1157:
primarily defined by their isolation within an ecosystem. In the case of an island, the area referred to as the matrix is usually the body of water surrounding it. The mainland is often the nearest non-island piece of land. Similarly, in an ILS the “mainland” is the source of immigrating species, however the matrix is far more varied. By imagining how different types of isolated ecosystems, for example a pond that is surrounded by land, are similar to an island ecosystems it can be understood how theories and phenomena that are true of island ecosystems can be applied to ILS. However, the overall immigration and extinction patterns that are outlined in the theory of island biogeography as they play out on islands, also play out between ecosystems on the mainland.
879:
limited and therefore easier to keep track of. It is expected that as the area and species richness relationship are directly proportional to one another. For example, as the area of a series of islands increase, there is a direct relationship to the increasing species richness of primary producers. It is important to consider that island species area relationships will behave somewhat differently than mainland species area relationships, however the connections between the two can still prove to be useful.
769:
809:
778:
922:
36:
2126:
591:
578:
1229:), and that these reserves could lose species as they 'relaxed towards equilibrium' (that is they would lose species as they achieved their new equilibrium number, known as ecosystem decay) caused a great deal of concern. This is particularly true when conserving larger species which tend to have larger ranges. A study by William Newmark, published in the journal
736:
1262:
as "ecology's own genteel version of trench warfare". In the years after the publication of Wilson and
Simberloff's papers ecologists had found more examples of the species-area relationship, and conservation planning was taking the view that the one large reserve could hold more species than several
878:
show the relationship between a given area and the species richness within that area. This concept comes from the theory of island biogeography, and is well illustrated on islands because they are relatively isolated. Thus, the immigrating species and the species going extinct from an island are more
772:
This diagram shows the effect of an island's distance from the mainland on the amount of species richness. The sizes of the two islands are approximately the same. Island 1 receives more random dispersion of organisms, while island number two, since it is farther away, receives less random dispersion
1160:
The concepts of area of an island and the level of isolation from a mainland as presented in the theory of island biogeography, apply to ILS. The main difference is in the dynamics of area and isolation. For example, an ILS may have a changing area because of seasons, which may impact its degree of
739:
This diagram shows the influence that the size of an island and its distance from the mainland has on the amount of immigration and species richness of the island. It can be seen that a larger island close to the mainland has the most species richness and a smaller one far from the mainland has the
791:
In addition to having an effect on immigration rates, isolation can also affect extinction rates. Populations on islands that are less isolated are less likely to go extinct because individuals from the source population and other islands can immigrate and "rescue" the population from extinction;
799:
In addition to having an effect on extinction, island size can also affect immigration rates. Species may actively target larger islands for their greater number of resources and available niches; or, larger islands may accumulate more species by chance just because they are larger. This is the
699:—a mass of land surrounded by water—the term may also be applied to many nontraditional "islands", such as the peaks of mountains, isolated springs or lakes, and non-contiguous woodlands. The concept is often applied to natural habitats surrounded by human-altered landscapes, such as expanses of
1278:
as a conservation tool to increase connectivity between habitat islands. Wildlife corridors can increase the movement of species between parks and reserves and therefore increase the number of species that can be supported, but they can also allow for the spread of disease and pathogens between
1139:
communities. Following fumigation, the immigration of species onto the islands was monitored. Within a year the islands had been recolonized to pre-fumigation levels. However, Simberloff and Wilson contended this final species richness was oscillating in quasi-equilibrium. Islands closer to the
1156:
The theory of island biogeography was originally used to study oceanic islands, but those concepts can be extrapolated to other areas of study. Island species dynamics give information about how species move and interact within Island Like
Systems (ILS). Rather than an actual island, ILS are
781:
This diagram shows the effect of an island's size on the amount of species richness. The diagram shows two islands equidistant from the mainland. Island 1 receives less random dispersion of organisms. While island 2 receives more of the arrows and therefore more random dispersion of
1271:. This led to concern by other ecologists, including Dan Simberloff, who considered this to be an unproven over-simplification that would damage conservation efforts. Habitat diversity was as or more important than size in determining the number of species protected.
1101:
The theory can be studied through the fossils, which provide a record of life on Earth. 300 million years ago, Europe and North
America lay on the equator and were covered by steamy tropical rainforests. Climate change devastated these tropical rainforests during the
1161:
isolation. Resource availability plays an important role in the conditions that an island is under. This is another factor that changes in ILS in comparison to real islands, since generally there is a greater resource availability in some ILS than true islands.
703:
surrounded by highways or housing tracts, and national parks. Additionally, what is an insular for one organism may not be so for others, some organisms located on mountaintops may also be found in the valleys, while others may be restricted to the peaks.
1106:
Period and as the climate grew drier, rainforests fragmented. Shrunken islands of forest were uninhabitable for amphibians but were well suited to reptiles, which became more diverse and even varied their diet in the rapidly changing environment; this
1439:
Hall, Dianne; Willig, Michael; Moorhead, Daryl L.; Robert W. Sites, Robert W.; Fish, Ernest B.; Mollhagen, Tony R. (March 2004). "Aquatic
Macroinvertebrate Diversity of Playa Wetlands: The Role of Landscape and Island Biogeographic Characteristics".
1164:
Species-area relationships, as described above, can be applied to Island Like
Systems (ILS) as well. It is typically observed that as the area of an ecosystem increases, the species richness is directly proportional. One major difference is that
1290:, the idea of different species arising from one ancestral species in the same area. Interbreeding between the two differently adapted species would prevent speciation, but in some species, sympatric speciation appears to have occurred.
1147:
has yielded a large number of publications concerning the ecological changes following the formation of islands, such as the local extinction of large predators and the subsequent changes in prey populations.
1092:
This expression of the function allows for the function to be drawn as a linear function. However, the core meaning of the function is the same: the area of the island dictates the species area relationship.
694:
For biogeographical purposes, an insular environment or "island" is any area of habitat suitable for a specific ecosystem, surrounded by an expanse of unsuitable habitat. While this may be a traditional
1363:
The present paper compares the distribution of boreal birds and mammals among the isolated mountain ranges of the Great Basin and relates those patterns to the developing theory of insular biogeography.
658:
occurring in oceanic islands. Under either name it is now used in reference to any ecosystem (present or past) that is isolated due to being surrounded by unlike ecosystems, and has been extended to
307:
1090:
732:). Usually this source is the mainland, but it can also be other islands. Islands that are more isolated are less likely to receive immigrants than islands that are less isolated.
686:
in their inaugural contribution to
Princeton's Monograph in Population Biology series, which attempted to predict the number of species that would exist on a newly created island.
748:
or effect. Larger islands contain larger habitat areas and opportunities for more different varieties of habitat. Larger habitat size reduces the probability of extinction due to
1140:
mainland recovered faster as predicted by the Theory of Island
Biogeography. The effect of island size was not tested, since all islands were of approximately equal size.
916:
1652:
Chadwick, O.A.; Derry, L.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Huebert, B.J.; Hedin, L.O. (1999). "Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development".
2909:
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622:
1203:
1183:
1007:
987:
967:
947:
2019:
230:
3053:
3123:
1286:. Allopatric speciation is where new gene pools arise out of natural selection in isolated gene pools. Island biogeography is also useful in considering
541:
2660:
349:
3133:
2861:
2059:
712:
The theory of insular biogeography proposes that the number of species found in an undisturbed insular environment ("island") is determined by
55:
1999:
1716:
536:
3138:
1380:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J.; Falcon-Lang, H. J. (2010). "Rainforest
Collapse Triggered Pennsylvanian Tetrapod Diversification in Euramerica".
2695:
483:
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1947:
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334:
302:
3416:
556:
339:
3543:
3188:
875:
655:
720:. And further, that the isolated populations may follow different evolutionary routes, as shown by Darwin's observation of
3589:
3143:
2895:
2148:
608:
595:
3021:
526:
765:
Over time, the countervailing forces of extinction and immigration result in an equilibrium level of species richness.
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582:
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3163:
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82:
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60:
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1855:
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The rate of extinction once a species manages to colonize an island is affected by island size; this is the
551:
458:
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398:
359:
160:
1015:
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135:
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267:
1741:
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2581:
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1606:
1532:
1389:
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1214:
1131:. Species richness on several small mangroves islands were surveyed. The islands were fumigated with
413:
185:
70:
27:
2140:
3684:
3659:
3523:
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3438:
3351:
3241:
3226:
3173:
3006:
2941:
2823:
2753:
2284:
2096:
847:
808:
768:
728:. Immigration and emigration are affected by the distance of an island from a source of colonists (
721:
654:
of isolated natural communities. The theory was originally developed to explain the pattern of the
503:
493:
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277:
180:
105:
40:
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1235:
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155:
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populations, complicating the simple proscription of connectivity being good for biodiversity.
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3553:
3341:
3168:
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2841:
2818:
2675:
2556:
2332:
2244:
2229:
2214:
2194:
1995:
1812:
1803:
1712:
1634:
1558:
1498:
1275:
1213:
Within a few years of the publishing of the theory, its potential application to the field of
1120:
885:
777:
725:
247:
125:
115:
110:
35:
854:
Location relative to ocean currents (influences nutrient, fish, bird, and seed flow patterns)
3538:
3401:
3393:
3311:
3193:
3178:
3114:
3094:
3011:
3001:
2996:
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2733:
2604:
2405:
2347:
2259:
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1972:
1939:
1913:
1869:
1821:
1753:
1704:
1669:
1624:
1614:
1548:
1540:
1488:
1449:
1415:
1397:
1230:
1119:
The theory of island biogeography was experimentally tested by E. O. Wilson and his student
675:
671:
647:
282:
1518:"A Land-bridge Island Perspective on Mammalian Extinctions in Western North American Parks"
3674:
3533:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3421:
3406:
3286:
3266:
3148:
3016:
2922:
2813:
2723:
2665:
2650:
2249:
2175:
2106:
949:
represents the measure of diversity of a species (for example, the number of species) and
235:
225:
87:
1901:
835:
Initial plant and animal composition if previously attached to a larger land mass (e.g.
1665:
1610:
1536:
1393:
921:
812:
Total number of reptilian and amphibian species on seven small and large islands in the
3654:
3478:
3431:
3361:
3356:
3251:
3118:
2991:
2798:
2788:
2768:
2645:
2571:
2536:
2475:
2352:
2307:
2199:
2091:
2081:
1858:(1974). "Populations and Local Extinctions of Birds on Barro Colorado Island, Panama".
1708:
1629:
1592:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1264:
1188:
1168:
1132:
992:
972:
952:
932:
729:
317:
220:
1963:
Lomolino, Mark V. (January 2000). "A Call for a New
Paradigm of Island Biogeography".
1810:(March 1969). "Experimental Zoogeography of islands - colonization of empty islands".
3708:
3679:
2655:
2629:
2586:
2576:
2531:
2518:
2498:
2390:
2224:
2179:
1976:
1757:
1493:
1476:
1348:"The Theory of Insular Biogeography and the Distribution of Boreal Birds and Mammals"
1268:
1255:
1244:
1222:
1103:
793:
759:
468:
140:
1925:
1841:
1765:
1461:
3664:
3649:
3306:
3276:
3221:
3104:
3069:
2946:
2445:
2101:
2086:
2068:
1943:
1902:"Are island-like systems biologically similar to islands? A review of the evidence"
1807:
1570:
1419:
1251:
1128:
679:
643:
488:
473:
257:
252:
170:
1681:
1619:
2956:
2685:
2503:
2465:
2440:
2430:
2395:
2342:
2322:
1240:
860:
813:
713:
498:
215:
165:
3669:
3246:
3211:
2851:
2803:
2748:
2718:
2624:
2541:
2485:
2362:
2312:
1324:
836:
749:
717:
659:
272:
195:
150:
130:
44:
1502:
3574:
3528:
3256:
2700:
2670:
2470:
2425:
2400:
2337:
2327:
2302:
2294:
2239:
1136:
700:
663:
531:
145:
65:
1638:
762:
increases the number of species that will be successful after immigration.
1562:
925:
An example of what a species-area relationship may look like when graphed.
577:
3629:
3558:
3089:
2596:
2508:
2455:
2410:
1597:
1553:
1124:
840:
521:
120:
1591:
Franzén, Markus; Schweiger, Oliver; Betzholtz, Per-Eric (January 2012).
1205:
values also vary between true islands and ILS, and within types of ILS.
3619:
3426:
3296:
3291:
2918:
2866:
2526:
2171:
2018:
Schoenherr, Allan A.; Feldmeth, C. Robert; Emerson, Michael J. (2003).
1917:
1881:
1833:
1218:
756:
735:
989:
represents the area of the island or space that is being examined and
832:
Climate (tropical versus arctic, humid versus arid, variability, etc.)
1544:
1401:
1185:-values are generally lower for ILSs than true islands. Furthermore,
696:
1873:
1825:
1992:
The Song of the Dodo: Island
Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions
1673:
826:
Size of island (larger area usually facilitates greater diversity)
807:
776:
767:
734:
670:, fragmented forests, and even natural habitats isolated by human
667:
2029:
Heatwole, Harold. "History of Insular Ecology and Biogeography".
1263:
smaller reserves, and that larger reserves should be the norm in
820:
Degree of isolation (distance to nearest neighbour, and mainland)
2891:
2144:
2041:
2037:
1477:"Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis"
1012:
This function can also be expressed as a logarithmic function:
1742:"On the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography"
1697:"Chapter 15 - Estimating Extinction Risk from Climate Change"
1593:"Species–Area Relationships Are Controlled by Species Traits"
1375:
1373:
1371:
1454:
10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0077:AMDOPW]2.0.CO;2
1274:
Island biogeography theory also led to the development of
1282:
In species diversity, island biogeography most describes
1143:
Research conducted at the rainforest research station on
674:. The field was started in the 1960s by the ecologists
1217:
had been realised and was being vigorously debated in
1111:
event triggered an evolutionary burst among reptiles.
1191:
1171:
1018:
995:
975:
955:
935:
888:
857:
Location relative to dust blow (influences nutrients)
1952:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1428:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1247:
National Park and the number of species of mammals.
3567:
3467:
3392:
3265:
3202:
3062:
2930:
2832:
2711:
2638:
2595:
2517:
2484:
2381:
2293:
2187:
1197:
1177:
1084:
1001:
981:
961:
941:
910:
1225:formed islands inside human-altered landscapes (
1475:Fischer, Joern; Lindenmayer, David B. (2007).
2903:
2156:
2053:
1695:Hannah, Lee (2022-01-01), Hannah, Lee (ed.),
616:
8:
2021:Natural History of the Islands of California
1780:"Essentials of Ecology, 4th Edition | Wiley"
1341:
1339:
1267:. This view was in particular championed by
969:is a constant representing the y-intercept.
882:The species-area relationship equation is:
3124:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
2910:
2896:
2888:
2163:
2149:
2141:
2060:
2046:
2038:
646:that examines the factors that affect the
623:
609:
18:
1628:
1618:
1552:
1492:
1190:
1170:
1152:Applications to Island Like Systems (ILS)
1017:
994:
974:
954:
934:
902:
887:
16:Study of the ecology of isolated habitats
3022:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2661:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1009:represents the slope of the area curve.
920:
829:The habitat suitability which includes:
3054:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
2033:. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.
1335:
26:
2862:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1701:Climate Change Biology (Third Edition)
2031:Oceans and Aquatic Ecosystems, Vol II
1895:
1893:
1891:
1735:
1733:
1221:circles. The idea that reserves and
1085:{\displaystyle log(S)=log(c)+zlog(A)}
7:
2877:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1703:, Academic Press, pp. 323–339,
1209:Applications in conservation biology
3327:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
3080:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1709:10.1016/b978-0-08-102975-6.00015-7
1516:Newmark, W. D. (29 January 1987).
14:
2416:Generalist and specialist species
2024:. University of California Press.
1949:The Theory of Island Biogeography
1425:The Theory of Island Biogeography
1361:: 209–227. SA Code A78BRO01IDUS.
1109:Carboniferous rainforest collapse
3139:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2125:
2124:
1977:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00185.x
1758:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02083.x
1494:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00287.x
1250:This led to the debate known as
1243:between the size of a protected
863:(the impacts of chance arrivals)
590:
589:
576:
34:
3159:Relative abundance distribution
2872:Plant defense against herbivory
2739:Competitive exclusion principle
2451:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1965:Global Ecology and Biogeography
1740:Fattorini, Simone (June 2009).
1481:Global Ecology and Biogeography
583:Evolutionary biology portal
2744:Consumer–resource interactions
1355:Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs
1079:
1073:
1055:
1049:
1034:
1028:
542:Creation–evolution controversy
296:History of evolutionary theory
1:
3590:Biological data visualization
3417:Environmental niche modelling
3144:Population viability analysis
1254:(SLOSS), described by writer
1252:single large or several small
3075:Density-dependent inhibition
1620:10.1371/journal.pone.0037359
527:Evolution as fact and theory
3544:Liebig's law of the minimum
3379:Resource selection function
2270:Metabolic theory of ecology
1900:Itescu, Yuval (July 2019).
3741:
3444:Niche apportionment models
3164:Relative species abundance
2368:Primary nutritional groups
2265:List of feeding behaviours
876:Species–area relationships
871:Species-area relationships
823:Length of isolation (time)
562:Nature-nurture controversy
3693:
3625:Ecosystem based fisheries
3237:Interspecific competition
3129:Minimum viable population
2987:Maximum sustainable yield
2972:Intraspecific competition
2967:Effective population size
2847:Anti-predator adaptations
2358:Photosynthetic efficiency
2120:
2077:
1994:. Scribner. p. 446.
656:species–area relationship
449:Evolutionary neuroscience
424:Evolutionary epistemology
404:Evolutionary anthropology
384:Applications of evolution
3615:Ecological stoichiometry
3580:Alternative stable state
1346:Brown, James H. (1978).
1310:Mammals of the Caribbean
911:{\displaystyle S=cA^{z}}
439:Evolutionary linguistics
434:Evolutionary game theory
409:Evolutionary computation
3459:Ontogenetic niche shift
3322:Ideal free distribution
3232:Ecological facilitation
2982:Malthusian growth model
2952:Consumer-resource model
2809:Paradox of the plankton
2774:Energy systems language
2494:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2461:Optimal foraging theory
2436:Heterotrophic nutrition
1990:Quammen, David (1996).
1746:Journal of Biogeography
552:Objections to evolution
459:Evolutionary psychology
454:Evolutionary physiology
399:Evolutionary aesthetics
378:Fields and applications
360:History of paleontology
3605:Ecological forecasting
3549:Marginal value theorem
3347:Landscape epidemiology
3282:Cross-boundary subsidy
3217:Biological interaction
2567:Microbial intelligence
2255:Green world hypothesis
2112:Microbial biogeography
1199:
1179:
1086:
1003:
983:
963:
943:
926:
912:
816:
783:
774:
741:
682:, who coined the term
484:Speciation experiments
464:Experimental evolution
419:Evolutionary economics
241:Recent human evolution
99:Processes and outcomes
3610:Ecological humanities
3509:Ecological energetics
3454:Niche differentiation
3317:Habitat fragmentation
3085:Ecological extinction
3032:Small population size
2784:Feed conversion ratio
2764:Ecological succession
2696:San Francisco Estuary
2610:Ecological efficiency
2552:Microbial cooperation
1861:Ecological Monographs
1300:Disturbance (ecology)
1284:allopatric speciation
1227:habitat fragmentation
1200:
1180:
1145:Barro Colorado Island
1087:
1004:
984:
964:
944:
924:
913:
811:
792:this is known as the
780:
771:
738:
444:Evolutionary medicine
389:Biosocial criminology
355:History of speciation
268:Evolutionary taxonomy
231:Timeline of evolution
3635:Evolutionary ecology
3600:Ecological footprint
3595:Ecological economics
3519:Ecological threshold
3514:Ecological indicator
3384:Source–sink dynamics
3337:Land change modeling
3332:Insular biogeography
3184:Species distribution
2923:Modelling ecosystems
2582:Microbial metabolism
2421:Intraguild predation
2210:Biogeochemical cycle
2176:Modelling ecosystems
1940:MacArthur, Robert H.
1416:MacArthur, Robert H.
1288:sympatric speciation
1260:The Song of the Dodo
1215:conservation biology
1189:
1169:
1115:Research experiments
1016:
993:
973:
953:
933:
886:
636:Insular biogeography
414:Evolutionary ecology
28:Evolutionary biology
3685:Theoretical ecology
3660:Natural environment
3524:Ecosystem diversity
3494:Ecological collapse
3484:Bateman's principle
3439:Limiting similarity
3352:Landscape limnology
3174:Species homogeneity
3012:Population modeling
3007:Population dynamics
2824:Trophic state index
2097:Island biogeography
1666:1999Natur.397..491C
1611:2012PLoSO...737359F
1537:1987Natur.325..430N
1394:2010Geo....38.1079S
848:species composition
804:Influencing factors
684:island biogeography
676:Robert H. MacArthur
640:island biogeography
516:Social implications
504:Universal Darwinism
494:Island biogeography
429:Evolutionary ethics
394:Ecological genetics
340:Molecular evolution
278:Transitional fossil
106:Population genetics
22:Part of a series on
3696:Outline of ecology
3645:Industrial ecology
3640:Functional ecology
3504:Ecological deficit
3449:Niche construction
3412:Ecosystem engineer
3189:Species–area curve
3110:Introduced species
2925:: Other components
2857:Deimatic behaviour
2759:Ecological network
2691:North Pacific Gyre
2676:hydrothermal vents
2615:Ecological pyramid
2562:Microbial food web
2373:Primary production
2318:Foundation species
2102:Palaeobiogeography
1918:10.1111/ecog.03951
1804:Simberloff, Daniel
1580:on 26 August 2014.
1276:wildlife corridors
1239:, showed a strong
1236:The New York Times
1195:
1175:
1082:
999:
979:
959:
939:
929:In this equation,
927:
908:
817:
784:
775:
746:species-area curve
742:
642:is a field within
547:Theistic evolution
479:Selective breeding
191:Parallel evolution
156:Adaptive radiation
3725:Landscape ecology
3702:
3701:
3585:Balance of nature
3342:Landscape ecology
3227:Community ecology
3169:Species diversity
3105:Indicator species
3100:Gradient analysis
2977:Logistic function
2885:
2884:
2842:Animal coloration
2819:Trophic mutualism
2557:Microbial ecology
2348:Photoheterotrophs
2333:Myco-heterotrophy
2245:Ecosystem ecology
2230:Carrying capacity
2195:Abiotic component
2138:
2137:
2001:978-0-684-80083-7
1808:Wilson, Edward O.
1718:978-0-08-102975-6
1531:(6103): 430–432.
1388:(12): 1079–1082.
1198:{\displaystyle c}
1178:{\displaystyle z}
1121:Daniel Simberloff
1097:Historical record
1002:{\displaystyle z}
982:{\displaystyle A}
962:{\displaystyle c}
942:{\displaystyle S}
726:Galapagos Islands
633:
632:
324:Origin of Species
126:Natural selection
3732:
3402:Ecological niche
3374:selection theory
3194:Umbrella species
3179:Species richness
3115:Invasive species
3095:Flagship species
3002:Population cycle
2997:Overexploitation
2962:Ecological yield
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2794:Mesotrophic soil
2734:Climax community
2666:Marine food webs
2605:Biomagnification
2406:Chemoorganotroph
2260:Keystone species
2220:Biotic component
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2006:
2005:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1912:(7): 1298–1314.
1897:
1886:
1885:
1856:Willis, Edwin O.
1852:
1846:
1845:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1752:(6): 1100–1110.
1737:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1573:. Archived from
1556:
1545:10.1038/325430a0
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:10.1130/G31182.1
1377:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1343:
1233:and reported in
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
988:
986:
985:
980:
968:
966:
965:
960:
948:
946:
945:
940:
917:
915:
914:
909:
907:
906:
672:land development
648:species richness
625:
618:
611:
598:
593:
592:
585:
581:
580:
557:Level of support
350:Current research
335:Modern synthesis
330:Before synthesis
283:Extinction event
41:Darwin's finches
38:
19:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3720:Insular ecology
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3675:Systems ecology
3563:
3534:Extinction debt
3499:Ecological debt
3489:Bioluminescence
3470:
3463:
3432:marine habitats
3407:Ecological trap
3388:
3268:
3261:
3204:
3198:
3154:Rapoport's rule
3149:Priority effect
3090:Endemic species
3058:
3017:Population size
2933:
2926:
2916:
2886:
2881:
2834:
2828:
2814:Trophic cascade
2724:Bioaccumulation
2707:
2634:
2591:
2513:
2480:
2377:
2289:
2250:Ecosystem model
2183:
2169:
2139:
2134:
2116:
2107:Panbiogeography
2073:
2069:
2066:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2012:Further reading
2009:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1874:10.2307/1942309
1854:
1853:
1849:
1826:10.2307/1934856
1802:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1296:
1211:
1187:
1186:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1135:to clear their
1127:islands in the
1117:
1099:
1014:
1013:
991:
990:
971:
970:
951:
950:
931:
930:
898:
884:
883:
873:
806:
800:target effect.
789:
730:distance effect
710:
692:
652:diversification
629:
588:
575:
574:
567:
566:
517:
509:
508:
379:
371:
370:
369:
297:
289:
288:
287:
236:Human evolution
226:History of life
210:
209:Natural history
202:
201:
200:
100:
92:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3738:
3736:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Microecosystem
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3554:Thorson's rule
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Assembly rules
3475:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3364:
3362:Patch dynamics
3359:
3357:Metapopulation
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:Storage effect
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Neutral theory
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Native species
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Overpopulation
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Nutrient cycle
2796:
2791:
2789:Feeding frenzy
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Energy quality
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Cascade effect
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Microbial loop
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Lithoautotroph
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2519:Microorganisms
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2476:Prey switching
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Photosynthesis
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Chemosynthesis
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Abiotic stress
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Phytogeography
2089:
2084:
2082:Phylogeography
2078:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1982:
1955:
1931:
1887:
1868:(2): 153–169.
1847:
1820:(2): 278–296.
1795:
1771:
1729:
1717:
1687:
1644:
1583:
1508:
1487:(3): 265–280.
1467:
1431:
1407:
1367:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1320:Distance decay
1317:
1315:Patch dynamics
1312:
1307:
1305:Island ecology
1302:
1295:
1292:
1265:reserve design
1223:national parks
1210:
1207:
1194:
1174:
1153:
1150:
1133:methyl bromide
1116:
1113:
1098:
1095:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
998:
978:
958:
938:
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:Human activity
864:
858:
855:
852:
851:
850:
844:
833:
827:
824:
821:
805:
802:
788:
785:
709:
706:
691:
688:
660:mountain peaks
631:
630:
628:
627:
620:
613:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
586:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Social effects
534:
529:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Classification
260:
255:
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
228:
223:
221:Common descent
218:
216:Origin of life
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3737:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Urban ecology
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Kleiber's law
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Foster's rule
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:Trophic level
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2587:Phage ecology
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Microbial mat
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Bacteriophage
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Decomposition
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Mesopredators
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Apex predator
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Biotic stress
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:Wilson, E. O.
1941:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:10.1038/17276
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:(6719): 491.
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:(5): e37359.
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1554:2027.42/62554
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:Wilson, E. O.
1417:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:Jared Diamond
1266:
1261:
1257:
1256:David Quammen
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1192:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:Carboniferous
1096:
1094:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1010:
996:
976:
956:
936:
923:
919:
903:
899:
895:
892:
889:
880:
877:
870:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:
815:
810:
803:
801:
797:
795:
794:rescue effect
787:Modifications
786:
779:
773:of organisms.
770:
766:
763:
761:
760:heterogeneity
758:
754:
751:
747:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
702:
698:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
606:
604:
603:
597:
587:
584:
579:
573:
572:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Phylogenetics
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
375:
374:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Before Darwin
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
293:
292:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
206:
205:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
141:Genetic drift
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
96:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
51:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3715:Biogeography
3665:Regime shift
3650:Macroecology
3371:
3367:
3331:
3307:Edge effects
3277:Biogeography
3222:Commensalism
3070:Biodiversity
2947:Allee effect
2686:kelp forests
2639:Example webs
2504:Detritivores
2343:Organotrophs
2323:Kinetotrophs
2275:Productivity
2087:Zoogeography
2070:Biogeography
2030:
2020:
1991:
1985:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1934:
1909:
1905:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1722:, retrieved
1700:
1690:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1602:
1596:
1586:
1575:the original
1528:
1524:
1511:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1448:(1): 77–91.
1445:
1441:
1434:
1424:
1410:
1385:
1381:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1281:
1273:
1259:
1249:
1234:
1212:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1129:Florida Keys
1118:
1100:
1011:
928:
881:
874:
846:The current
798:
790:
764:
743:
711:
693:
683:
680:E. O. Wilson
644:biogeography
639:
635:
634:
489:Sociobiology
474:Paleontology
322:
258:Biogeography
253:Biodiversity
171:Coextinction
161:Co-operation
136:Polymorphism
61:Introduction
3302:Disturbance
3205:interaction
3027:Recruitment
2957:Depensation
2749:Copiotrophs
2620:Energy flow
2542:Lithotrophy
2486:Decomposers
2466:Planktivore
2441:Insectivore
2431:Heterotroph
2396:Bacterivore
2363:Phototrophs
2313:Chemotrophs
2285:Restoration
2235:Competition
1241:correlation
861:Serendipity
814:West Indies
714:immigration
690:Definitions
499:Systematics
308:Renaissance
186:Convergence
176:Contingency
166:Coevolution
3709:Categories
3670:Sexecology
3247:Parasitism
3212:Antibiosis
3047:Resistance
3042:Resilience
2932:Population
2852:Camouflage
2804:Oligotroph
2719:Ascendency
2681:intertidal
2671:cold seeps
2625:Food chain
2426:Herbivores
2401:Carnivores
2328:Mixotrophs
2303:Autotrophs
2182:components
1971:(1): 1–6.
1789:2022-11-28
1724:2022-12-13
1331:References
1325:Sky island
1219:ecological
837:marsupials
782:organisms.
718:extinction
273:Cladistics
196:Extinction
181:Divergence
151:Speciation
131:Adaptation
45:John Gould
3575:Allometry
3529:Emergence
3257:Symbiosis
3242:Mutualism
3037:Stability
2942:Abundance
2754:Dominance
2712:Processes
2701:tide pool
2597:Food webs
2471:Predation
2456:Omnivores
2383:Consumers
2338:Mycotroph
2295:Producers
2240:Ecosystem
2205:Behaviour
1906:Ecography
1784:Wiley.com
1503:1466-8238
1137:arthropod
701:grassland
664:seamounts
532:Dysgenics
248:Phylogeny
146:Gene flow
116:Diversity
111:Variation
3630:Endolith
3559:Xerosere
3471:networks
3287:Ecocline
2833:Defense,
2509:Detritus
2411:Foraging
2280:Resource
2130:Category
1946:(1967).
1926:92145076
1842:54929089
1766:86753606
1639:22629384
1598:PLOS ONE
1462:40522206
1442:Wetlands
1422:(1967).
1294:See also
1125:mangrove
841:primates
596:Category
522:Eugenics
364:timeline
345:Evo-devo
303:Overview
121:Mutation
83:Evidence
78:Glossary
3620:Ecopath
3427:Habitat
3297:Ecotype
3292:Ecotone
3269:ecology
3267:Spatial
3203:Species
3063:Species
2934:ecology
2919:Ecology
2867:Mimicry
2835:counter
2779:f-ratio
2527:Archaea
2215:Biomass
2188:General
2180:Trophic
2172:Ecology
1882:1942309
1834:1934856
1813:Ecology
1662:Bibcode
1630:3357413
1607:Bibcode
1571:4310316
1563:3808043
1533:Bibcode
1390:Bibcode
1382:Geology
1123:in the
757:Habitat
724:in the
722:finches
88:History
71:Outline
2651:Rivers
2547:Marine
1998:
1924:
1880:
1840:
1832:
1764:
1715:
1682:379342
1680:
1654:Nature
1637:
1627:
1569:
1561:
1525:Nature
1501:
1460:
1231:Nature
753:events
750:chance
740:least.
708:Theory
697:island
594:
318:Darwin
3568:Other
3469:Other
3422:Guild
3394:Niche
2646:Lakes
1922:S2CID
1878:JSTOR
1838:S2CID
1830:JSTOR
1762:S2CID
1678:S2CID
1578:(PDF)
1567:S2CID
1521:(PDF)
1458:S2CID
1351:(PDF)
668:oases
56:Index
2656:Soil
1996:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1635:PMID
1559:PMID
1499:ISSN
1245:U.S.
716:and
678:and
650:and
66:Main
1973:doi
1914:doi
1870:doi
1822:doi
1754:doi
1705:doi
1670:doi
1658:397
1625:PMC
1615:doi
1549:hdl
1541:doi
1529:325
1489:doi
1450:doi
1398:doi
1258:in
638:or
43:by
3711::
3117:/
2921::
2178::
2174::
1967:.
1942:;
1920:.
1910:42
1908:.
1904:.
1890:^
1876:.
1866:44
1864:.
1836:.
1828:.
1818:50
1816:.
1806:;
1782:.
1760:.
1750:36
1748:.
1744:.
1732:^
1711:,
1699:,
1676:.
1668:.
1656:.
1633:.
1623:.
1613:.
1601:.
1595:.
1565:.
1557:.
1547:.
1539:.
1527:.
1523:.
1497:.
1485:16
1483:.
1479:.
1456:.
1446:24
1444:.
1418:;
1396:.
1386:38
1384:.
1370:^
1357:.
1353:.
1338:^
918:.
839:,
796:.
755:.
666:,
662:,
3372:K
3370:/
3368:r
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2004:.
1979:.
1975::
1969:9
1928:.
1916::
1884:.
1872::
1844:.
1824::
1792:.
1768:.
1756::
1707::
1684:.
1672::
1664::
1641:.
1617::
1609::
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1551::
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362:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
