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subdue himself with bodily restraints, or bodily exercises and labors that neither satiety nor slothfulness tempt him to sin, but not that we may merit grace or make satisfaction for sins by such exercises. And such external discipline ought to be urged at all times, not only on a few and set days. So Christ commands, Luke 21:34: Take heed lest your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting; also Matt. 17:21: This kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting. Paul also says, 1 Cor. 9:27: I keep under my body and bring it into subjection. Here he clearly shows that he was keeping under his body, not to merit forgiveness of sins by that discipline, but to have his body in subjection and fitted for spiritual things, and for the discharge of duty according to his calling.
387:
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born. After our baptism, the imputed sin of our First
Parents is washed from our life, however a residue or stain of the Original Sin remains with us, what is known as concupiscence. The effects of this residue or stain are experienced primarily in our will, tending in the direction of a love of self rather than a love of God. This is what is meant by a "disordered will." This disorder can be expressed through our external senses as well as the operations of our soul, e.g., the imagination, memory, and intellect. Mortification seeks to address these manifestations of the "disordered will."
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172:: "For if you live according to the flesh you will die, but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body you will live." The same idea is seen in other verses, such as Colossians 3:5 ("Put to death what is earthly in you: fornication, impurity, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry") and Galatians 5:24 ("And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires"). Support for such behavior in the
727:, practiced self-flagellation in order "to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God". According to other evangelical Christian commentators, using Paul's writings and other passages from the New Testament to justify the practise of mortification of the flesh is a complete misinterpretation, arguing that Paul shows a very high view of Christ's redeeming work in the verses leading up to Colossians 1:24.
401:
1559:
of the world was for sensual pleasures, should run the matter too far o' the contrary extreme, and attempt to persuade us to have no senses at all ...But for all that, mortification is still an indispensable
Christian duty." John, in his later years, would continue to hold à Kempis in high regard, recommending him to Sammie Wesley, Charles's son, for edification and hoped for evangelical conversion.
850:
472:
731:"He understands this redemptive work to be finished, completed, and perfected. Nothing remains to be done, and the suffering of Christ's followers does not put the finishing touches on the triumph of Calvary. Paul does not believe that suffering has any atoning benefit for himself or for others. It does, however, 'serve to increase Paul's living knowledge of Christ.'"
736:
athletes who sacrifice normal pursuits for the sake of strict training and a competitive edge". In the
Corinth church there were grey areas of lifestyle and behaviors not specifically covered by the Mosaic law, and Paul was encouraging them to discipline themselves to abstain from those behaviors and practices for the sake of winning others to Christ.
415:
1650:
Ascetic disciplines in both
Catholicism and Protestantism were a system of rules of conduct to control the flesh by starvation and renunciation." John Cennick, the first Methodist lay preacher, exemplifies the fact that Protestant ascetics were required to adopt monastic regimens of the body in their
1615:
Methodist preachers, in particular, may have been tempted to take the elevation of the spirit and concomitant mortification of the body to extremes. Early circuit riders often arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees without food or drink or physical comforts sometimes
1017:
The Holy Spirit frees the believers from sin and death. To this end the Word declares, "There is therefore now no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus, who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit. For the Law of the Spirit of Life in Christ Jesus has made me free from
915:
Saint Paul sets forth in the above two passages the fundamental reason why we are in need of mortification. The
Christian must continually seek to crucify and put to death that dimension of our self that remains under the influence of the fallen state of the First Adam into which we are conceived and
1766:
In the many letters to her correspondents, Fish, Anthony, Hopkins, and Noyes, Osborn examined the state of her soul, sought spiritual guidance in the midst of her perplexities, and created a written forum for her continued self-examination. She cultivated an intense and abiding spirit of evangelical
1558:
Samuel weighed the pros and cons of Thomas à Kempis on the mortification of the flesh with Samuel taking a moderate position between two extremes. As for T. Kempsis, all the world are apt to strain o' one side or t'other. And 'tis no wonder if contemplative men...when they observed how mad the bulk
1228:
In 302 A.D. Emperor
Diocletian issued the first of many edicts to persecute Christians ... When others began to see the Christians' devotion and willingness to die for their beiefs, they began to question their own lives. Even though there were an estimated 20,000 people killed in the persecution,
818:
In some contexts, modern practices of body modification and plastic surgery overlap with mortification. Often, secular people will undergo painful experiences in order to become more self-aware, to take control of their bodies or "own" them more fully, to bond with a group that is spiritual in its
1300:
López Aliaga, a member of Opus Dei, the conservative
Catholic movement, raised eyebrows recently by revealing he uses a cilice — a metal chain with spikes on it — to suppress his sexual desire and bring him closer to God. "It's a small mortification and I do it voluntarily," he told a local radio
528:
For they have always taught concerning the cross that it behooves
Christians to bear afflictions. This is the true, earnest, and unfeigned mortification, to wit, to be exercised with divers afflictions, and to be crucified with Christ. Moreover, they teach that every Christian ought to train and
735:
This suffering Paul refers to comes as one takes on the commission to share the gospel. Persecution and suffering such as that experienced by Christ will follow and
Christians should see this suffering as a divine necessity. In chapter 9, "Paul compares the evangelistic lifestyle of believers to
749:
Some indigenous cultures' shamans believe that endurance of pain or denial of appetites serves to increase spiritual power. In many indigenous cultures, painful rites are used to mark sexual maturity, marriage, procreation, or other major life stages. In Africa and
Australia, indigenous people
217:), which more strictly refers to the physical body of a human. Thus in Romans 8:13, Paul draws a parallel between fallen people, with proclivities to sin without chance of redemption, and redeemed people, who are so changed that mortification of their fleshly sin can turn to bodily life, from
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and mortification of the flesh, and a holy contempt of this world, you will wrest the most dangerous weapons of the hand of the strong man armed, and will take from him that part of his armour most trusted, for it is by the world and the flesh that he mostly fights against us: nay, and this
1351:
Hundreds of locals in the medieval village of Guardia Sanframondi in the southern region of Campania will gather this week to beat themselves in the chest with corks containing metal spikes. ... During the march, they will pound their chests with 'spugna', a round piece of cork containing
837:
explained his use of these rites as a way to awaken the spirit to the body's limits, and put it in control of them. Others who have used these experiences to transcend physical limitations report a feeling of mastery over their physical circumstance, along with a widened perspective.
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or the bites of ants are common rituals to mark a boy's transition to adulthood. Human rights organizations in several areas of the world have protested some of these methods, which can be forced upon the participants, although some are voluntary and are a source of pride and status.
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A third factor Christians brought was their belief in Jesus' resurrection, and the certainty of their own eternal life. That made them willing to die for their faith. There are many stories of martyrs who, before death, won to the faith their persecutors or those that watched them
637:
John Wesley Childs was known for "limiting what he would eat" and choosing "to walk beside his horse rather than to ride in order to demonstrate his willingness to suffer for his calling and to try to heighten his religious experience through subjecting himself to trials." The
608:
continued "to hold à Kempis in high regard". As such, he likewise wrote that "efforts to manifest true faith would be 'quickened' by self mortification and entire obedience". Moreover, he "spoke approvingly of 'voluntary instances of mortification' in his journals". Methodist
652:
By using yourselves to consideration, you will come to be aware of the snares that your spiritual enemies lay for you, of the snake under the green grass, and will not be imposed upon so easily as many are by the wiles of Satan; and by habituating yourselves to
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everyday lives. "He fasted long and often, and prayed nine times a day. Fancying dry bread too great an indulgence for so great a sinner as himself, he began to feed on potatoes, acorns, crabs, and grass; and often wished that he could live on roots and herbs.
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aims, or to overcome the body's limitations in ways that do not refer to any higher power. Many times these rites are intended to empower the participant, rather than humble them. This represents a very different aim than many traditional mortifications.
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as a way of imitating Jesus who, according to the New Testament, voluntarily accepted the sufferings of his passion and death on the cross at Calvary in order to redeem humankind. Some Christians note that the cross carried by Jesus is the crossbar or
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believe that by manipulating and modifying their bodies (by painful processes) they can strengthen the bond between their bodies and spirits, and become more spiritually aware. This group uses rites of passage from many traditions including
297:, a rough tree trunk, which probably weighed 80–110 pounds (36–50 kg). Jesus also fasted for 40 days and 40 nights, an example of submission to the first person of the Trinity, God the Father, and as a way of preparing for ministry.
249:, sexual relations, or an area of life that makes the person's spiritual life more difficult or burdensome. It can also be practiced by choosing a simple or even impoverished lifestyle; this is often one reason many
1504:
Luther subjected himself to long periods of fasting and self-flagellation. He spent many sleepless nights in a stone cell without a blanket to protect him from the damp cold that was characteristic of the
340:
Christians practicing mortification of the flesh often use instruments of penance as they repent, with the purpose of being contrite and sharing in the suffering of Jesus. These include the following:
41:
633:
nine times a day, fasted and "fancying dry bread too great an indulgence for so great a sinner as himself, he began to feed on potatoes, acorns, crabs, and grass". The Methodist
304:, they often embraced their fate of suffering due to their love for Christ and the transformation they said they experienced from following him; these individuals became
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Though he did not go to the ends that had Luther— including even self-flagellation — the methods of ritualistic observance, self-denial, and good works did not satisfy.
541:, but instead to "keep the body in a condition such that it does not hinder one from doing what one has been commanded to do, according to one's calling (Latin:
1425:
The Augsburg Confession: A Brief Review of Its History and an Interpretation of Its Doctrinal Articles, with Introductory Discussions on Confessional Questions
300:
The early Christians mortified the flesh through martyrdom and through what has been called "confession of the faith": accepting torture in a joyful way. As
211:), a word denoting the fallen or sinful elements, parts, and proclivities of humanity. This word is juxtaposed in Romans 8:13 with the term used for 'body' (
555:
stated that "inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various outward mortification of the flesh." He practiced mortification of the flesh through
195:
through temptation to sin. The Apostle Paul, who authored Romans, expected believers to "put to death" the deeds of the flesh. The word for 'flesh' in
1723:
898:
386:
1229:
Christianity grew ... These men were willing to die to spread the message of Jesus. They experienced transformation and wanted others to do the same.
466:
312:, a Western church father and biblical scholar who translated the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), was famous for his severe penances in the desert.
1051:
Cody, A. O. (1990). p. 358 The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. (S. J. Raymond E. Brown, Ed.) Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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In this period Clement of Alexandria, St Jerome, and Tertullian make the mortification of the flesh by fasting and abstinence as a way to holiness.
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include "unostentatious fasting or self-denial; increased prayer, by attending to worship and various devotions; and the sacrificial giving of
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502:, which the Catholic tradition interprets as renouncing the joy of human marriage for a superior chastity and higher supernatural ends (cf.
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In its simplest form, mortification of the flesh can mean merely denying oneself certain pleasures, such as permanently or temporarily
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version of Romans 8:13 and Colossians 3:5, is primarily used in a Christian context, other cultures may have analogous concepts of
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Shamans often use painful rites and self-denial such as fasting or celibacy to attain transformation, or to commune with spirits.
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the law of sin and death" (Rom. 8:1-2). The Holy Ghost is the Agent of the mortification of the sins of the flesh (Rom. 8:12-13).
126:(Hebrew Bible) considered to be precursors to Christian ideas of self-mortification include Zechariah 13:6 and 1 Kings 18:28–29.
593:
428:
347:, a scourge usually having seven tails (representing the seven deadly sins and seven virtues) for self-flagellation of the back
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humiliation—self-flagellation and self-torture to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God.
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is found in some verses such as Proverbs 20:30: "Blows that wound cleanse away evil; strokes make clean the innermost parts."
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Some canonized Catholic saints and founders of Catholic religious organizations practiced mortification in order to imitate
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on the mortification of the flesh and concluded that "mortification is still an indispensable Christian duty." His son,
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states that "mortification of the flesh, or the putting to death of the passions which hinder attainment of the
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of mortifying the flesh as they "arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees
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sought through self-inflicted pain to gain remission for their sins, by sharing in Christ's suffering,
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It has been speculated that extreme practices of mortification of the flesh may be used to obtain an
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Imagining Methodism in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief, and the Borders of the Self
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sometimes use genital mutilation on boys and girls that is intentionally painful, including
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353:, a garment made of camel's hair or sackcloth worn to cause the Christian mild discomfort
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183:, "deeds of the body" and "what is earthly" refer to the "wounded nature" of man or his
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take vows of poverty. Among votarists, traditional forms of physical mortification are
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so that attention is not drawn toward themselves as they repent but rather to God.
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498:. Another way of mortification that developed quickly in the early centuries was
90:. Common forms of Christian mortification that are practiced to this day include
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helps believers in the "mortification of the sins of the flesh." Verses in the
102:. Also common among Christian religious orders in the past were the wearing of
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Liturgy and Sacrament, Mystagogy and Martyrdom: Essays in Theological Exegesis
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The Dynamics of Christian Mission: History Through a Missiological Perspective
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Mortification of the flesh is undertaken by Christians in order to repent of
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The Boundless Frontier: America from Christopher Columbus to Abraham Lincoln
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for those who believe these painful procedures expand their consciousness.
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is an act by which an individual or group seeks to mortify or deaden their
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359:, a wire chain worn around the legs to cause the penitent mild discomfort
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1286:"Weary Peruvians to choose yet another president amid crises and Covid"
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Act by which an individual or group seeks to deaden their sinful nature
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The Protestant Ethic and the "spirit" of Capitalism and Other Writings
662:, that you may be able to stand in the evil day; and so to resist the
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199:, the language in which the New Testament was originally written, is
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tradition, mortification of the flesh is not done in order to earn
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82:, mortification of the flesh is undertaken in order to repent for
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Through the centuries, some Christians have practiced voluntary
899:"Seeking Sanctification Through the Practice of Mortification"
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supports the practice of mortification of the flesh, stating:
83:
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206:
1389:"UK pilgrims will carry life-sized cross to historic shrine"
1271:
A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic
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By the Vision of Another World: Worship in American History
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By the Vision of Another World: Worship in American History
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In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification,
1747:
Religious Melancholy and Protestant Experience in America
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Religious Melancholy and Protestant Experience in America
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257:. In some of its more severe forms, it can mean using a
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Rite of Consecration of Virgins, prayer of consecration
1891:
1875:
Sacred Pain-Hurting the Body for the sake of the Soul
563:, even sleeping in a stone cell without a blanket.
483:(beaters) mortifying the flesh with spugnas in the
1720:"The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition"
1246:Anglican Ritualism in Victorian Britain, 1830-1910
621:or physical comforts sometimes for hours on end".
928:
926:
924:
583:depicting a Methodist circuit rider on horseback
1569:
1567:
973:Wilkins, John; Nadeau, Robin (17 August 2015).
729:
650:
526:
935:Art and Violence in Early Renaissance Florence
604:, the evangelical Christian progenitor of the
1170:"G4983 - sōma - Strong's Greek Lexicon (Esv)"
1156:"G4561 - sarx - Strong's Greek Lexicon (Esv)"
901:. Marian Catechist Apostolate. Archived from
8:
1924:Gay Body, a Journey through Shadow to Self,
1537:
1535:
1368:. The Mystical Humanity of Christ Publishing
1239:
1237:
703:It became "quite common" for members of the
251:monastics of various Christian denominations
191:); humanity suffers the consequences of the
577:The Circuit Rider: A Tale of the Heroic Age
332:in a seven-hour procession; penitents wear
187:(evil inclinations as a consequence of the
1667:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 44.
1603:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 44.
1003:The Anointing and Power of the Holy Spirit
1724:Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
1544:The Prevenient Piety of Samuel Wesley, Sr
1366:"The Mortification of the Flesh and Lent"
1339:"Italian religious festival bans selfies"
1087:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 52.
683:, is practiced with three disciplines of
644:in 1813 published a statement written by
1428:. Lutheran Publication Society. p.
1212:Germain, Blaine St. (7 September 2011).
975:A Companion to Food in the Ancient World
658:sober-mindedness will put you the whole
570:
467:Mortification in Roman Catholic teaching
40:
1713:
1711:
1248:. Oxford University Press. p. 60.
1085:Calvin's Doctrine of The Christian Life
889:
382:
1938:, Vale and Juno, RE/Search press, 1989
1693:Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, Volume 36
1542:Torpy, Arthur Alan (26 October 2009).
1313:Morrow, Jeffrey L. (13 October 2020).
711:to practice self-flagellation using a
977:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 83.
7:
1963:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1574:Anderson, Misty G. (14 March 2012).
1001:Onu, Godsword G. (2 February 2015).
794:to achieve spiritual experiences or
34:. For the Christian metal band, see
1750:. Oxford University Press. p.
1634:. Oxford University Press. p.
1471:. Concordia Publishing House. 2000.
1005:. Osmora Incorporated. p. 25.
328:in Italy mortifying the flesh with
141:; secular practices exist as well.
1812:. The NIV Application Commentary.
1783:. The NIV Application Commentary.
798:. In modern times, members of the
745:Indigenous practices and shamanism
302:Christians experienced persecution
30:For the theological doctrine, see
25:
1951:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1485:Martin Luther: Justified by Grace
1387:Jones, Kevin J. (23 March 2013).
677:Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate
1546:. Scarecrow Press. p. 104.
1341:. Express Digest. 24 August 2017
1273:. Chatto and Windus. p. 56.
1269:Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1884).
1083:Wallace, Ronald (23 June 1997).
848:
740:Analogous non-Christian concepts
441:
427:
413:
399:
385:
953:As Fra Antonio emphasised, the
57:in his hand, kneeling before a
47:Basilica of Santa Maria Novella
1983:Catholic penitential practices
1469:Theses, Ninety-five, of Luther
1183:Pierson, Paul Everett (2009).
792:altered state of consciousness
613:were known for practicing the
306:martyrs of the Christian faith
71:, as a part of the process of
1:
1888:"Church of Body Modification"
1447:. Penguin Books. p. 54.
1422:Neve, Juergen Ludwig (1914).
1317:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1284:Long, Gideon (6 April 2021).
719:writer and leader within the
255:chain cilices and hair-shirts
666:, that he may flee from you.
201:
133:, which is derived from the
1523:University Press of America
1216:. Lucid Books. p. 58.
897:Scheckel, Roger J. (2006).
864:Confraternities of the Cord
800:Church of Body Modification
641:Wesleyan Methodist Magazine
508:). for the sake of Christ.
2004:
1808:Craig L. Blomberg (1994).
1779:Darrel E. Garland (1998).
1578:. JHU Press. p. 114.
1187:. WCIU Press. p. 45.
933:Nethersole, Scott (2018).
699:Other Christian viewpoints
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371:, which is carried in the
326:confraternity of penitents
225:
219:
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162:mortification of the flesh
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131:mortification of the flesh
65:Mortification of the flesh
29:
1744:Rubin, Julius H. (1994).
1628:Rubin, Julius H. (1994).
1482:Lindberg, Carter (1988).
695:(charitable donations)."
648:for Christian believers:
596:examined the writings of
1663:Bratt, James D. (2012).
1599:Bratt, James D. (2012).
1488:. Graded Press. p.
456:Denominational practices
151:Mortification (theology)
114:'s suffering and death.
32:Mortification (theology)
1914:Victoria L. Pitts, 2003
1781:Colossians and Philemon
505:Works of Supererogation
179:According to Christian
1214:Generation Transformed
815:, to seek their aims.
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668:
625:, the first Methodist
584:
548:The Ninety-Five Theses
542:
531:
491:
337:
316:Instruments of penance
233:Forms of mortification
61:
1988:Christian terminology
1960:Catholic Encyclopedia
1954:"Mortification"
1244:Yates, Nigel (1999).
959:in imitatione Christi
721:evangelical Christian
689:spiritual disciplines
619:without food or drink
587:Further information:
574:
543:juxta vocationem suam
474:
323:
149:Further information:
44:
18:Instrument of penance
1877:, A. Glucklich, 2003
615:spiritual discipline
477:Christian procession
36:Mortification (band)
1696:. 1813. p. 252
1443:Weber, Max (2002).
874:Guardia Sanframondi
856:Christianity portal
518:Augsburg Confession
489:Guardia Sanframondi
373:imitation of Christ
247:alcoholic beverages
98:, as well as pious
1850:"Rites of Passage"
709:Anglican Communion
627:itinerant preacher
585:
575:Illustration from
492:
338:
263:flagellate oneself
129:Although the term
116:Christian theology
62:
1936:Modern Primitives
1926:M. Thompson, 1999
1823:978-0-310-48490-5
1794:978-0-310-57098-1
1616:for hours on end.
1324:978-1-5326-9382-3
1298:on 6 April 2021.
948:978-0-300-23351-3
786:Secular practices
717:Congregationalist
681:kingdom of heaven
671:Western Orthodoxy
594:Samuel Wesley Sr.
561:self-flagellation
281:and share in the
269:to beat oneself.
108:self-flagellation
86:and share in the
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