1397:
The ?-operator trivializes the information expressed by whatever it applies to, while converting information states that would establish that its issues are unresolvable into states that resolve it. This is very abstract, so consider another example. Imagine that logical space consists of four
30:. In inquisitive semantics, the semantic content of a sentence captures both the information that the sentence conveys and the issue that it raises. The framework provides a foundation for the linguistic analysis of statements and questions. It was originally developed by Ivano Ciardelli,
977:
515:
633:
875:
1219:
770:
1180:
430:
270:
173:
1534:
and raises the issue of which of those worlds it actually is. Therefore, the issue it raises would not be resolved if we learned that the actual world is in the information state
116:
1224:
Conceptually, the !-operator can be thought of as cancelling the issues raised by whatever it applies to while leaving its informational content untouched. For any formula
1139:
1058:
725:
1518:
1444:
1242:
701:
675:
80:
Inquisitive propositions encode informational content via the region of logical space that their information states cover. For instance, the inquisitive proposition
569:
322:
296:
1620:
1586:
1478:
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1347:
1313:
1279:
2585:
362:
342:
213:
193:
881:
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450:
2361:
574:
2229:
1896:
786:
435:
The informational content of an inquisitive proposition can be isolated by pooling its constituent information states as shown below.
2578:
1855:
2876:
1186:
2316:
1551:}. Rather, learning this would show that the issue raised by our toy proposition is unresolvable. As a result, the proposition
1970:
2437:
2311:
1880:
27:
2089:
1910:
733:
2886:
2871:
2571:
1798:
1150:
367:
2732:
1975:
2063:
2625:
2457:
2119:
1940:
2462:
2412:
2174:
1873:
542:
225:
128:
2517:
2381:
1960:
1845:
1712:
1732:
2630:
2512:
2058:
1820:
2542:
2214:
2184:
2159:
2099:
1998:
1930:
1776:
83:
2881:
2615:
2442:
2301:
2189:
2164:
2008:
1925:
1754:
1648:
2765:
2706:
2668:
2663:
2610:
2427:
2234:
2013:
1668:
1064:
983:
706:
2845:
2678:
2594:
2507:
2422:
2366:
2269:
2254:
2224:
2204:
2179:
2048:
2033:
526:
2866:
2840:
2755:
2620:
2552:
2477:
2452:
2417:
2397:
2326:
2306:
2244:
2239:
2149:
2139:
2124:
2068:
1673:
1658:
648:
644:
522:
432:
encodes the same information but does not raise an issue since it contains only one alternative.
31:
1503:
2830:
2795:
2783:
2760:
2747:
2737:
2724:
2532:
2487:
2472:
2432:
2371:
2341:
2321:
2114:
2043:
1851:
1429:
1227:
364:
while conveying the information that it must be one or the other. The inquisitive proposition
680:
654:
2788:
2537:
2467:
2356:
2134:
73:
547:
301:
275:
2775:
2691:
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2648:
2346:
2249:
2144:
2109:
1784:
Proceedings of the 7th
International Tbilisi Symposium on Language, Logic, and Computation
530:
218:
An inquisitive proposition encodes inquisitive content via its maximal elements, known as
62:
1591:
1554:
1449:
1356:
1318:
1284:
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2527:
2522:
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2331:
2209:
2104:
1945:
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1865:
1762:
Proceedings of the 12th
Conference on Theoretical Aspacts of Rationality and Knowledge
2860:
2219:
2194:
2028:
1860:
1806:
Proceedings of the ILCLI International
Workshop on Semantics, Pragmatics and Rhetoric
1693:
1144:
The operators ! and ? are used as abbreviations in the manner shown below.
972:{\displaystyle \!]=\{s\subseteq W\mid s\cap t=\emptyset {\text{ for all }}t\in \!]\}}
2696:
2602:
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2407:
2274:
2154:
2038:
2018:
510:{\displaystyle \operatorname {info} (P)=\{w\mid w\in t{\text{ for some }}t\in P\}}
2714:
2640:
2402:
2376:
2259:
2023:
1950:
1653:
45:
628:{\displaystyle \{s\subseteq W\mid s\cap t=\emptyset {\text{ for all }}t\in P\}}
2653:
2547:
2199:
1965:
1920:
1915:
1755:"Generalized inquisitive logic: completeness via intuitionistic Kripke models"
2807:
2658:
2351:
2169:
2094:
2073:
2003:
1955:
1935:
1315:, but it may differ in that it raises no nontrivial issues. For example, if
703:
respectively. Thus inquisitive propositions can be assigned to formulas of
2264:
2053:
1663:
2800:
2563:
1698:
Institute for Logic, Language and
Computation, University of Amsterdam
534:
1844:
Ciardelli, Ivano; Groenendijk, Jeroen; and
Roelofsen, Floris (2019)
521:
Inquisitive propositions can be used to provide a semantics for the
2129:
23:
1711:
Ciardelli, Ivano; Groenendijk, Jeroen; Roelofsen, Floris (2019).
2812:
870:{\displaystyle \!]=\{s\subseteq W\mid \forall w\in s,V(w,p)=1\}}
2567:
1869:
712:
42:
The essential notion in inquisitive semantics is that of an
1520:. This proposition conveys that the actual world is either
324:. Thus, it raises the issue of whether the actual world is
1777:"Inquisitive semantics: Two possibilities for disjunction"
1214:{\displaystyle ?\varphi \equiv \varphi \lor \neg \varphi }
1594:
1557:
1506:
1452:
1432:
1359:
1321:
1287:
1250:
1230:
1189:
1153:
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884:
789:
736:
709:
683:
657:
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550:
453:
370:
350:
330:
304:
278:
228:
201:
181:
131:
86:
2823:
2774:
2746:
2723:
2705:
2677:
2639:
2601:
2500:
2390:
2294:
2287:
2082:
1991:
1984:
1903:
765:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}=\langle W,V\rangle }
125:} is the actual world. The inquisitive proposition
1861:https://projects.illc.uva.nl/inquisitivesemantics/
1614:
1580:
1512:
1472:
1438:
1382:
1341:
1307:
1273:
1236:
1213:
1175:{\displaystyle !\varphi \equiv \neg \neg \varphi }
1174:
1133:
1052:
971:
869:
764:
719:
695:
669:
627:
563:
509:
425:{\displaystyle \{\{w,v\},\{w\},\{v\},\emptyset \}}
424:
356:
336:
316:
290:
264:
207:
187:
167:
110:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1561:
1466:
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1335:
1325:
1301:
1291:
1267:
1254:
1127:
1117:
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1097:
1087:
1071:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
990:
962:
952:
901:
888:
803:
793:
16:Framework in logic and natural language semantics
2362:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
1797:Groenendijk, Jeroen; Roelofsen, Floris (2009).
1733:"Inquisitive semantics and intermediate logics"
537:relation. For instance, for every proposition
34:, Salvador Mascarenhas, and Floris Roelofsen.
2579:
1881:
8:
1753:Ciardelli, Ivano; Roelofsen, Floris (2009).
966:
908:
864:
810:
759:
747:
622:
578:
504:
472:
419:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
374:
371:
311:
305:
285:
279:
259:
250:
244:
238:
232:
229:
222:. For instance, the inquisitive proposition
162:
153:
147:
141:
135:
132:
105:
96:
90:
87:
1828:Master Thesis, ILLC University of Amsterdam
1740:Master Thesis, ILLC University of Amsterdam
2586:
2572:
2564:
2291:
1988:
1888:
1874:
1866:
265:{\displaystyle \{\{w\},\{v\},\emptyset \}}
168:{\displaystyle \{\{w\},\{v\},\emptyset \}}
1593:
1556:
1505:
1451:
1431:
1358:
1320:
1286:
1249:
1229:
1188:
1152:
1066:
985:
938:
883:
788:
738:
737:
735:
711:
710:
708:
682:
656:
608:
576:
555:
549:
490:
452:
369:
349:
329:
303:
277:
227:
200:
180:
130:
85:
175:encodes that the actual world is either
1685:
1799:"Inquisitive semantics and pragmatics"
2317:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
7:
111:{\displaystyle \{\{w\},\emptyset \}}
2230:Quantificational variability effect
1897:Formal semantics (natural language)
739:
1507:
1281:expresses the same information as
1205:
1166:
1163:
935:
892:
825:
635:. Similarly, any two propositions
605:
416:
256:
159:
102:
14:
1821:"Inquisitive semantics and logic"
1694:"What is inquisitive semantics?"
1353:from a few paragraphs ago, then
776:is a set of possible worlds and
1390:is the inquisitive proposition
1349:is the inquisitive proposition
1134:{\displaystyle \!]=\!]\cup \!]}
1053:{\displaystyle \!]=\!]\cap \!]}
2312:Combinatory categorial grammar
1819:Mascarenhas, Salvador (2009).
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1244:, the inquisitive proposition
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
991:
987:
963:
959:
953:
949:
902:
898:
889:
885:
855:
843:
804:
800:
794:
790:
720:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}}
466:
460:
443:of an inquisitive proposition
1:
2090:Antecedent-contained deletion
272:has two alternatives, namely
118:encodes the information that
2733:Ontology (computer science)
1850:. Oxford University Press.
1775:Jeroen Groenendijk (2009).
1588:contains all the states of
2903:
2626:Intuitionistic type theory
1971:Syntaxâsemantics interface
1720:. Oxford University Press.
1639:} and all of its subsets.
1513:{\displaystyle \emptyset }
76:set of information states.
28:natural language semantics
2463:Question under discussion
2413:Conversational scoreboard
2190:Intersective modification
2175:Homogeneity (linguistics)
1426:, and consider a formula
780:is a valuation function:
543:relative pseudocomplement
2518:Distributional semantics
1439:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1237:{\displaystyle \varphi }
2877:Systems of formal logic
2631:Constructive set theory
2513:Computational semantics
2255:Subsective modification
2059:Propositional attitudes
696:{\displaystyle P\cup Q}
670:{\displaystyle P\cap Q}
70:inquisitive proposition
2543:Philosophy of language
2185:Inalienable possession
2165:Free choice inferences
2160:Faultless disagreement
1931:Generalized quantifier
1731:Ciardelli, I. (2009).
1616:
1582:
1514:
1474:
1440:
1384:
1343:
1309:
1275:
1238:
1215:
1176:
1135:
1054:
973:
871:
766:
721:
697:
671:
629:
565:
511:
426:
358:
338:
318:
292:
266:
209:
189:
169:
112:
2616:Constructive analysis
2443:Plural quantification
2337:Inquisitive semantics
2302:Alternative semantics
1847:Inquisitive Semantics
1714:Inquisitive Semantics
1649:Alternative semantics
1617:
1583:
1515:
1475:
1441:
1385:
1344:
1310:
1276:
1239:
1216:
1177:
1136:
1055:
974:
872:
767:
722:
698:
672:
630:
566:
564:{\displaystyle P^{*}}
512:
441:informational content
427:
359:
339:
319:
317:{\displaystyle \{v\}}
293:
291:{\displaystyle \{w\}}
267:
210:
190:
170:
113:
59:classical proposition
20:Inquisitive semantics
2669:Fuzzy set operations
2664:Fuzzy finite element
2611:Intuitionistic logic
2428:Function application
2235:Responsive predicate
2225:Privative adjectives
1669:Responsive predicate
1592:
1555:
1504:
1450:
1430:
1357:
1319:
1285:
1248:
1228:
1187:
1151:
1065:
984:
882:
787:
734:
707:
681:
655:
575:
548:
533:when ordered by the
492: for some
451:
368:
348:
328:
302:
276:
226:
199:
179:
129:
84:
2887:Philosophical logic
2872:Non-classical logic
2846:Non-monotonic logic
2595:Non-classical logic
2508:Cognitive semantics
2423:Existential closure
2367:Situation semantics
2270:Temperature paradox
2240:Rising declaratives
2205:Modal subordination
2180:Hurford disjunction
2140:Discourse relations
1615:{\displaystyle \!]}
1581:{\displaystyle \!]}
1473:{\displaystyle \!]}
1383:{\displaystyle \!]}
1342:{\displaystyle \!]}
1308:{\displaystyle \!]}
1274:{\displaystyle \!]}
940: for all
610: for all
571:, which amounts to
527:propositional logic
2841:Intermediate logic
2621:Heyting arithmetic
2553:Semantics of logic
2478:Strict conditional
2453:Quantifier raising
2418:Downward entailing
2398:Autonomy of syntax
2327:Generative grammar
2307:Categorial grammar
2245:Scalar implicature
2150:Epistemic modality
2125:De dicto and de re
1786:. Springer: 80â94.
1674:Rising declarative
1659:Intermediate logic
1612:
1578:
1510:
1470:
1436:
1380:
1339:
1305:
1271:
1234:
1211:
1172:
1131:
1050:
969:
867:
762:
717:
693:
667:
651:, which amount to
625:
561:
529:since they form a
507:
422:
354:
334:
314:
288:
262:
205:
185:
165:
108:
32:Jeroen Groenendijk
22:is a framework in
2854:
2853:
2836:Inquisitive logic
2831:Dynamic semantics
2784:Three-state logic
2738:Ontology language
2561:
2560:
2533:Logic translation
2496:
2495:
2488:Universal grinder
2473:Squiggle operator
2433:Meaning postulate
2372:Supervaluationism
2342:Intensional logic
2322:Dynamic semantics
2283:
2282:
2115:Crossover effects
2064:Tenseâaspectâmood
2044:Lexical semantics
1500:}, and of course
1398:possible worlds,
941:
611:
493:
357:{\displaystyle v}
337:{\displaystyle w}
208:{\displaystyle v}
188:{\displaystyle w}
55:information state
2894:
2789:Tri-state buffer
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2538:Linguistics wars
2468:Semantic parsing
2357:Montague grammar
2292:
2135:Deontic modality
1989:
1976:Truth conditions
1911:Compositionality
1904:Central concepts
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1638:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1550:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
978:
976:
975:
970:
942:
939:
876:
874:
873:
868:
771:
769:
768:
763:
743:
742:
727:as shown below.
726:
724:
723:
718:
716:
715:
702:
700:
699:
694:
676:
674:
673:
668:
634:
632:
631:
626:
612:
609:
570:
568:
567:
562:
560:
559:
516:
514:
513:
508:
494:
491:
431:
429:
428:
423:
363:
361:
360:
355:
343:
341:
340:
335:
323:
321:
320:
315:
297:
295:
294:
289:
271:
269:
268:
263:
214:
212:
211:
206:
194:
192:
191:
186:
174:
172:
171:
166:
124:
117:
115:
114:
109:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2819:
2770:
2742:
2719:
2701:
2692:Relevance logic
2687:Structural rule
2673:
2649:Degree of truth
2635:
2597:
2592:
2562:
2557:
2492:
2386:
2347:Lambda calculus
2279:
2250:Sloppy identity
2210:Opaque contexts
2145:Donkey anaphora
2110:Counterfactuals
2078:
1980:
1899:
1894:
1841:
1839:Further reading
1836:
1835:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1590:
1589:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1448:
1447:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1355:
1354:
1317:
1316:
1283:
1282:
1246:
1245:
1226:
1225:
1185:
1184:
1149:
1148:
1063:
1062:
982:
981:
880:
879:
785:
784:
732:
731:
705:
704:
679:
678:
653:
652:
573:
572:
551:
546:
545:
541:there exists a
531:Heyting algebra
449:
448:
366:
365:
346:
345:
326:
325:
300:
299:
274:
273:
224:
223:
197:
196:
177:
176:
127:
126:
119:
82:
81:
74:downward-closed
63:possible worlds
57:(alternately a
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:Paraconsistent
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2603:Intuitionistic
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Inferentialism
2525:
2523:Formal grammar
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Possible world
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Glue semantics
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2295:Formal systems
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Polarity items
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Conservativity
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2069:Quantification
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Presupposition
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1811:
1789:
1767:
1745:
1723:
1703:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1524:
1509:
1496:
1486:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1435:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
979:
968:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
948:
945:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
877:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
802:
799:
796:
792:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
741:
730:Given a model
714:
692:
689:
686:
666:
663:
660:
624:
621:
618:
615:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
558:
554:
519:
518:
506:
503:
500:
497:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
353:
333:
313:
310:
307:
287:
284:
281:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
204:
184:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
78:
77:
72:is a nonempty
66:
61:) is a set of
39:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2776:Digital logic
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2679:Substructural
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Performatives
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Logophoricity
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Evidentiality
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:9780198814788
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1764:. ACM: 71â80.
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1622:, along with
1602:
1568:
1565:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1495:
1485:
1460:
1433:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1370:
1367:
1352:
1329:
1295:
1261:
1258:
1231:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1061:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
997:
994:
980:
956:
946:
943:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
905:
895:
878:
861:
858:
852:
849:
846:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
822:
819:
816:
813:
807:
797:
783:
782:
781:
779:
775:
756:
753:
750:
744:
728:
690:
687:
684:
664:
661:
658:
650:
646:
642:
638:
619:
616:
613:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
556:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
501:
498:
495:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
469:
463:
457:
454:
446:
442:
438:
437:
436:
433:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
380:
377:
351:
331:
308:
282:
253:
247:
241:
235:
221:
216:
202:
182:
156:
150:
144:
138:
123:
99:
93:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
50:
48:
47:
38:Basic notions
37:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2882:Intuitionism
2835:
2756:Three-valued
2697:Linear logic
2483:Type shifter
2458:Quantization
2408:Continuation
2336:
2275:Veridicality
2155:Exhaustivity
2120:Cumulativity
2039:Indexicality
2019:Definiteness
2014:Conditionals
1941:Logical form
1846:
1827:
1814:
1805:
1792:
1783:
1770:
1761:
1748:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1632:
1625:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1493:
1483:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1350:
1223:
1143:
777:
773:
729:
640:
636:
538:
520:
444:
440:
434:
220:alternatives
219:
217:
121:
79:
69:
58:
54:
44:inquisitive
43:
41:
19:
18:
2796:Four-valued
2766:Ĺukasiewicz
2761:Four-valued
2748:Many-valued
2725:Description
2715:Dialetheism
2403:Context set
2377:Type theory
2260:Subtrigging
2024:Disjunction
1951:Proposition
1654:Disjunction
523:connectives
46:proposition
2861:Categories
2654:Fuzzy rule
2548:Pragmatics
2200:Mirativity
1966:Speech act
1921:Entailment
1916:Denotation
1680:References
1446:such that
2867:Semantics
2808:IEEE 1164
2659:Fuzzy set
2352:Mereology
2288:Formalism
2170:Givenness
2095:Cataphora
2083:Phenomena
2074:Vagueness
2004:Ambiguity
1956:Reference
1936:Intension
1926:Extension
1603:φ
1569:φ
1508:∅
1480:contains
1461:φ
1434:φ
1371:φ
1330:φ
1296:φ
1262:φ
1232:φ
1209:φ
1206:¬
1203:∨
1200:φ
1197:≡
1194:φ
1170:φ
1167:¬
1164:¬
1161:≡
1158:φ
1122:ψ
1112:∪
1102:φ
1082:ψ
1079:∨
1076:φ
1041:ψ
1031:∩
1021:φ
1001:ψ
998:∧
995:φ
957:φ
947:∈
936:∅
927:∩
921:∣
915:⊆
896:φ
893:¬
832:∈
826:∀
823:∣
817:⊆
760:⟩
748:⟨
688:∪
662:∩
617:∈
606:∅
597:∩
591:∣
585:⊆
557:∗
499:∈
485:∈
479:∣
458:
417:∅
257:∅
160:∅
103:∅
2501:See also
2391:Concepts
2265:Telicity
2100:Coercion
2054:Negation
2049:Modality
1999:Anaphora
1808:: 41â72.
1664:Question
1643:See also
2801:Verilog
2009:Binding
643:have a
2824:Others
2438:Monads
1985:Topics
1854:
1419:, and
772:where
647:and a
535:subset
2641:Fuzzy
2130:De se
2034:Focus
1992:Areas
1961:Scope
1824:(PDF)
1802:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1736:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
24:logic
2813:VHDL
1852:ISBN
677:and
649:join
645:meet
639:and
455:info
439:The
298:and
26:and
2382:TTR
1527:or
1490:},
525:of
447:is
344:or
215:.
195:or
68:An
53:An
2863::
1826:.
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1760:.
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