3007:
Williamson (2016) used PPP exchange rates and
Broadberry (2003) used growth rates using own-country price indices. However, none of them is somehow better than the others (or theoretically justifiable). There is a high probability that these three methods will give three different answers, and, in fact, Brunt and Fidalgo (2018) showed in their paper that "these three approaches do give three different answers when estimating output levels and growth rates in the US and UK â and they are not only different to one another, but also different to a comparison using the (more theoretically justifiable) chained GK prices." Even though it is more theoretically justifiable, it does not mean it should be used without considering every aspect of this method.
2827:
situation in the country and decide whether to provide additional loans (or any other investments) to said country, or not. It also offers some comparison of purchasing power parities all around the world (developing countries tend to have higher PPPs). Some traders even use Geary-Khamis method to determine if country's currency is undervalued or overvalued. Exchange rates are frequently used for comparing currencies, however, this approach does not reflect real value of currency in said country. It is better to include PPP or prices of goods in said country. International dollar solves this by taking into account exchange rates, PPP and average commodity prices. Geary-Khamis method is the best method for comparisons of agricultural outputs.
3019:
structure. Brunt and
Fidalgo (2018) show examples of Ireland (which has really similar price structure to the international) and South Africa (which has really different price structure to the international). So, when using domestic and international price indices, Ireland's growth rates move in very similar direction, but when domestic and international prices are applied to South Africa, they, in fact, move in opposite directions. It is worth noting, that bigger countries tend to have a price index that moves more similarly to the international price index. It is simply because bigger countries have a bigger weight in creation of this index.
3011:
international prices, which we could use for valid cross-country comparisons. Comparing GDP levels across countries using their own prices converted at the nominal exchange rate has no value whatsoever. This approach is quite arbitrary because the exchange rate is determined simply by the supply and demand for currency and these metrics are greatly dependent on the volumes of trade balances. It makes little (or no) sense to value all goods (both traded and non-traded at the nominal exchange rate, especially since the absolute volumes of trades may be small compared to total output in both countries.
3015:
another problem. What should we choose to be in the basket? Brunt and
Fidalgo (2018) use examples of an English basket in 1775 and Chinese basket in 1775. While the English one would have a lot of wheat, the Chinese one would have a lot of rice. Wheat was quite affordable in England and rice was quite affordable in China, however, if we switch these goods, they both would be relatively expensive. This nicely illustrates how choice of the content of the basket will influence the comparison. Simply by using English basket, China would seem like an expensive place to live and vice versa.
3059:
3045:
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36:
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2841:
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2502:
2177:
national and international prices in the participating countries weighted by expenditure. International prices and PPPs are defined by a system of interrelated linear equations that need to be solved simultaneously. The GK method produces PPPs that are transitive and actual final expenditures that are additive.
3014:
Economists therefore create PPP exchange rates, deriving the exchange rate by valuing a basket of goods in the two countries at two sets of prices (and expressing them as a ratio afterwards). This allows us to see how much it actually costs to live in said country. Although with this approach emerges
2817:
The numerator of the equation represents the total value of output in j-th country expressed in national currency, and the denominator is the value of j-th country output evaluated by repricing at international prices Pi in international dollars. Then PPPj gives the number of national currency units
2507:
This equation implies that the international price of i-th commodity is calculated by dividing the total output of i-th commodity in all selected countries, converted in international dollars, using purchasing power parities, by the total quantity produced of i-th commodity. Previous equation can be
2185:
When comparing between countries and between years, the international dollar figures may be adjusted to compensate for inflation. In that case, the base year is chosen, and all figures will be expressed in constant international dollars for that specified base year. Researchers must understand which
2216:
Suppose PPPj is the parity of j-th currency with a currency called international dollars, which may reflect any currency, however, US dollar is the most commonly used. Then the international price Pi is defined as an international average of prices of i-th commodity in various countries. Prices in
2176:
This system is valuing the matrix of quantities using the international prices vector. The vector is obtained by averaging the national prices in the participating countries after their conversion into a common currency with PPP and weighing quantities. PPPs are obtained by averaging the shares of
3006:
Economists and historians use many methods when they want to research economic development in the past. For example, if we take the United States of
America and United Kingdom (these two examples were compared many times in various researches), someone may use nominal exchange rates, Lindert and
3018:
Geary-Khamis tries to solve this by estimating a weighted average price of each commodity using the shares of countries in world production to weight the country prices. Another problem emerges when researchers compare countries which have different price structure than the international price
2826:
Geary-Khamis international dollar is widely used by foreign investors and institutions such as IMF, FAO and World Bank. It has become so widely used because it made possible to compare living standards between countries. Thanks to the international dollar they can see more trustworthy economic
3010:
For example, Maddison (2001) used the 1990 international dollar when he examined prices during the time of Christ. Ideally, we would use a price benchmark which is significantly closer to the time of Christ. However, there are no such benchmarks. Another problem is that there is no set of
2217:
these countries are expressed in their national currencies. Geary-Khamis method solves this by using national prices after conversion into a common currency using the purchasing power parities (PPP). Hence, the international price, Pi of i-th commodity is defined as:
2223:
2663:
205:(PPP) of currencies and the international average prices of commodities. It shows how much a local currency unit is worth within the country's borders. It is used to make comparisons both between countries and over time. For example, comparing per capita
2812:
224:
Figures expressed in international dollars cannot be converted to another country's currency using current market exchange rates; instead they must be converted using the country's PPP exchange rate used in the study.
2668:
This equation suggests that Pi is weighted average of international prices pij after conversion into international dollars using PPPj. PPPj is by Geary-Khamis system defined through this equation:
2497:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\left(p_{i1}q_{i1}/{\rm {PPP}}_{1}\right)+\left(p_{i2}q_{i2}/{\rm {PPP}}_{2}\right)+\cdots +\left(p_{iM}q_{iM}/{\rm {PPP}}_{M}\right)}{q_{i1}+q_{i2}+\cdots +q_{iM}}}}
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Inflation adjustments (in which case, figures have been adjusted, based on changes in an inflation index such as the consumer price index, to represent currency for a "base" year, such as 2000).
2514:
3574:
2674:
190:
of various countries and markets. The year 1990 or 2000 is often used as a benchmark year for comparisons that run through time. The unit is often abbreviated, e.g.
627:
3264:
Deaton, A., Heston, A., (2009) Understanding PPPs and PPP-based national accounts https://www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/deaton_heston_complete_nov10.pdf
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1907:
3254:
FAO Geary-Khamis statistical yearbook http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/documents/publications_studies/statistical_yearbook/gearyKhamis.pdf
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Cuthbert, J., R., Cuthbert, M., (1988) On aggregation methods of purchasing power parities, OECD https://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/2002058.pdf
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Brunt, L., Fidalgo, A., (2018) Why 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars cannot be a foundation for reliable long run comparisons of GDP
209:(GDP) of various countries in international dollars, rather than based simply on exchange rates, provides a more valid measure to compare
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Purchasing power parity adjustments and/or average commodity prices (in which case, figures are typically expressed as
International $ )
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1137:
72:
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287:
57:
3258:
3179:
687:
79:
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According to IMF, below is the implied PPP rate of
International dollar to local currency of respective countries in 2022:
727:
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767:
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Schmidt, M., International Dollar, Geary-Khamis Dollar https://www.business-case-analysis.com/international-dollar.html
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2658:{\displaystyle p_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{M}{\left(p_{ij}/{\rm {PPP}}_{j}\right){\frac {q_{ij}}{\sum _{j=1}^{M}q_{ij}}}}}
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68:
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Currency exchange rate adjustments (In which case, figures will be expressed in one currency unit (typically
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Annex II â Methods of
Aggregation. Statistical definition at the UN United Nations Statistics Division. 2007
2017:
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206:
187:
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1237:
1167:
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527:
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2807:{\displaystyle {\rm {PPP}}_{j}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}{p_{ij}q_{ij}}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}{p_{i}q_{ij}}}}}
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3198:
3190:
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2137:
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1867:
1847:
1707:
1637:
1547:
1487:
1447:
1437:
1307:
1247:
1217:
1117:
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1587:
1527:
1297:
1177:
1037:
1027:
817:
577:
182:
and financial statistics for various purposes, most notably to determine and compare the
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35:
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IMF â Implied PPP conversion rate/National currency per international dollar
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17:
2194:
Population adjustments (In which case, figures represent per capita monies)
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3309:
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had in the United States at a given point in time. It is mainly used in
2960: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s
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3103:"International Dollar Geary-Khamis Defined, Examples Explained"
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Criticism of using 1990 US dollars for long run comparisons
170:), is a hypothetical unit of currency that has the same
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3178:Brunt, Liam; Fidalgo, Antonio (13 December 2018).
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2902:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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8:
2869:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2918:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2172:Short description of Geary-Khamis system
3154:"World Economic Outlook (October 2022)"
3094:
2186:adjustments are reflected in the data (
7:
3129:"What is an "international dollar"?"
2958:adding citations to reliable sources
201:It is based on the twin concepts of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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2850:This section has multiple issues.
2822:Advantages of Geary-Khamis method
198:(if the benchmark year is 2000).
3585:Malaya and British Borneo dollar
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1698:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
34:
2945:needs additional citations for
2858:or discuss these issues on the
45:needs additional citations for
1:
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2201:, International $ , ⏠£ or „)
27:Hypothetical unit of currency
3545:Danish West Indian rigsdaler
3640:Prince Edward Island dollar
3510:British North Borneo dollar
598:China, People's Republic of
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3515:British West Indies dollar
3446:Trinidad and Tobago dollar
2818:per international dollar.
1358:Micronesia, Fed. States of
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3133:World Bank Data Help Desk
217:in 1958 and developed by
203:purchasing power parities
3540:Danish West Indian daler
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184:purchasing power parity
172:purchasing power parity
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2508:rewritten as follows:
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1678:Saint Kitts and Nevis
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2954:improve this article
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136:international dollar
54:improve this article
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2900:editing the article
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288:Antigua and Barbuda
211:standards of living
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3882:Quarter dollar
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3856:Toronto dollar
3853:
3848:
3846:Liberty dollar
3843:
3841:Disney Dollars
3838:
3833:
3831:Calgary dollar
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3739:Noncirculating
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Straits dollar
3687:
3685:Spanish dollar
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:Sarawak dollar
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Malayan dollar
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Antigua dollar
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3479:Ethiopian birr
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3237:External links
3235:
3232:
3231:
3170:
3145:
3120:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:World currency
3069:
3068:
3054:
3040:
3024:
3021:
3002:
3001:
2984:
2983:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2838:
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2829:
2823:
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2815:
2814:
2797:
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2790:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2768:
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2736:
2733:
2729:
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2648:
2645:
2641:
2635:
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2610:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2584:
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2568:
2565:
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2556:
2549:
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2505:
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2477:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
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2328:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:United Kingdom
2054:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
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1830:
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1794:
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1790:
1784:
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1764:
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1754:
1753:
1750:
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1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1544:
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1530:
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1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1504:
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1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
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1424:
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1420:
1414:
1413:
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1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
984:
983:
980:
974:
973:
970:
964:
963:
960:
954:
953:
950:
944:
943:
940:
934:
933:
930:
924:
923:
920:
914:
913:
910:
904:
903:
900:
894:
893:
890:
884:
883:
880:
874:
873:
870:
864:
863:
860:
854:
853:
850:
844:
843:
840:
834:
833:
830:
824:
823:
820:
814:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
794:
793:
790:
784:
783:
780:
774:
773:
770:
764:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
704:
703:
700:
694:
693:
690:
684:
683:
680:
678:Czech Republic
674:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
590:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
520:
514:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
480:
474:
473:
470:
464:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
254:
253:
250:
244:
243:
240:
230:
227:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3955:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:See also
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Linden dollar
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Penang dollar
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Fijian dollar
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Brunei dollar
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Belize dollar
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:11250/2575366
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2980:
2977:
2969:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2943:This section
2941:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2919:
2911:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:This section
2887:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2857:
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2851:
2846:
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2836:
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2795:
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2778:
2771:
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2731:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:Marty Schmidt
2180:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:United States
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1786:
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1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
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1686:
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1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
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1611:
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1589:
1586:
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1581:
1579:
1576:
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1561:
1559:
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1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
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1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
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978:Hong Kong SAR
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966:
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938:Guinea-Bissau
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689:
688:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
686:
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669:
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110:December 2012
102:
99:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3902:Trade dollar
3887:Holey dollar
3776:
3710:Texas dollar
3474:Chinese yuan
3465:Circulating,
3313:
3222:. Retrieved
3186:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3051:Money portal
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2990:
2972:
2966:January 2022
2963:
2952:Please help
2947:verification
2944:
2914:
2908:October 2021
2905:
2890:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2852:Please help
2849:
2825:
2816:
2667:
2506:
2215:
2184:
2175:
2167:
2018:Turkmenistan
1828:South Africa
1768:Sierra Leone
1728:Saudi Arabia
508:Burkina Faso
358:Bahamas, The
232:
223:
215:Roy C. Geary
200:
195:
191:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:int'l dollar
139:
135:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Int'l$
3877:Half dollar
3872:Dollar sign
3815:Angus Bucks
3772:Petrodollar
3746:Niue dollar
3467:but renamed
3421:Samoan tÄlÄ
3324:Circulating
3224:17 November
1958:Timor-Leste
1898:Switzerland
1688:Saint Lucia
1628:Puerto Rico
1598:Philippines
1468:New Zealand
1458:Netherlands
858:Gambia, The
758:El Salvador
176:U.S. dollar
144:intl dollar
3927:Categories
3767:Eurodollar
3760:Conceptual
3318:or similar
3310:Currencies
3163:19 October
3089:References
2855:improve it
2088:Uzbekistan
1928:Tajikistan
1758:Seychelles
1718:San Marino
1408:Mozambique
1388:Montenegro
1328:Mauritania
1258:Madagascar
1238:Luxembourg
1178:Lao P.D.R.
1108:Kazakhstan
648:Costa Rica
528:Cabo Verde
378:Bangladesh
348:Azerbaijan
146:, symbols
80:newspapers
3808:Fictional
3219:158301926
3211:0804-6824
2861:talk page
2757:∑
2706:∑
2619:∑
2533:∑
2473:⋯
2372:⋯
2108:Venezuela
1858:Sri Lanka
1778:Singapore
1478:Nicaragua
1338:Mauritius
1248:Macao SAR
1228:Lithuania
1032:62381.74
1018:Indonesia
918:Guatemala
328:Australia
298:Argentina
180:economics
174:that the
162:(symbols
3138:13 April
3113:13 April
3023:See also
2158:Zimbabwe
2122:7174.60
2092:2589.68
2042:1298.23
1948:Thailand
1938:Tanzania
1878:Suriname
1798:Slovenia
1772:3327.59
1618:Portugal
1582:2701.54
1578:Paraguay
1538:Pakistan
1382:1064.79
1378:Mongolia
1288:Maldives
1278:Malaysia
1262:1199.19
1182:3100.29
1128:Kiribati
1022:4719.26
968:Honduras
932:4210.30
808:Ethiopia
798:Eswatini
718:Dominica
708:Djibouti
632:1007.08
612:1424.06
608:Colombia
548:Cameroon
542:1332.55
538:Cambodia
498:Bulgaria
468:Botswana
388:Barbados
239:Country
148:Int'l$ .
3824:Private
3787:Virtual
3493:Defunct
3158:imf.org
2162:356.58
2142:447.06
2118:Vietnam
2102:121.11
2098:Vanuatu
2078:Uruguay
1998:Tunisia
1972:223.31
1942:853.89
1872:155.65
1842:181.08
1818:Somalia
1742:235.10
1738:Senegal
1672:337.15
1648:Romania
1502:162.33
1498:Nigeria
1492:241.31
1428:Namibia
1422:451.68
1418:Myanmar
1398:Morocco
1368:Moldova
1302:203.78
1272:318.18
1208:Liberia
1198:Lesotho
1142:796.49
1112:172.10
1078:Jamaica
1048:Ireland
1042:782.45
1002:148.06
998:Iceland
992:153.57
988:Hungary
942:186.19
908:Grenada
878:Germany
868:Georgia
852:352.20
828:Finland
788:Estonia
778:Eritrea
772:337.25
738:Ecuador
712:100.02
698:Denmark
692:234.62
658:Croatia
652:336.75
642:389.73
622:179.52
618:Comoros
592:460.84
582:254.59
572:282.81
552:222.10
522:688.36
518:Burundi
512:192.77
448:Bolivia
432:202.47
408:Belgium
398:Belarus
368:Bahrain
338:Austria
312:161.51
308:Armenia
282:228.27
268:Andorra
258:Algeria
248:Albania
152:Intl$ .
94:scholar
3933:Dollar
3892:Thaler
3315:dollar
3312:named
3217:
3209:
2148:Zambia
2082:30.82
2038:Uganda
2028:Tuvalu
2008:Turkey
1952:11.71
1922:14.91
1918:Taiwan
1912:10.77
1888:Sweden
1862:74.82
1752:42.39
1748:Serbia
1668:Rwanda
1662:32.11
1608:Poland
1602:18.78
1558:Panama
1542:44.27
1522:11.38
1518:Norway
1512:20.06
1482:11.92
1452:33.56
1412:23.91
1348:Mexico
1342:16.25
1332:12.21
1268:Malawi
1188:Latvia
1172:21.74
1158:Kuwait
1148:Kosovo
1122:43.00
1098:Jordan
1092:90.39
1082:79.79
1058:Israel
1012:23.43
972:11.03
962:55.74
952:91.64
948:Guyana
928:Guinea
898:Greece
862:17.65
838:France
812:17.03
732:24.08
682:13.38
668:Cyprus
558:Canada
532:44.33
478:Brazil
442:20.14
438:Bhutan
418:Belize
382:32.11
302:67.72
278:Angola
262:45.28
252:40.22
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3897:Tolar
3215:S2CID
3183:(PDF)
2152:6.09
2138:Yemen
2132:1.87
2112:3.52
2072:1.00
2062:0.67
2052:2.27
2032:1.44
2022:2.21
2012:4.23
2002:0.95
1992:4.71
1982:1.71
1978:Tonga
1962:0.46
1932:2.36
1902:1.04
1892:8.73
1882:7.46
1868:Sudan
1852:0.59
1848:Spain
1832:6.98
1822:0.41
1812:7.76
1802:0.56
1792:0.50
1782:0.83
1762:7.64
1732:1.88
1722:0.63
1712:1.83
1708:Samoa
1702:1.46
1692:1.77
1682:1.86
1652:1.92
1642:2.65
1638:Qatar
1632:0.88
1622:0.56
1612:1.93
1592:1.83
1572:2.78
1562:0.45
1552:0.96
1548:Palau
1532:0.22
1488:Niger
1472:1.44
1462:0.76
1448:Nepal
1442:1.27
1438:Nauru
1432:7.18
1402:3.82
1392:0.36
1372:6.64
1362:1.11
1352:9.88
1322:1.11
1312:0.55
1308:Malta
1292:7.53
1282:1.54
1252:4.66
1242:0.85
1232:0.49
1222:1.52
1218:Libya
1212:0.44
1202:6.31
1192:0.53
1162:0.23
1152:0.34
1132:1.09
1118:Kenya
1102:0.28
1088:Japan
1072:0.63
1068:Italy
1062:3.51
1052:0.74
1008:India
982:5.54
958:Haiti
922:3.88
912:1.53
902:0.54
892:2.71
888:Ghana
882:0.72
872:1.00
848:Gabon
842:0.71
832:0.82
822:0.83
802:5.91
792:0.60
782:4.69
762:0.46
752:4.66
748:Egypt
742:0.50
722:1.68
702:6.63
672:0.56
662:3.29
602:4.10
588:Chile
562:1.26
502:0.79
492:0.80
482:2.56
472:4.69
462:0.71
452:2.51
428:Benin
422:1.27
412:0.77
402:0.96
392:2.31
372:0.19
362:0.81
352:0.67
342:0.74
332:1.51
322:1.24
318:Aruba
292:2.05
272:0.59
164:GâK$
156:Int$
101:JSTOR
87:books
3226:2022
3207:ISSN
3165:2022
3140:2019
3115:2019
2199:US$
1968:Togo
1588:Peru
1528:Oman
1298:Mali
1038:Iraq
1028:Iran
818:Fiji
578:Chad
186:and
168:GK$
134:The
73:news
3199:hdl
3191:doi
2956:by
2190:):
194:or
166:or
142:or
56:by
3929::
3213:.
3205:.
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3288:v
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