Global surface temperature - Knowledge (XXG)

1258: 1693: 787: 1382: 416: 1492: 1018: 1483:. The area of cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures that defines La Niña conditions can push global temperatures downward, if the phenomenon is strong enough. The slowdown in global warming rates over the 1998 to 2012 period is also less pronounced in current generations of observational datasets than in those available at the time in 2012. The temporary slowing of warming rates ended after 2012, with every year from 2015 onwards warmer than any year prior to 2015, but it is expected that warming rates will continue to fluctuate on decadal timescales through the 21st century. 358: 1294:, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average. El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase. In the absence of other short-term influences such as volcanic eruptions, strong El Niño years are typically 0.1 °C to 0.2 °C warmer than the years immediately preceding and following them, and strong La Niña years 0.1 °C to 0.2 °C cooler. The signal is most prominent in the year in which the El Niño/La Niña ends. 1689:, and small scale fluctuations are washed out. Even the best proxy records contain far fewer observations than the worst periods of the observational record, and the spatial and temporal resolution of the resulting reconstructions is correspondingly coarse. Connecting the measured proxies to the variable of interest, such as temperature or rainfall, is highly non-trivial. Data sets from multiple complementary proxies covering overlapping time periods and areas are reconciled to produce the final reconstructions. 209: 1776: 2064: 2036: 1429: 509: 497: 1821: 40: 1915: 6869: 6857: 2022: 1947:, and it is the longest available ice core in Antarctica. In recent years, more and more new studies have provided older but discrete records. Due to the uniqueness of the Antarctic ice sheet, the Antarctic ice core not only records the global temperature changes, but also contains huge quantities of information about the global biogeochemical cycles, climate dynamics and abrupt changes in global climate. 1935:

of latitudinal distribution of methane sources. Increase in methane concentration shown by Greenland ice core records implies that the global wetland area has changed greatly over past years. As a component of greenhouse gases, methane plays an important role in global warming. The variation of methane from Greenland records makes a unique contribution for global temperature records undoubtedly.

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Numerous drivers have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures. An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change: each of the last four decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850.

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and ships around the globe. Areas that are densely populated tend to have a high density of measurement points. In contrast, temperature observations are more spread out in sparsely populated areas such as polar regions and deserts, as well as in many regions of Africa and South America. In the past,

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When scientists explored the trapped gas in the ice core bubbles, they found that the methane concentration in Greenland ice core is significantly higher than that in Antarctic samples of similar age, the records of changes of concentration difference between Greenland and Antarctic reveal variation

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Through 1940, the average annual temperature increased, but was relatively stable between 1940 and 1975. Since 1975, it has increased by roughly 0.15 °C to 0.20 °C per decade, to at least 1.1 °C (1.9 °F) above 1880 levels. The current annual GMST is about 15 °C (59 °F),

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Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.

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Each of the seven years in 2015-2021 was clearly warmer than any pre-2014 year, and this trend is expected to be true for some time to come (that is, the 2016 record will be broken before 2026 etc.). A decadal forecast by the World Meteorological Organisation issued in 2021 stated a probability of

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Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record. For comparison: IPCC uses the mean of four different datasets and

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The most recent climate model simulations give a range of results for changes in global-average temperature. Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behaviour. There is no fundamental inconsistency among

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show the coverage for the average of the year 2000. Coverage for earlier in the 20th and 19th centuries would be significantly less. While temperature changes vary both in size and direction from one location to another, the numbers from different locations are combined to produce an estimate of a

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As a paleothermometry, the ice core in central Greenland showed consistent records on the surface-temperature changes. According to the records, changes in global climate are rapid and widespread. Warming phase only needs simple steps, however, the cooling process requires more prerequisites and

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Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved. A study in

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Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and

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approximately 40 million years ago. This deepening phase, and the accompanying cycles, largely began approximately 3 million years ago with the growth of continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. Gradual changes in Earth's climate of this kind have been frequent during the existence of

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The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F). The estimate is uncertain, but

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a variety of methods can be used. This includes radiosondes launched using weather balloons, a variety of satellites, and aircraft. Satellites can monitor temperatures in the upper atmosphere but are not commonly used to measure temperature change at the surface. Ocean temperatures at different

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Temperature anomalies are useful for deriving average surface temperatures because they tend to be highly correlated over large distances (of the order of 1000 km). In other words, anomalies are representative of temperature changes over large areas and distances. By comparison, absolute

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Cooperative Observer Program has established minimum standards regarding the instrumentation, siting, and reporting of surface temperature stations. The observing systems available are able to detect year-to-year temperature variations such as those caused by El Niño or volcanic eruptions.

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show a warming of 1.09 °C (range: 0.95 to 1.20 °C) from 1850–1900 to 2011–2020, based on multiple independently produced datasets. The trend is faster since the 1970s than in any other 50-year period over at least the last 2000 years. Within that upward trend, some variability in

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The ice core records from low-latitude regions are not as common as records from polar regions, however, these records still provide much useful information for scientists. Ice cores in low-latitude regions are usually from high altitude areas. The Guliya record is the longest record from

407:. This was around 3 million years ago. At that time, mean global temperatures were about 2–4 °C (3.6–7.2 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures. The global mean sea level was up to 25 metres (82 ft) higher than it is today. The modern observed rise in temperature and CO 337:

Land air temperatures are rising faster than sea surface temperatures. Land temperatures have warmed by 1.59 °C (range: 1.34 to 1.83 °C) from 1850–1900 to 2011–2020, while sea surface temperatures have warmed by 0.88 °C (range: 0.68 to 1.01 °C) over the same period.

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One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998". This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability. Internal climate variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system, such as the

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It is unlikely that any uncorrected effects from urbanisation, or changes in land use or land cover, have raised global land temperature changes by more than 10%. However, larger urbanisation signals have been found locally in some rapidly urbanising regions, such as eastern

746:). Usually it is a period of 30 years. For example, a commonly used baseline period is 1951-1980. Therefore, if the average temperature for that time period was 15 °C, and the currently measured temperature is 17 °C, then the temperature anomaly is +2 °C. 1744:; records of good and bad harvests; dates of spring blossom or lambing; extraordinary falls of rain and snow; and unusual floods or droughts. Such records can be used to infer historical temperatures, but generally in a more qualitative manner than natural proxies. 5263:

Petit, J. R.; Jouzel, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barkov, N. I.; Barnola, J. M.; Basile, I.; Bender, M.; Chappellaz, J.; Davis, J.; Delaygue, G.; Delmotte, M.; Kotlyakov, V. M.; Legrand, M.; Lipenkov, V.; Lorius, C.; Pépin, L.; Ritz, C.; Saltzman, E.; Stievenard, M. (1999).

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temperatures vary markedly over even short distances. A dataset based on anomalies will also be less sensitive to changes in the observing network (such as a new station opening in a particularly hot or cold location) than one based on absolute values will be.

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can have a significant global cooling effect for one to three years after the eruption. This effect is most prominent for tropical volcanoes as the resultant aerosols can spread over both hemispheres. The largest eruptions of the last 100 years, such as the

377:. Global surface temperatures have risen by 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). Scientists say they will rise further in the future. The changes in climate are not uniform across the Earth. In particular, most land areas have warmed faster than most ocean areas. The 1684:

Geographic coverage by these proxies is necessarily sparse, and various proxies are more sensitive to faster fluctuations. For example, tree rings, ice cores, and corals generally show variation on an annual time scale, but borehole reconstructions rely on

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Figure 6: Short-term Variations Versus Long-term Trend, in: D. Is the global temperature still increasing? Isn't there recent evidence that it is actually 1 cooling?, in: Appendix I: NCA Climate Science – Addressing Commonly Asked Questions from A to

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length records are correlated with climatic fluctuations. From these, proxy temperature reconstructions of the last 2000 years have been performed for the northern hemisphere, and over shorter time scales for the southern hemisphere and tropics.

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The period for which reasonably reliable instrumental records of near-surface temperature exist with quasi-global coverage is generally considered to begin around 1850. Earlier records exist, but with sparser coverage, largely confined to the

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were read manually to record temperatures. Nowadays, measurements are usually connected with electronic sensors which transmit data automatically. Surface temperature data is usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute values.

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probably lies within 0.5 °C of the true value. Given the difference in uncertainties between this absolute value and any annual anomaly, it's not valid to add them together to imply a precise absolute value for a specific year.

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In 2004 scientists found trends of +0.19 degrees Celsius per decade when applied to the RSS dataset. Others found 0.20 degrees Celsius per decade up between 1978 and 2005, since which the dataset has not been updated.

4355:"The chart that defines our warming world / Is this the simplest way to show what is meant by global warming? The chart below organises all the countries of the world by region, time and temperature. The trend is unmistakeable" 1404:

Surface Temperature group and made public in October 2011, found that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results mirrors those obtained from earlier studies carried out by the NOAA, the

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Global warming by decade: In the last four decades, global average surface temperatures during a given decade have almost always been higher than the average temperature in the preceding decade (data for 1850 to 2020 based on

626:(RSS) find an upward trend. For the lower troposphere, UAH found a global average trend between 1978 and 2019 of 0.130 degrees Celsius per decade. RSS found a trend of 0.148 degrees Celsius per decade, to January 2011. 2643:

Gulev, S. K., P. W. Thorne, J. Ahn, F. J. Dentener, C. M. Domingues, S. Gerland, D. Gong, D. S. Kaufman, H. C. Nnamchi, J. Quaas, J. A. Rivera, S. Sathyendranath, S. L. Smith, B. Trewin, K. von Shuckmann, R. S. Vose, 2021,

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The satellite records used to show much smaller warming trends for the troposphere which were considered to disagree with model prediction; however, following revisions to the satellite records, the trends are now similar.

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Box 1: What drives changes in climate? in: Technical Summary, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

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While record-breaking years can attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend. Some climatologists have criticized the attention that the popular press gives to

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Proxy reconstructions extending back 2,000 years have been performed, but reconstructions for the last 1,000 years are supported by more and higher quality independent data sets. These reconstructions indicate:

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Human Influence on the Climate System (chapter 3). In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

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Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019:

1954:. Although Antarctica is covered by the ice core records, the density is rather low considering the area of Antarctica. Exploring more drilling stations is the primary goal for current research institutions. 2655:. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press. In Press. 1305:

can produce quantities of aerosols which exceed those from anthropogenic sources over periods of time up to a few years. Volcanic eruptions which are sufficiently large to inject significant quantities of

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In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface. Comparison shows seasonal variability for record increases.

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Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, et al., 2021:

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Each individual year from 2015 onwards has been warmer than any prior year going back to at least 1850. In other words: each of the seven years in 2015-2021 was clearly warmer than any pre-2014 year.

4837:"CH4and δ18O of O2records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores" 6593: 536:. The sea record consists of ships taking sea temperature measurements, mostly from hull-mounted sensors, engine inlets or buckets, and more recently includes measurements from moored and drifting 436: 1931:

bases. Also, Greenland has the clearest record of abrupt climate changes in the ice core, and there are no other records that can show the same time interval with equally high time resolution.

2284: 1793:. The field of paleoclimatology includes ancient temperature records. As the present article is oriented toward recent temperatures, there is a focus here on events since the retreat of the 2885: 1736:

As well as natural, numerical proxies (tree-ring widths, for example) there exist records from the human historical period that can be used to infer climate variations, including: reports of

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is warming faster than most other regions. Night-time temperatures have increased faster than daytime temperatures. The impact on nature and people depends on how much more the Earth warms.

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The changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth. In particular, land areas change more quickly than oceans, and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the

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Cuffey, Kurt M.; Clow, Gary D.; Steig, Eric J.; Buizert, Christo; Fudge, T. J.; Koutnik, Michelle; Waddington, Edwin D.; Alley, Richard B.; Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. (28 November 2016).

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Technical Summary. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Eyring, V., N. P. Gillett, K. M. Achuta Rao, R. Barimalala, M. Barreiro Parrillo, N. Bellouin, C. Cassou, P. J. Durack, Y. Kosaka, S. McGregor, S. Min, O. Morgenstern, Y. Sun, 2021,

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On longer time scales, sediment cores show that the cycles of glacials and interglacials are part of a deepening phase within a prolonged ice age that began with the glaciation of

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Brohan, P.; Kennedy, J. J.; Harris, I.; Tett, S. F. B.; Jones, P. D. (2006). "Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850".

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The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships. On land, temperatures are measured either using electronic sensors, or mercury or alcohol

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Higgins, John A.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Spaulding, Nicole E.; Brook, Ed; Introne, Douglas S.; Chimiak, Laura M.; Yan, Yuzhen; Mayewski, Paul A.; Bender, Michael L. (11 May 2015).

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Temperature estimates over 800,000 years of the EPICA ice cores in Antarctica. Temperatures are in Celsius relative to the average of the most recent 1,000 years; year 0 is 1950.

4368: 1397:, both in its 2002 report to President George W. Bush, and in later publications, has strongly endorsed evidence of an average global temperature increase in the 20th century. 4463: 3792: 6046: 5872: 3992: 3897: 1425:

effects and apparently poor station quality, and the "issue of data selection bias" and found that these effects did not bias the results obtained from these earlier studies.

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2013 also found that urban bias can be accounted for, and when all available station data is divided into rural and urban, that both temperature sets are broadly consistent.

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Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to

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I actually don't like the word "skeptics" for them; I think it's better to call them "contrarians", because skepticism is part of science; all scientists are skeptics (...)"

3446:, Christopher D. Miller, and William L. Murray, editors, 2006. A Report by the Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC. 2959:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2355: 403:. These show that recent temperatures have surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years. By the end of the 21st century, temperatures may increase to a level last seen in the 422:

from various scientific organizations show substantial agreement concerning the progress and extent of global warming: pairwise correlations of 1850+/1880+ datasets exceed

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Allen, M.R., O.P. Dube, W. Solecki, F. Aragón-Durand, W. Cramer, S. Humphreys, M. Kainuma, J. Kala, N. Mahowald, Y. Mulugetta, R. Perez, M.Wairiu, and K. Zickfeld, 2018:

1759:, with some evidence suggesting a global change. The result was a cooling and reduction in precipitation. This is believed to be a primary cause of the collapse of the 383:

Scientists use several methods to predict the effects of human-caused climate change. One is to investigate past natural changes in climate. To assess changes in Earth's

5909: 1406: 683: 1906:. Whilst the large-scale signals from the cores are clear, there are problems interpreting the detail, and connecting the isotopic variation to the temperature signal. 2338: 786: 3030:. National Climatic Data Center, later called the National Centers for Environmental Information, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. 5846: 3965: 657: 341:

For 1980 to 2020, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.18 °C to 0.20 °C per decade, depending on the data set used.

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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Monthly Global Climate Report for Annual 2022, published online January 2023, Retrieved on July 25, 2023 from

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and measurements from ice cores can give evidence about the global temperature from 1,000-2,000 years ago. The most detailed information exists since 1850, when

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was particularly strong, possibly one of the strongest of the 20th century, and 1998 was at the time the world's warmest year on record by a substantial margin.

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Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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The global mean surface air temperature for the period 1951-1980 was estimated to be 14 °C (57 °F), with an uncertainty of several tenths of a degree.

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The World Paleoclimatology Data Center (WDC) maintains the ice core data files of glaciers and ice caps in polar and low latitude mountains all over the world.

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NASA animation portrays global surface temperature changes from 1880 to 2023. The colour blue denotes cooler temperatures and red denotes warmer temperatures.

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LICENSE / Creative Commons License / These blog pages & images are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Schneider, S.H., S. Semenov, A. Patwardhan, I. Burton, C.H.D. Magadza, M. Oppenheimer, A.B. Pittock, A. Rahman, J.B. Smith, A. Suarez and F. Yamin, 2007:

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This article is about the average temperature at the Earth's surface (at the present time and in the past). For records of extreme weather events, see

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J.T. Houghton; et al., eds. (2001). "Figure 1: Variations of the Earth's surface temperature over the last 140 years and the last millennium.".

4416: 435: 6141: 5862: 5580: 5357: 3271: 2877: 1491: 664:(GHCN-Monthly) data base containing historical temperature, precipitation, and pressure data for thousands of land stations worldwide. Also, NOAA's 4245: 1963:

low-latitude, high altitude regions, which spans over 700,000 years. According to these records, scientists found the evidence which can prove the

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measurements of atmospheric temperature at various altitudes begin to show an approximation of global coverage in the 1950s. Since December 1978,

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Top graphic (comprehensive): 196 rows represent 196 countries, grouped by continent. Each row has 118 color-coded annual temperatures, showing

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Colored bars show how El Niño years (red, regional warming) and La Niña years (blue, regional cooling) relate to overall global warming. The

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The methods used to derive the principal estimates of global surface temperature trends are largely independent from each other and include:

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global mean surface temperatures over the last 25 years have been higher than any comparable period since AD 1600, and probably since AD 900

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Thompson, L. G.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Davis, M. E.; Lin, P. -N.; Henderson, K. A.; Cole-Dai, J.; Bolzan, J. F.; Liu, K. -b. (7 July 1995).

3921: 3547:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023" 2961:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 315-356. 2937: 2866:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 779-810. 1362: 4008: 2914: 1607:

epoch. Some temperature information is available through geologic evidence, going back millions of years. More recently, information from

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epoch. Some temperature information is available through geologic evidence, going back millions of years. More recently, information from

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and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. The scientific consensus is reflected, for example, by the

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diffuse incoming radiation generally cooling the planet. On a long-term basis, aerosols are primarily of anthropogenic origin, but major

1283: 1262: 812: 171: 6308: 6086: 5904: 5836: 5826: 5809: 5716: 5523: 3949: 1370: 690: 6737: 6598: 6555: 6051: 3553:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. 3087: 2103: 4334: 6664: 6540: 6357: 5560: 5103: 4813: 3572: 2332: 1881: 805: 795: 709: 619: 589: 561: 557: 200:

and measurements from ice cores can give evidence about the global temperature from 1,000-2,000 years before the present until now.

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Mann, Michael E.; Zhang, Zhihua; Hughes, Malcolm K.; Bradley, Raymond S.; Miller, Sonya K.; Rutherford, Scott; Ni, Fenbiao (2008).

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was generally warmer than the 20th century, but numerous regional variations have been noted since the start of the Younger Dryas.

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Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (2005). "Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of globally distributed benthic stable oxygen isotope records".

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of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time. There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the

236:(SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a value over a specified reference period". 181:

of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time. There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the

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data series, which starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global records start in 1850. For temperature measurements in the

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core reaches 800 kyr; many others reach more than 100,000 years. The EPICA core covers eight glacial/interglacial cycles. The

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There is a long-term warming trend, and there is variability about this trend because of natural sources of variability (e.g.

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Hausfather, Zeke; Menne, Matthew J.; Williams, Claude N.; Masters, Troy; Broberg, Ronald; Jones, David (30 January 2013).

3411: 3297: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1323:, have been followed by years with global mean temperatures 0.1 °C to 0.2 °C below long-term trends at the time. 665: 4731:"Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice" 4286: 2953:

Nicholls, R.J., P.P. Wong, V.R. Burkett, J.O. Codignotto, J.E. Hay, R.F. McLean, S. Ragoonaden and C.D. Woodroffe, 2007:

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This graph shows how short-term variations occur in the measured temperature. The graph also shows a long-term trend of

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Cooling over the 2007 to 2012 period, for instance, was likely driven by internal modes of climate variability such as

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in deep sea sediment cores (serving as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets), fitted to a model of

1576:. There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate: melting ice, changing the 1302: 820: 522: 357: 134: 1844: 6885: 6452: 6409: 6182: 6104: 5958: 3905: 2396:. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 5088:, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research, vol. 9, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 3–15, 4518:"Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia" 4304: 2972: 2645: 1863: 1848: 129:

Series of reliable temperature measurements in some regions began in the 1850—1880 time frame (this is called the

6754: 6429: 6404: 6377: 6339: 6256: 6074: 5921: 5884: 5634: 5403: 5398: 5393: 3945: 3901: 2384: 1809: 1563: 836: 675: 350: 4729:

Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; Sowers, Todd; Brook, Edward J.; Alley, Richard B.; Bender, Michael L. (January 1998).

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measurements can be used to reconstruct the temperature record before the historical period. Quantities such as

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The warmest years in the instrumental temperature record have occurred in the last decade (i.e. 2012-2021). The

6764: 6759: 6690: 6530: 6036: 6001: 5894: 5821: 5662: 5491: 5427: 5388: 3888: 2479: 2147:"Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era" 1446: 1248: 835:

expresses the data relative to 1850–1900. Although global instrumental temperature records begin only in 1850,

763: 576: 411:

concentrations has been rapid. Even abrupt geophysical events in Earth's history do not approach current rates.

404: 239:

In simpler wording: the global surface temperature (GST) is calculated by averaging the temperatures over sea (

158: 6749: 5084:

Thompson, L. G. (2004), "High Altitude, Mid- and Low-Latitude Ice Core Records: Implications for Our Future",

4081: 1943:

The Antarctic ice sheet originated in the late Eocene, the drilling has restored a record of 800,000 years in

808:. It was declared as the warmest on record almost immediately after it ended and broke many climate records. 618:

Several groups have analyzed the satellite data to calculate temperature trends in the troposphere. Both the

532:

which are read manually, with the instruments being sheltered from direct sunlight using a shelter such as a

6924: 6919: 6873: 6795: 6705: 6447: 6419: 6099: 5736: 5343: 4620: 4495:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years

1529: 647: 604: 465: 366: 324: 244: 240: 233: 162: 83: 79: 31: 4575: 4383:"2018 visualisation update / Warming stripes for 1850-2018 using the WMO annual global temperature dataset" 2818:

Davy, Richard; Esau, Igor; Chernokulsky, Alexander; Outten, Stephen; Zilitinkevich, Sergej (January 2017).

2750: 2710:

Kennedy, John; Ramasamy, Selvaraju; Andrew, Robbie; Arico, Salvatore; Bishop, Erin; Braathen, Geir (2019).

2420: 142:

depths are measured to add to global surface temperature datasets. This data is also used to calculate the

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The outline of the problems and methods used for research of the history of the climate in the Middle Ages

4413: 3887:. Washington DC, USA: American Association for the Advancement of Science. 21 October 2009. Archived from 2859: 2248: 2077: 2006:

planet Earth. Some of them are attributed to changes in the configuration of continents and oceans due to

679: 623: 334:. Some of the temperature variations over this time period may also be due to ocean circulation patterns. 3267: 2954: 1031:

The most recent decade (2011-2020) was warmer than any multi-centennial period in the past 11,700 years.

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Global warming is very likely to reach 1.0 °C to 1.8 °C by the late 21st century under the

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Changes in global temperatures over the past century provide evidence for the effects of increasing

208: 6717: 6492: 5726: 5721: 3625:"Scientists confirm 2023 was hottest year on record, 1.48 °C warmer than pre-industrial level" 3507:"Quantifying the effect of urbanization on U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperature records" 3210: 2112: 1951: 1950:

By comparing with current climate records, the ice core records in Antarctica further confirm that

1903: 1775: 1686: 1461: 725: 518: 4088:(...) The 1990s is the real appearance of the science skeptics. How much did they come after you? 264:

can have different definitions. There is a small difference between air and surface temperatures.

43:

The blue line represents global surface temperature reconstructed over the last 2,000 years using

6545: 6477: 6394: 6244: 6209: 6166: 6161: 6156: 5731: 5293: 5221: 5163: 4996: 4766: 4051: 3487: 3070: 2266: 2041: 1748: 1577: 1457: 143: 5266:"Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica" 4609: 2934: 2063: 1546:

global warming would reach 2.1 °C to 3.5 °C, and 3.3 °C to 5.7 °C under the

4019: 2542: 2328: 843:, suggest these recent years may be the warmest for several centuries to millennia, or longer. 804:

The year 2023 was 1.48 °C hotter than the average in the years 1850-1900 according to the

258:. Changes in GSAT are often used as a measure of global temperature change in climate models." 17: 6779: 6442: 6187: 5953: 5746: 5709: 5496: 5450: 5155: 5147: 5099: 5063: 5045: 4988: 4980: 4933: 4915: 4866: 4809: 4758: 4711: 4693: 4605: 4557: 4500: 3176: 3083: 2908: 2717: 2619: 2558: 2397: 2184: 2166: 2099: 2007: 1422: 1277: 668:(NCDC) of surface temperature measurements maintains a global temperature database since 1880. 473: 150:

though monthly temperatures can vary almost 2 °C (4 °F) above or below this figure.

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These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement with each other.

6822: 6389: 6372: 6313: 6204: 5968: 5692: 5565: 5501: 5285: 5241: 5213: 5205: 5139: 5089: 5053: 5035: 4972: 4923: 4905: 4856: 4801: 4750: 4701: 4683: 4547: 4537: 3526: 3477: 3443: 3373: 3006: 2980: 2839: 2609: 2599: 2550: 2258: 2174: 2158: 2035: 1790: 1784: 1779:

Plot showing the variations, and relative stability, of climate during the last 12000 years.

1624: 1612: 1345: 533: 501: 138: 75: 4009:"Understanding and Responding to Climate Change – Highlights of National Academies Reports" 3854:"NOAA National Climatic Data Center, State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2014" 3432: 1428: 508: 496: 6774: 6695: 6659: 6588: 6562: 6550: 6467: 6399: 6274: 6131: 5753: 5704: 5682: 4886:"Atmospheric composition 1 million years ago from blue ice in the Allan Hills, Antarctica" 4420: 4312: 4129: 3996: 3439: 2941: 2672: 2652: 2315: 2121: 1984: 1673: 1641: 1512: 840: 597: 485: 477: 469: 87: 2716:. Geneva: Chairperson, Publications Board, World Meteorological Organization. p. 6. 2092: – Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period 798:

reported in 2021 that 2016 and 2020 were the two warmest years in the period since 1850.

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Most meteorological observations are taken for use in weather forecasts. Centers such as

110:. Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the 5281: 5201: 5135: 5031: 4968: 4901: 4852: 4797: 4746: 4679: 4533: 4354: 4264: 3672: 3602: 3522: 3473: 3369: 3211:"Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere – Understanding and Reconciling Differences" 2973:

Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities

2835: 2685: 2595: 2244: 1975: 521:, and less standardized instrumentation. (The longest-running temperature record is the 6727: 6583: 6525: 6520: 6362: 6251: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5831: 5768: 5506: 5486: 5445: 5366: 5058: 5015: 4928: 4885: 4552: 4517: 3559:(change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October) 2773: 2675:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. 2614: 2579: 2179: 2124: – Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies 2055: 1988: 1914: 1820: 1717: 1701: 1525: 1401: 1386: 1307: 1273: 701: 461: 444: 374: 317: 305: 301: 278: 154: 115: 39: 2711: 1503:

warming patterns in each region and country. Bottom graphic (summary): global average

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varies very slightly, with the main variation controlled by the approximately 11-year

1043:

Combined land-surface air and sea-surface water temperature anomalies (data from NASA)

6913: 6800: 6732: 6457: 6279: 6264: 6199: 6094: 5297: 5182: 4706: 4663: 4161: 4056: 4052:"Cooling the Warming Debate: Major New Analysis Confirms That Global Warming Is Real" 3755: 3491: 3458:"Examination of potential biases in air temperature caused by poor station locations" 3023: 1805: 1581: 1551: 1330: 254:(GSAT) is the "global average of near-surface air temperatures over land, oceans and 5225: 5167: 5000: 3433:

Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences.

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follows. Measurement of the GST is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the

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Chappellaz, Jérôme; Brook, Ed; Blunier, Thomas; Malaizé, Bruno (30 November 1997).

4792:, vol. 112, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. vii–viii, 4770: 4106: 2520: 2106: – Measurements of atmospheric, land surface or sea temperature by satellites. 2069: 1311: 384: 153:

The data clearly shows a rising trend in global average surface temperatures (i.e.

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has been linked to variability in longer-term global average temperature increase.

734:

rather than as absolute temperatures. A temperature anomaly is measured against a

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has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than

6712: 6229: 6221: 5481: 5143: 5120:"Late Glacial Stage and Holocene Tropical Ice Core Records from Huascaran, Peru" 2979:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 321–445. 2202: 1833: 1794: 1760: 1597: 1593: 1349: 1320: 731: 612: 549: 529: 457: 182: 178: 5330: 5265: 4952: 3853: 3806: 3407: 1038:

data of combined land-surface air and sea-surface water temperature anomalies.

704:

Surface Temperature dataset was started. It is now one of the datasets used by

6744: 6121: 5758: 4976: 3650: 3010: 3005:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 49-92. 2984: 2162: 2017: 2002: 1737: 1661: 1616: 1600: 1480: 1436:. Colors indicate the length of the temperature record available at each site. 1291: 1287: 1068: 1057: 823:). Not every year will set a record but record highs are occurring regularly. 600: 481: 388: 197: 185: 99: 95: 48: 44: 5151: 5049: 4984: 4919: 4870: 4762: 4697: 3882:"Joint-statement on climate change by leaders of 18 scientific organizations" 2170: 1804:

epoch covers most of this period, since the end of the Northern Hemisphere's

1276:

trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land (

556:

Land and sea measurement and instrument calibration is the responsibility of

476:. Instrumental temperature records do not use indirect reconstructions using 212:

Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on

70:'s surface. It is determined nowadays by measuring the temperatures over the 5699: 5183:"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic dO records" 5094: 5086:

Earth Paleoenvironments: Records Preserved in Mid- and Low-Latitude Glaciers

5040: 4910: 4542: 2772:(Report). World Meteorological Organization. 2022. p. 2. Archived from 2604: 2093: 1645: 91: 5245: 5159: 5067: 4992: 4937: 4715: 4688: 4561: 3482: 3457: 3408:"NOAA National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program: Proper Siting" 2878:"To Predict Effects Of Global Warming, Scientists Looked Back 20,000 Years" 2623: 2188: 5217: 2860:

Chapter 19: Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change

2331:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 4 September 2023. 5209: 4263:

Albritton, D.L.; et al. (2001). Houghton, J.T.; et al. (eds.).

4156: 4134: 3531: 3506: 3378: 3353: 3196: 2262: 2080: – Scientific procedure for the creation of meteorological data sets 1801: 1797: 1669: 1657: 1653: 1608: 1604: 1369:(IPCC), an international body which summarizes existing science, and the 1326: 400: 392: 193: 189: 107: 56: 4785: 3576: 2421:

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202213

1979:

Reconstruction of the past 5 million years of climate history, based on

1902:

core from Greenland stretches back more than 100 kyr, with 5 kyr in the

59:. The red line shows direct surface temperature measurements since 1880. 5677: 4805: 1980: 1756: 1677: 1573: 1334: 1298: 1064: 1053: 1023: 730:

Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as

694: 671: 331: 255: 4861: 4836: 4102:"Global warming study finds no grounds for climate sceptics' concerns" 3828: 3785:"2017 was second hottest year on record, after sizzling 2016 - report" 3320:"Global Surface Temperature Anomalies: Background Information – FAQ 1" 2958: 2863: 2440: 2391: 447:

depicting monthly anomalies in global temperature from 1880 till 2021.

6680: 5325: 5319: 4327:"#ShowYourStripes / Temperature changes around the world (1901-2018)" 3334: 2977:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

2844: 2819: 1944: 1741: 1665: 1338: 378: 362: 3876: 3874: 3701:

Potter, Sean; Cabbage, Michael; McCarthy, Leslie (19 January 2017).

2935:

The 20th century was the hottest in nearly 2,000 years, studies show

1987:(Lisiecki and Raymo 2005) and to the temperature scale derived from 1432:

Map of the land-based long-term monitoring stations included in the

4730: 3394:"Data.GISS: GISTEMP — the Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature" 2554: 1894:

Even longer term records exist for few sites: the recent Antarctic

1611:

covers the period from 800,000 years ago until now. A study of the

5687: 5289: 4754: 4634: 4239: 4237: 1764: 1752: 1691: 1649: 1490: 1465: 1427: 1380: 1256: 1016: 785: 507: 495: 429: 414: 396: 356: 282: 207: 103: 71: 67: 52: 38: 5335: 4491: 4489: 4487: 3354:"Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years" 1568:

Climate variability and change § Variability between regions

3857: 3706: 3246: 2913:, NOAA Paleoclimatology Program – NCDC Paleoclimatology Branch, 2453: 2380: 2206: 1631:

Tree rings and ice cores (from 1,000–2,000 years before present)

1410: 1035: 544: 537: 161:

from human activities. The global average and combined land and

6631: 6336: 6072: 5632: 5544: 5425: 5377: 5339: 3673:"Climate change: Data shows 2016 likely to be warmest year yet" 2580:"Long-term natural variability and 20th century climate change" 2578:

Swanson, K.L.; Sugihara, G.; Tsonis, A.A. (22 September 2009).

2352:"Tracking breaches of the 1.5 °C global warming threshold" 4187:"There IS a problem with global warming... it stopped in 1998" 3733: 3079: 1827: 6594:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

4790:

Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales

2976: 543:

Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations,

4953:"Antarctic and global climate history viewed from ice cores" 4784:

Webb, Robert S.; Clark, Peter U.; Keigwin, Lloyd D. (1999),

4497:

Surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2,000 years

3001: 2910:

NOAA Paleoclimatology Global Warming – The Story: Proxy Data

1592:

The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the

1400:

The preliminary results of an assessment carried out by the

177:

The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the

3896:

Joint-statement by leaders of 18 scientific organizations:

3829:"Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4)" 3703:"NASA, NOAA Data Show 2016 Warmest Year on Record Globally" 1627:

were made for uniform instrument measurements around 1880.

3729:"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record" 1727:

centered on AD 1000, but this was not a global phenomenon.

1696:

Temperature record of the last 2,000 years (the so-called

1535:

40% of having a year above 1.5 C in the 2021-2025 period.

1526:

Climate change § Future warming and the carbon budget

634:

these model results and observations at the global scale.

6770:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

5181:

Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (January 2005).

4082:"Interviews – James Hansen: Hot Politics: FRONTLINE: PBS" 584:

Satellite and balloon temperature records (1950s–present)

5331:

Google Earth interface for CRUTEM4 land temperature data

3335:"Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP)" 2713:

WMO statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2018

1789:

Many estimates of past temperatures have been made over

4279: 4277: 4204: 4202: 4200: 3352:

Jones PD, New M, Parker DE, Martin S, Rigor IG (1999).

3268:"NCDC State of the Climate Global Analysis, April 2010" 2108:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2102: – Science of determining past climates from trees 1747:

Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived

607:

on satellites have produced data which can be used to

560:. Standardization of methods is organized through the 6611:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4639:

National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)

3046:"GCOS - Deutscher Wetterdienst - CLIMAT Availability" 2752:

Synthesis report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report

1468:. An example of internal climate variability is the 318:

humans are causing warming of Earth's climate system

196:

covers the period from 800,000 years ago until now.

6788: 6673: 6642: 6571: 6506: 6428: 6350: 6301: 6218: 6175: 6085: 5992: 5855: 5802: 5645: 5469: 5438: 3898:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

2803:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2203:"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change" 2096: – Prolonged period of excessively hot weather 1269:Factors that influence global temperature include: 504:

used for temperature measurements on land stations.

456:The instrumental temperature record is a record of 5016:"Deglacial temperature history of West Antarctica" 4465:Chapter 2. Observed climate variability and change 3950:Alliance Organization of Biological Field Stations 3603:"2023 confirmed as world's hottest year on record" 2820:"Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming" 2086: – Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas 573:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 351:Effects of climate change § Changes in temperature 4130:"Global warming 'confirmed' by independent study" 3760:"Thoughts on 2014 and ongoing temperature trends" 3601:Poynting, Mark; Rivault, Erwan (9 January 2023). 2795:Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (28 June 2022). 1290:generally tends to increase global temperatures. 684:Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research 575:show instantaneous map of their coverage; or the 133:). The longest-running temperature record is the 6811:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4951:Brook, Edward J.; Buizert, Christo (June 2018). 3696: 3694: 2646:Changing State of the Climate System (Chapter 2) 2431: 2429: 1580:(of evaporation and precipitation) and changing 1413:'s GISS. The study addressed concerns raised by 622:(UAH) and the private, NASA funded, corporation 5020:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4890:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4668:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4522:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 3966:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 1771:Paleoclimate (from 12,000 years before present) 1441:Internal climate variability and global warming 658:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 540:. The land and marine records can be compared. 78:. The temperature over the ocean is called the 4244:Met Office, Fitzroy Road (14 September 2009). 3954:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 3647:"2016: one of the warmest two years on record" 3347: 3345: 2955:Chapter 6: Coastal systems and low-lying areas 1615:covers the time period from 12,000 years ago. 1333:can increase greenhouse gases through burning 268:Temperature data from 1850 to the present time 5556:History of climate change policy and politics 5351: 4664:"Ice-core evidence of abrupt climate changes" 4287:"Short-term Cooling on a Warming Planet, p.3" 4212:"Short-term Cooling on a Warming Planet, p.1" 1816:Ice cores (from 800,000 years before present) 1363:scientific consensus that climate is changing 279:Climate change § Global temperature rise 8: 2118: – Temperature trends in the Common Era 373:Global warming affects all parts of Earth's 5673:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5326:GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) 1862:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 564:(and formerly through its predecessor, the 228:(GMST) as the "estimated global average of 118:. Alternative terms for the same thing are 116:human activities are causing climate change 6892: 6880: 6639: 6628: 6347: 6333: 6082: 6069: 5642: 5629: 5541: 5435: 5422: 5374: 5358: 5344: 5336: 5320:NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies 2116:Temperature record of the last 2,000 years 1958:Ice core records from low-latitude regions 1637:Temperature record of the last 2,000 years 1040: 845: 758:Siting of temperature measurement stations 82:. The temperature over land is called the 27:Average temperature of the Earth's surface 6935:History of climate variability and change 6438:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5581:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5322:(GISS) — Global Temperature Trends. 5093: 5057: 5039: 4927: 4909: 4860: 4705: 4687: 4551: 4541: 4462:J.T. Houghton; et al., eds. (2001). 3930:Association of Ecosystem Research Centers 3910:American Institute of Biological Sciences 3530: 3481: 3377: 3104:"Global Temperature Report: January 2019" 2843: 2613: 2603: 2252: 2178: 1991:ice cores following Petit et al. (1999). 1882:Learn how and when to remove this message 1367:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 566:International Meteorological Organization 323:The global average and combined land and 6142:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 4293:. NOAA. Deciphering Natural Variability. 4283:Edited quote from public-domain source: 4208:Edited quote from public-domain source: 3318:CMB and Crouch, J. (17 September 2012). 2686:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)" 1974: 1913: 1819: 1774: 1749:climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE 1588:Temperature estimates from prior to 1850 94:. To estimate data in the distant past, 6498:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6287:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 4841:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 4423:. Cambridge University Press. In Press. 4315:. Cambridge University Press. In Press. 3653:of the United Kingodom. 18 January 2017 3125:"RSS / MSU and AMSU Data / Description" 2807:from the original on 17 September 2022. 2547:Advancing the Science of Climate Change 2358:from the original on 14 September 2023. 2134: 837:reconstructions of earlier temperatures 6147:Economics of climate change mitigation 6110:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 5461:Scientific consensus on climate change 5315:Hadley Centre: Global temperature data 5079: 5077: 4657: 4655: 3577:"The State of the Global Climate 2020" 3557:from the original on 16 November 2023. 3294:"Global Surface Temperature Anomalies" 3181:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3174: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2354:. Copernicus Programme. 15 June 2023. 1243:Factors influencing global temperature 314:scientific consensus on climate change 112:scientific consensus on climate change 6806:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3807:"Global Climate Report – Annual 2020" 3567: 3565: 3034:from the original on 10 October 2014. 2888:from the original on 29 December 2019 2876:Joyce, Christopher (30 August 2018). 2730:from the original on 12 November 2019 2543:"Ch 6. Changes in the Climate System" 2492:from the original on 21 November 2016 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 1971:Geologic evidence (millions of years) 1434:Global Historical Climatology Network 848:Top 10 warmest years (data from NOAA) 662:Global Historical Climatology Network 525:data series, which starts in 1659). 86:. Temperature data comes mainly from 7: 6828:Representative Concentration Pathway 5779:Tipping points in the climate system 5455:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 4621:The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom 4393:from the original on 17 April 2019. 4218:. NOAA. Introduction. Archived from 3922:American Society of Plant Biologists 3627:. Asia News Network. 10 January 2024 3072:Guide to the Global Observing System 2917:from the original on 3 February 2017 2824:International Journal of Climatology 2797:"Climate Change: Global Temperature" 2415: 2413: 2335:from the original on 1 October 2023. 2309:World of change: Global Temperatures 2225: 2223: 2140: 2138: 2084:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 1860:adding citations to reliable sources 1621:methodical thermometer-based records 66:(GST) is the average temperature of 6599:Nationally determined contributions 6309:Individual action on climate change 5524:World energy supply and consumption 4337:from the original on 2 August 2019. 3727:Brumfiel, Geoff (18 January 2017). 3456:Peterson, Thomas C. (August 2006). 1371:U.S. Global Change Research Program 691:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 620:University of Alabama in Huntsville 420:Global average temperature datasets 252:global mean surface air temperature 6738:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 4365:from the original on 29 June 2019. 2104:Satellite temperature measurements 1603:, particularly during the current 1554:in combination with observations. 720:Absolute temperatures v. anomalies 188:, particularly during the current 124:global average surface temperature 25: 6665:Satellite temperature measurement 6270:forestry for carbon sequestration 5561:History of climate change science 4662:Alley, R. B. (15 February 2000). 4576:"The Climate Epochs That Weren't" 4499:(2006), National Academies Press 4128:Richard Black (21 October 2011). 3573:World Meteorological Organization 3333:Hansen, J.E. (20 November 2012). 3274:from the original on 16 June 2010 3223:from the original on 4 March 2016 2907:Overpeck, J.T. (20 August 2008), 1550:. These projections are based on 1321:Mount Agung eruption in 1963-1964 1297:Aerosols and volcanic eruptions: 806:Copernicus Climate Change Service 796:World Meteorological Organization 642:Global surface and ocean datasets 590:Satellite temperature measurement 562:World Meteorological Organization 74:and land, and then calculating a 6891: 6879: 6868: 6867: 6855: 6516:Climate Change Performance Index 4246:"Global warming set to continue" 4157:"Climate change: The heat is on" 4016:United States National Academies 3958:Society of Systematic Biologists 3926:American Statistical Association 3791:. 4 January 2018. Archived from 3414:from the original on 5 July 2007 3339:. Website curator: Schmunk, R.B. 2770:State of the Global Climate 2021 2062: 2048: 2034: 2020: 1939:Ice core records from Antarctica 1832: 1548:very high GHG emissions scenario 1178:−0.001 °C (−0.002 °F) 1167:−0.014 °C (−0.025 °F) 1159:−0.055 °C (−0.099 °F) 1134:−0.043 °C (−0.077 °F) 1123:−0.175 °C (−0.315 °F) 1115:−0.017 °C (−0.031 °F) 1112:−0.276 °C (−0.497 °F) 1104:−0.005 °C (−0.009 °F) 1101:−0.259 °C (−0.466 °F) 1090:−0.254 °C (−0.457 °F) 1079:−0.274 °C (−0.493 °F) 558:national meteorological services 349:This section is an excerpt from 166:temperatures happens because of 6655:Instrumental temperature record 6606:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4381:Hawkins, Ed (4 December 2018). 4353:Amos, Jonathan (21 June 2019). 4248:. UK Met Office. Archived from 3962:Soil Science Society of America 3938:Crop Science Society of America 3914:American Meteorological Society 3511:Journal of Geophysical Research 3337:. New York, NY, USA: NASA GISS. 1926:Ice core records from Greenland 1751:occurred in the region between 1704:were not planet-wide phenomena) 1540:very low GHG emissions scenario 1317:Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 1236:+0.2045 °C (0.37 °F) 1225:+0.240 °C (0.432 °F) 1214:+0.200 °C (0.360 °F) 1203:+0.137 °C (0.247 °F) 1192:+0.177 °C (0.319 °F) 1181:+0.013 °C (0.023 °F) 1170:+0.006 °C (0.011 °F) 1156:−0.02 °C (−0.036 °F) 1148:+0.078 °C (0.140 °F) 1137:+0.132 °C (0.238 °F) 1126:+0.101 °C (0.182 °F) 1093:+0.020 °C (0.036 °F) 674:is a collaboration between the 492:Global record from 1850 onwards 226:global mean surface temperature 131:instrumental temperature record 120:global mean surface temperature 18:Instrumental temperature record 6940:Climate and weather statistics 6723:Climate variability and change 5764:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 4604:, (in polish), Przemyśl 2014, 4285:Scott, M. (31 December 2009). 4210:Scott, M. (31 December 2009). 4100:Ian Sample (20 October 2011). 2998:Chapter 1: Framing and Context 2090:Climate variability and change 1808:millennium-long cooling. The 1451:Climate variability and change 1253:Climate variability and change 1233:0.9575 °C (1.72 °F) 1222:0.753 °C (1.355 °F) 1211:0.513 °C (0.923 °F) 1200:0.313 °C (0.563 °F) 1189:0.176 °C (0.317 °F) 1145:0.035 °C (0.063 °F) 512:Interior of a Stevenson screen 1: 6833:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6368:Climate emergency declaration 4270:. Cambridge University Press. 3942:Ecological Society of America 3298:National Climatic Data Center 2480:"IPCC AR5 Chapter 2 page 193" 1377:Other reports and assessments 1350:solar magnetic activity cycle 1063:Change from previous decade, 666:National Climatic Data Center 230:near-surface air temperatures 159:emissions of greenhouse gases 98:can be used for example from 6816:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6042:Middle East and North Africa 4325:Hawkins, Ed (21 July 2019). 3934:Botanical Society of America 3918:American Society of Agronomy 3003:efforts to eradicate poverty 2749:"Summary for Policymakers". 2584:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2466:efforts to eradicate poverty 2145:PAGES 2k Consortium (2019). 1981:oxygen isotope fractionation 1660:, ocean and lake sediments, 1623:began. Modifications on the 1558:Regional temperature changes 1470:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 1395:National Academy of Sciences 1284:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 1263:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 1034:The following chart is from 222:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 172:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 168:natural internal variability 5144:10.1126/science.269.5220.46 4623:Hassan, Fekri BBC June 2001 4185:Carter, B. (9 April 2006). 3946:Natural Science Collections 2329:"Solar System Temperatures" 1997:Geologic temperature record 1800:. The 10,000 years of the 1732:Indirect historical proxies 1421:). Those concerns included 523:Central England temperature 361:Over the last 50 years the 232:over land and sea ice, and 135:Central England temperature 6961: 6650:Global surface temperature 6541:Popular culture depictions 6453:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6183:Carbon capture and storage 6105:Carbon offsets and credits 3906:American Geophysical Union 2458:"Summary for Policymakers" 2393:The Physical Science Basis 2385:"Summary for Policymakers" 1994: 1782: 1687:rates of thermal diffusion 1634: 1561: 1523: 1444: 1246: 995: 981: 967: 953: 939: 925: 911: 897: 883: 869: 723: 645: 587: 348: 276: 64:Global surface temperature 29: 6862:Climate change portal 6849: 6755:Extreme event attribution 6638: 6627: 6378:School Strike for Climate 6346: 6332: 6257:Climate-smart agriculture 6081: 6068: 5641: 5628: 5551: 5540: 5434: 5421: 5404:Climate change adaptation 5399:Climate change mitigation 5394:Effects of climate change 5384: 5373: 4977:10.1038/s41586-018-0172-5 4436:Summary for policy makers 3902:American Chemical Society 3011:10.1017/9781009157940.003 2985:10.1017/9781009157964.006 2163:10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0 1810:Holocene Climatic Optimum 1564:Effects of climate change 1060:) from 1951 to 1980 mean 676:University of East Anglia 325:ocean surface temperature 163:ocean surface temperature 6765:Global warming potential 6572:International agreements 6219:Preserving and enhancing 5663:Arctic methane emissions 5585:Years in climate change 5492:Greenhouse gas emissions 5389:Causes of climate change 3977:Walsh, J.; et al., 3243:"GHCN-Monthly Version 2" 3024:"What Are "Proxy" Data?" 2285:"Remote Sensing Systems" 1447:Causes of climate change 1249:Causes of climate change 764:National Weather Service 605:microwave sounding units 387:scientists have studied 367:sea surface temperatures 308:reacts to such changes, 273:Total warming and trends 216:multi-model mean changes 6796:Climate change scenario 6448:Disaster risk reduction 6100:Carbon emission trading 5910:U.S. insurance industry 5890:Civilizational collapse 5737:sea surface temperature 5095:10.1007/1-4020-2146-1_1 5041:10.1073/pnas.1609132113 4911:10.1073/pnas.1420232112 4635:"Paleoclimatology Data" 4543:10.1073/pnas.0805721105 4080:PBS (10 January 2007). 3995:19 January 2022 at the 3462:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc 3438:3 February 2007 at the 2605:10.1073/pnas.0908699106 1530:Climate change scenario 1230:2020–2029 (incomplete) 817:2014–2016 El Niño event 648:Temperature measurement 580:global average change. 245:surface air temperature 241:sea surface temperature 234:sea surface temperature 84:surface air temperature 80:sea surface temperature 32:List of weather records 6945:Historical climatology 6789:Research and modelling 6473:Nature-based solutions 6293:Nature-based solutions 6235:Carbon dioxide removal 6152:Fossil fuel divestment 6137:Climate risk insurance 6047:Small island countries 5668:Arctic sea ice decline 5246:10.1594/PANGAEA.704257 4689:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1331 4018:. 2005. Archived from 3483:10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1073 2511:Houghton, ed. (2001). 2078:Atmospheric reanalysis 1992: 1919: 1918:Ice core data location 1825: 1780: 1705: 1582:currents in the oceans 1520:Trends and predictions 1516: 1511:. Data visualization: 1437: 1419:climate change deniers 1390: 1357:Robustness of evidence 1266: 1027: 791: 680:Climatic Research Unit 624:Remote Sensing Systems 513: 505: 448: 427: 370: 297: 217: 60: 6750:Earth's energy budget 6633:Background and theory 6521:Climate crisis (term) 6193:Fossil fuel phase-out 6087:Economics and finance 6052:by individual country 5994:By country and region 5969:Security and conflict 5964:Psychological impacts 5653:Abrupt climate change 5576:Charles David Keeling 5409:By country and region 4311:10 April 2022 at the 4291:ClimateWatch Magazine 4216:ClimateWatch Magazine 3358:Reviews of Geophysics 2028:Climate change portal 1978: 1917: 1823: 1778: 1695: 1674:borehole temperatures 1635:Further information: 1625:Stevenson-type screen 1544:intermediate scenario 1524:Further information: 1494: 1445:Further information: 1431: 1384: 1260: 1247:Further information: 1052:Temperature anomaly, 1020: 789: 712:in their assessments. 660:(NOAA) maintains the 511: 499: 442: 418: 399:, and ocean and lake 360: 295: 211: 157:) and this is due to 42: 6579:Glasgow Climate Pact 6240:Carbon sequestration 5815:Mass mortality event 5210:10.1029/2004PA001071 4847:(C12): 26547–26557. 4419:21 July 2022 at the 4400:Direct link to image 4341:Direct link to image 3532:10.1029/2012JD018509 3379:10.1029/1999RG900002 2940:25 July 2019 at the 2671:2 March 2019 at the 2651:2 March 2022 at the 2339:link to NASA graphic 2263:10.1029/2005JD006548 1965:Last Glacial Maximum 1856:improve this section 1725:Medieval Warm Period 1698:Medieval Warm Period 1341:can also be changed. 170:(for example due to 6718:Climate sensitivity 6493:The Adaptation Fund 5949:Infectious diseases 5856:Social and economic 5282:1999Natur.399..429P 5202:2005PalOc..20.1003L 5136:1995Sci...269...46T 5032:2016PNAS..11314249C 5026:(50): 14249–14254. 4969:2018Natur.558..200B 4902:2015PNAS..112.6887H 4853:1997JGR...10226547C 4798:1999GMS...112D...7W 4747:1998Natur.391..141S 4680:2000PNAS...97.1331A 4580:State of the Planet 4534:2008PNAS..10513252M 4528:(36): 13252–13257. 4443:on 13 November 2016 4252:on 27 October 2012. 4222:on 19 February 2013 4191:The Daily Telegraph 3990:NCADAC 2013 p. 1065 3758:(22 January 2015). 3523:2013JGRD..118..481H 3474:2006BAMS...87.1073P 3370:1999RvGeo..37..173J 3131:on 23 November 2012 2836:2017IJCli..37...79D 2596:2009PNAS..10616120S 2437:Annex VII: Glossary 2245:2006JGRD..11112106B 2113:Temperature anomaly 1952:polar amplification 1904:Eemian interglacial 1720:centered on AD 1700 1045: 853: 850: 726:Temperature anomaly 519:Northern Hemisphere 250:In comparison, the 6289:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6261:Forest management 6245:Direct air capture 6210:Sustainable energy 6167:Net zero emissions 6162:Low-carbon economy 6157:Green Climate Fund 5944:Indigenous peoples 5847:Plant biodiversity 5635:Effects and issues 4806:10.1029/gm112p0vii 3833:data.giss.nasa.gov 3795:on 4 January 2018. 2314:2019-09-03 at the 2042:Environment portal 1993: 1920: 1910:Ice core locations 1826: 1781: 1706: 1654:isotope variations 1578:hydrological cycle 1517: 1438: 1391: 1303:volcanic eruptions 1267: 1041: 1028: 851: 846: 792: 700:More recently the 609:infer temperatures 514: 506: 480:data such as from 449: 428: 371: 298: 262:Global temperature 218: 144:ocean heat content 61: 6907: 6906: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6780:Radiative forcing 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6443:Adaptive capacity 6328: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6188:Energy transition 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 5784:Tropical cyclones 5710:Urban heat island 5624: 5623: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5497:Carbon accounting 5451:Greenhouse effect 5417: 5416: 5276:(6735): 429–436. 4963:(7709): 200–208. 4896:(22): 6887–6891. 4862:10.1029/97jc00164 4741:(6663): 141–146. 4505:978-0-309-10225-4 4369:Link to png image 4165:. 22 October 2011 4060:. 21 October 2011 3894:on 6 August 2013. 3705:(Press release). 3679:. 18 January 2017 3649:(Press release). 2723:978-92-63-11233-0 2564:978-0-309-14588-6 2403:978-92-9169-158-6 2151:Nature Geoscience 2100:Dendroclimatology 2008:continental drift 1892: 1891: 1884: 1423:urban heat island 1278:greenhouse effect 1240: 1239: 1010: 1009: 821:volcanic eruption 744:long-term average 474:ocean temperature 440: 293: 16:(Redirected from 6952: 6895: 6894: 6883: 6882: 6871: 6870: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6823:Paleoclimatology 6640: 6629: 6390:Ecological grief 6373:Climate movement 6348: 6334: 6314:Plant-based diet 6205:Renewable energy 6083: 6070: 5905:Economic impacts 5837:Invasive species 5693:Coastal flooding 5643: 5630: 5566:Svante Arrhenius 5542: 5512:from agriculture 5502:Carbon footprint 5487:Greenhouse gases 5436: 5423: 5375: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5337: 5302: 5301: 5260: 5254: 5249: 5229: 5190:Paleoceanography 5187: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5097: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5043: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4913: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4691: 4674:(4): 1331–1334. 4659: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4633:Team, NCEI GIS. 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4545: 4513: 4507: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4387:Climate Lab Book 4378: 4372: 4366: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4331:Climate Lab Book 4322: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4206: 4195: 4194: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3968: 3895: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3543: 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Karl, 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3163:on 14 March 2011 3162: 3156:. Archived from 3155: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3127:. Archived from 3121: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3077: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3020: 3014: 2994: 2988: 2968: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2873: 2867: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845:10.1002/joc.4688 2815: 2809: 2808: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2682: 2676: 2662: 2656: 2641: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2607: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2519:. 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Res. 2227: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2142: 2109: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2023: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1836: 1828: 1785:Paleoclimatology 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1487:Related research 1274:Greenhouse gases 1046: 854: 534:Stevenson screen 502:Stevenson screen 486:marine sediments 464:based on direct 441: 316:, which is that 302:greenhouse gases 294: 139:upper atmosphere 114:, which is that 88:weather stations 76:weighted average 21: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6856: 6854: 6837: 6784: 6775:Orbital forcing 6669: 6634: 6615: 6589:Paris Agreement 6567: 6563:Warming stripes 6502: 6468:Managed retreat 6463:Loss and damage 6424: 6358:Business action 6342: 6320: 6297: 6220: 6214: 6171: 6132:Climate finance 6077: 6056: 5988: 5851: 5827:Extinction risk 5803:Flora and fauna 5798: 5759:Permafrost thaw 5754:Ozone depletion 5683:Extreme weather 5637: 5620: 5547: 5528: 5465: 5430: 5413: 5380: 5369: 5364: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5235: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5130:(5220): 46–50. 5117: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4494: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4472:on 9 March 2016 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4421:Wayback Machine 4410: 4406: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4313:Wayback Machine 4302: 4298: 4284: 4282: 4275: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4049: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4025:on 11 June 2007 4022: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3997:Wayback Machine 3984: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3677:BBC News Online 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3581:library.wmo.int 3571: 3570: 3563: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3444:Susan J. 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A1, A4. 2755: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2724: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2673:Wayback Machine 2663: 2659: 2653:Wayback Machine 2642: 2631: 2590:(38): 16120–3. 2577: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2523:on 11 July 2007 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2434: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2387: 2379: 2378: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2316:Wayback Machine 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2254:10.1.1.184.4382 2239:(D12): D12106. 2229: 2228: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2122:Warming stripes 2107: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2016: 1999: 1985:orbital forcing 1973: 1960: 1941: 1928: 1912: 1888: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1853: 1837: 1818: 1791:Earth's history 1787: 1773: 1734: 1639: 1633: 1590: 1570: 1560: 1532: 1522: 1513:warming stripes 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1474:El Niño in 1998 1453: 1443: 1379: 1359: 1346:solar radiation 1255: 1245: 1015: 1013:Warmest decades 841:climate proxies 782: 777: 775:Warmest periods 760: 740:baseline period 736:reference value 728: 722: 650: 644: 598:Weather balloon 594: 592: 586: 494: 470:air temperature 460:within Earth's 454: 430: 413: 412: 410: 354: 332:sulfate aerosol 283: 281: 275: 270: 206: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6958: 6956: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6925:Earth sciences 6922: 6920:Climate change 6912: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6728:Cloud feedback 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6584:Kyoto Protocol 6581: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6538: 6536:Media coverage 6533: 6528: 6526:Climate spiral 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6415:Public opinion 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6363:Climate action 6360: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6275:REDD and REDD+ 6272: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6252:Carbon farming 6249: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5984:Water security 5981: 5979:Water scarcity 5976: 5974:Urban flooding 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5832:Forest dieback 5829: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5769:Sea level rise 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5742:stratification 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5507:Carbon leakage 5504: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5446:Climate system 5442: 5440: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5371: 5370: 5367:Climate change 5365: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5309:External links 5307: 5304: 5303: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5218:2027.42/149224 5173: 5110: 5104: 5073: 5006: 4943: 4876: 4827: 4814: 4776: 4721: 4651: 4625: 4613: 4593: 4582:. 24 July 2019 4567: 4508: 4483: 4454: 4425: 4404: 4373: 4345: 4317: 4296: 4273: 4255: 4233: 4196: 4176: 4148: 4120: 4092: 4071: 4036: 4000: 3969: 3870: 3845: 3820: 3798: 3776: 3756:Schmidt, Gavin 3747: 3719: 3690: 3664: 3638: 3616: 3593: 3561: 3538: 3517:(2): 481–494. 3497: 3468:(8): 1073–89. 3448: 3425: 3399: 3385: 3364:(2): 173–199. 3341: 3325: 3310: 3285: 3259: 3234: 3202: 3188: 3142: 3116: 3095: 3089:978-9263134882 3088: 3062: 3037: 3015: 2989: 2963: 2946: 2944:, 25 July 2019 2927: 2899: 2868: 2851: 2810: 2787: 2776:on 18 May 2022 2761: 2741: 2722: 2702: 2677: 2657: 2629: 2570: 2563: 2555:10.17226/12782 2534: 2503: 2471: 2445: 2425: 2409: 2402: 2361: 2343: 2320: 2301: 2276: 2219: 2194: 2157:(8): 643–649. 2133: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2097: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2059: 2056:Ecology portal 2045: 2031: 2015: 2012: 1995:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1959: 1956: 1945:Dome Concordia 1940: 1937: 1927: 1924: 1911: 1908: 1890: 1889: 1840: 1838: 1831: 1817: 1814: 1783:Main article: 1772: 1769: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1718:Little Ice Age 1714: 1702:Little Ice Age 1632: 1629: 1589: 1586: 1559: 1556: 1552:climate models 1521: 1518: 1488: 1485: 1442: 1439: 1402:Berkeley Earth 1387:global warming 1378: 1375: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1342: 1324: 1308:sulfur dioxide 1295: 1281: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1061: 1050: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 987: 984: 980: 979: 976: 973: 970: 966: 965: 962: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 931: 928: 924: 923: 920: 917: 914: 910: 909: 906: 903: 900: 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 882: 881: 878: 875: 872: 868: 867: 864: 861: 858: 781: 778: 776: 773: 759: 756: 724:Main article: 721: 718: 714: 713: 702:Berkeley Earth 698: 687: 669: 643: 640: 588:Main article: 585: 582: 500:Exterior of a 493: 490: 453: 450: 445:climate spiral 408: 375:climate system 355: 347: 310:climate change 306:climate system 274: 271: 269: 266: 205: 202: 155:global warming 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6957: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6900: 6899: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801:Climate model 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6733:Cloud forcing 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6508:Communication 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Vulnerability 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Flood control 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6280:reforestation 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:afforestation 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Nuclear power 6198: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Carbon budget 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5932:Mental health 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5873:United States 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:deoxygenation 5725: 5723: 5722:acidification 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5543: 5539: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5517:from wetlands 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Deforestation 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5290:10.1038/20859 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5196:(1): PA1003. 5195: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5105:1-4020-2145-3 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4828: 4817: 4815:0-87590-095-X 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755:10.1038/34346 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4455: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4177: 4164: 4163: 4162:The Economist 4158: 4152: 4149: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4057:Science Daily 4053: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3551:NCEI.NOAA.gov 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3028:NCDC.NOAA.gov 3025: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2900: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2742: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2290: 2289:www.remss.com 2286: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1886: 1883: 1875: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1841:This section 1839: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1806:Younger Dryas 1803: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:cave deposits 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1417:(more often: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:Hadley Centre 1403: 1398: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:deforestation 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 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