570:ISBN
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3191:and
3182:and
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2304:Iran
2254:Cuba
1946:Modi
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1761:Pitt
1698:Kirk
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1513:More
1503:Hume
1257:Duty
1028:and
963:and
758:Bell
742:Aron
706:Mead
678:Ward
666:Marx
346:Food
266:Body
6943:Han
6893:Eco
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5666:doi
5622:hdl
5612:doi
5608:115
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5448:doi
5397:doi
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5296:doi
5255:doi
5220:doi
5157:doi
5110:doi
5018:doi
4983:doi
4939:PMC
4931:doi
4927:130
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4694:doi
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