411:
531:
559:
255:
763:
632:
743:. The members of the Tsarist-era intelligentsia who remained in Bolshevik Russia (the USSR) were proletarianized. Although the Bolsheviks recognized the managerial importance of the intelligentsia to the future of Soviet Russia, the bourgeois origin of this stratum gave reason for distrust of their ideological commitment to Marxist philosophy and Bolshevik societal control.
243:
605:(classless people) after 1861. In 1833, 78.9 per cent of secondary-school students were children of nobles and bureaucrats, by 1885 they were 49.1 per cent of such students. The proportion of commoners increased from 19.0 to 43.8 per cent, and the remaining percentage were the children of priests. In fear of an educated proletariat, Tsar
450:; qualities of mind, character, and spirit that made them natural leaders of the modern Polish nation. That the intelligentsia were aware of their social status and of their duties to society: Educating the youth with the nationalist objective to restore the Republic of Poland; preserving the Polish language; and love of the
884:
What Marx could not anticipate . . . was that the anti-bourgeois intellectuals of his day were the first representatives of what has become, in our time, a mass intelligentsia, a group possessing many of the cultural and political characteristics of a class in Marx's sense. By intelligentsia I mean
846:
We should all be aware of the fact that when revolutionary—not evolutionary—changes come, things can get even worse. The intelligentsia should be aware of this. And it is the intelligentsia specifically that should keep this in mind and prevent society from radical steps and revolutions of all kinds.
711:
In the creation of post-monarchic Russia, Lenin was firmly critical of the class character of the intelligentsia, commending the growth of "the intellectual forces of the workers and the peasants" will depose the "bourgeoisie and their accomplices, intelligents, lackeys of capital who think that they
554:
described as follows: "The phenomenon, itself, with its historical and literally revolutionary consequences, is, I suppose, the largest, single
Russian contribution to social change in the world. The concept of intelligentsia must not be confused with the notion of intellectuals. Its members thought
1751:
The record dated by 2 February 1836 says: "Через три часа после этого общего бедствия ... осветился великолепный Энгельгардтов дом, и к нему потянулись кареты, все наполненные лучшим петербургским дворянством, тем, которые у нас представляют всю русскую европейскую интеллигенцию" ("After three
827:
In the post-Soviet period, the members of the former Soviet intelligentsia have displayed diverging attitudes towards the communist government. While the older generation of intelligentsia has attempted to frame themselves as victims, the younger generation, who were in their 30s when the Soviet
828:
Union collapsed, has not allocated so much space for the repressive experience in their self-narratives. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the popularity and influence of the intelligentsia has significantly declined. Therefore, it is typical for the post-Soviet intelligentsia to feel
617:
Although Tsar Peter the Great introduced the Idea of
Progress to Russia, by the 19th century, the Tsars did not recognize "progress" as a legitimate aim of the state, to the degree that Nicholas II said "How repulsive I find that word" and wished it removed from the Russian language.
815:
In the late Soviet Union the term "intelligentsia" acquired a formal definition of mental and cultural workers. There were subcategories of "scientific-technical intelligentsia" (научно-техническая интеллигенция) and "creative intelligentsia" (творческая интеллигенция).
287:
are a social class native to the city. In their functions as a status class, the intellectuals realised the cultural development of cities, the dissemination of printed knowledge (literature, textbooks, newspapers), and the economic development of housing for rent (the
906:, closely relates to the intelligentsia. It refers to an intellectual class that operates independently of social class constraints, allowing for a critical and unbiased perspective. This intellectual autonomy is a defining characteristic of the intelligentsia.
609:
limited the number of university students to 3,000 per year, yet there were 25,000 students, by 1894. Similarly the number of periodicals increased from 15 in 1855 to 140 periodical publications in 1885. The "third element" were professionals hired by
280:
was coined in 19th-century Poland, to identify the intellectual people whose professions placed them outside the traditional workplaces and labours of the town-and-country social classes (royalty, aristocracy, bourgeoisie) of a monarchy; thus the
869:, who said that mass intelligentsia conceptually explains the popularity of book clubs and literary festivals that otherwise would have been of limited intellectual interests to most people from the middle class and from the working class.
47:
composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of
864:
to describe the populations of educated adults, with discretionary income, who pursue intellectual interests by way of book clubs and cultural associations, etc. That sociological term was made popular usage by the writer
1204:
313:
as the educated people of society who provide the moral leadership required to resolve the problems of society, hence the social function of the intelligentsia is to "guide for the reason of their higher enlightenment."
555:
of themselves as united, by something more than mere interest in ideas; they conceived themselves as being a dedicated order, almost a secular priesthood, devoted to the spreading of a specific attitude to life."
1548:
Procevska, O. (2010). "Powerlessness, lamentation and nostalgia: discourses of the post-Soviet intelligentsia in modern Latvia". In Basov, N.; Simet, G.F.; van Andel, J.; Mahlomaholo, S.; Netshandama, V. (eds.).
392:
of the State, intellectual servants whose progressive social and economic policies decreased the social backwardness (illiteracy) of the Polish people, and also decreased
Russian political repression in
1364:
333:) to identify and describe the Russian social stratum of people educated at university who engage in the intellectual occupations (law, medicine, engineering, the arts) who produce the culture and the
1050:
129:, the intellectuals were at the periphery of their societies and thus were deprived of political influence and access to the effective levers of political power and of economic development. In
1323:. Geschichte Erinnerung Politik: Posener Studien Zur Geschichts-, Kultur- Und Politikwissenschaft. Vol. 7. Translated by Korecki, Tristan. Peter Lang Edition (published 2014).
590:, that they were the "window to Europe through which the Western air comes to us, vivifying and toxic at the same time." Moreover, Bulgakov also said that the literary critic of
1212:
1783:
1574:
212:
said that the intelligentsia has two types of workers: (i) intellectual workers who create knowledge (practical and theoretic) and (ii) intellectual workers who create
1108:
1138:
246:
The philosopher Karol Libelt identified the social contradiction inherent in the intelligentsia being politically progressive, whilst also willing to work for the
1647:
1376:
517:(April-May 1940), during which university professors, physicians, lawyers, engineers, teachers, military, policeman, writers and journalists were murdered.
1600:
752:
1532:
Kaprans, M. (2010). "Retrospective
Anchoring of the Soviet Repressive System: the Autobiographies of the Latvian Intelligentsia". In Starck, K. (ed.).
1778:
601:
In 1860, there were 20,000 professionals in Russia and 85,000 by 1900. Originally composed of educated nobles, the intelligentsia became dominated by
159:
whose social functions, politics, and national interests are (ostensibly) distinct from the functions of government, commerce, and the military. In
1752:
hours after this common disaster ... the magnificent
Engelhardt's house was lit up and coaches started coming, filled with the best Peterburg
473:
conservatism that pervaded Polish culture and impeded socio-economic progress. Consequent to the
Imperial Prussian, Austrian, Swedish and Russian
337:
by which society functions. According to the theory of Dr. Vitaly
Tepikin, the sociological traits usual to the intelligentsia of a society are:
719:
divided the intelligentsia and the social classes of
Tsarist Russia. Some Russians emigrated, the political reactionaries joined the right-wing
578:
in the 18th century, became the principal concern of the intelligentsia by the mid-19th century; thus, progress social movements, such as the
1682:
1631:
1558:
1407:
1059:
133:, the intellectuals were in the mainstream of their societies and thus exercised cultural and political influence that granted access to the
1256:
410:
122:) allowed them to assume the moral initiative and the practical leadership required in Russian national, regional, and local politics.
1328:
1118:
802:
671:
171:
in chronological and geographical frames of reference, such as "this
Christian preoccupation with the formulation of dogmas was, in
1578:
497:
on 1 September 1939, the Nazis launched the extermination of the Polish intelligentsia, by way of the military operations of the
458:
513:. In eastern Poland, the Soviet Union proceeded with the extermination of the Polish intelligentsia with operations such as the
175:, particularly influenced by the distinctive character of ‘intelligentsia’, which was the product of Greek education", thus the
1798:
1793:
780:
649:
498:
33:
784:
653:
723:
for counter-revolution, some became
Bolsheviks, and some remained in Russia and participated in the political system of the
377:
a sense of resentment, because politics and policies went unrealised; and withdrawal from the public sphere to the in-group;
885:
those engaged vocationally in the production, distribution, interpretation, criticism, and inculcation of cultural values.
192:
of the countries of central and of eastern Europe; in Poland, the critical thinkers educated at university, in Russia, the
77:(intellectuals) to identify and describe the university-educated and professionally active social stratum of the patriotic
819:
Between 1917 and 1941, there was a massive increase in the number of engineering graduates: from 15,000 to over 250,000.
1360:
134:
847:
We've had enough of it. We've seen so many revolutions and wars. We need decades of calm and harmonious development.
1651:
1803:
1167:
895:
716:
502:
462:
773:
642:
1763:") The casual, i.e., no-philosophical and non-literary context, suggests that the word was in common circulation.
1292:. Москва, 1909, с. 119–138; первоначально опубл. в газете "Русское слово", No 111, 17 (30) мая, 1909 (in Russian)
510:
1808:
1260:. Известия Пензенского государственного педагогического университета им. В.Г. Белинского, 27, 2012 (in Russian)
708:(stratum) to identify and define the intelligentsia as a separating layer without an inherent class character.
1748:
Moscow, #32, 1994. (In Russian; Жуковский В.А. Из дневников 1827–1840 гг. // Наше наследие. М., 1994. No.32.)
1516:
Smith, Steve (1983). "Bolshevism, Taylorism and the Technical Intelligentsia in the Soviet Union, 1917–1941".
695:
419:
341:
advanced-for-their-time moral ideals, moral sensitivity to the neighbour, tact and gentleness in expression;
68:
530:
1788:
732:
1228:
1176:
558:
1208:
1139:"Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [History of Intelligentsia Before 1918 in Poland]"
1001:
941:
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606:
575:
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patriotism based on faith in the people, and inexhaustible, self-less love for the small and the big
139:
119:
86:
60:
877:
1501:
380:
quarrels about art, ideas, and ideology, which divide the subgroups who compose the intelligentsia.
172:
469:
representation of a Polish republic, because it originated from the social traditionalism and the
1718:
595:
534:
494:
394:
97:
1207:[Criteria and Divisions in Research of Polish Intelligentsia]. Instytut Historyczny UW (
370:
an ambiguous perception of reality, which leads to political fickleness that sometimes becomes
262:
defined the intelligentsia as both the managers of a society, and as the creators of society's
1678:
1627:
1554:
1403:
1324:
1284:
1114:
1055:
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740:
563:
506:
478:
334:
254:
1737:, 1904, # 12 (In Russian; Боборыкин П.Д. Русская интеллигенция// Русская мысль. 1904. No.12;)
1710:
936:
712:
are brain of the nation. In fact it is not brain, but dung". (На деле это не мозг, а говно)
571:
482:
213:
179:
originated as a social class of educated people created for the greater benefit of society.
115:
107:
1241:
1189:
587:
583:
415:
318:
259:
209:
82:
59:
Conceptually, the intelligentsia status class arose in the late 18th century, during the
125:
In practice, the status and social function of the intelligentsia varied by society. In
1623:
1320:
Birth of the Intelligentsia – 1750–1831: A History of the Polish Intelligentsia, Part 1
926:
839:
728:
720:
514:
289:
271:
130:
126:
90:
727:. In reorganizing Russian society, the Bolsheviks deemed non-Bolshevik intelligentsia
367:
loyalty to principle by conscience, grace under pressure, and tendency to self-denial;
309:, which was the status class, composed of scholars, teachers, lawyers, and engineers,
143:, the cultured bourgeoisie of Germany, as well as the professionals of Great Britain.
1772:
1496:
903:
551:
205:
899:
866:
724:
439:
435:
431:
371:
300:
263:
189:
156:
44:
188:
became a European usage to describe the social class of men and women who are the
182:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Polish word and the sociologic concept of the
1318:
364:
a critical attitude towards the government, and public condemnation of injustice;
1754:
833:
762:
631:
591:
470:
447:
114:) identified and described the status class of university-educated people whose
78:
1422:
1714:
842:
has expressed his view on the social duty of intelligentsia in modern Russia.
685:
547:
466:
451:
389:
355:
354:
inherent creativity in every stratum of the intelligentsia, and a tendency to
348:
1016:
17:
931:
829:
579:
443:
197:
164:
566:(1897). Three generations of Russian intelligentsia discuss current issues.
1435:
242:
916:
193:
53:
1257:О понятии «интеллигенция» в творчестве И. С. Аксакова и П. Д. Боборыкина
1722:
787: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
699:
656: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
611:
481:
caused many of the political and cultural élites to participate in the
85:
would provide moral and political leadership to Poland in opposing the
49:
201:
64:
836:), which they often regard as the golden age of the intelligentsia.
388:(2008) Maciej Janowski said that the Polish intelligentsia were the
1701:
Roach, John (1957). "Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia".
1534:
Between Fear and Freedom: Cultural Representations of the Cold War
1205:"Kryteria i granice podziałów w badaniach nad inteligencją polską"
736:
614:. By 1900, there were 47,000 of them, most were liberal radicals.
529:
409:
253:
241:
1575:"Putin's most interesting quotes on Obama, gay rights and Syria"
967:
The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days
1551:
The Intellectual: A Phenomenon in Multidimensional Perspectives
702:
philosophy. In that time, the Bolsheviks used the Russian word
1372:
756:
625:
1536:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 193–206.
963:
Les intellectuels en France: de l'affaire Dreyfus à nos jours
582:, mostly consisted of intellectuals. The Russian philosopher
292:) for the teacher, the journalist, and the civil servant.
1110:
Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology
731:
and expelled them from society, by way of deportation on
586:
said that the Russian intelligentsia was the creation of
161:
Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology
598:
was the spiritual father of the Russian intelligentsia.
344:
productive mental work, and in continual self-education;
1170:
Institute of History – Neriton, 2008, s. 260, 322, 232.
1759:
the ones who represent here the best Russian European
1648:"Melvyn Bragg on the rise of the mass intelligentsia"
703:
689:
541:
322:
101:
1553:. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press. pp. 47–56.
1350:
Boy-Żeleński, T. (1932) Nasi okupanci|Our Occupants.
1306:. Ivanovo: Ivanovo University Press. pp. 41–42.
32:"Intelligencia" redirects here. For other uses, see
1437:Вехи (сборник статей о русской интеллигенции), 1909
1087:
1085:
1317:Janowski, Maciej (2008). Jedlicki, Jerzy (ed.).
1154:ed. by Jerzy Jedlicki. Vol. I: Maciej Janowski,
1092:Bullock, Allan; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999).
856:In the 20th century, from the status class term
574:, which originated in Western Europe during the
550:and intellectual élitism, which the philosopher
434:of a society, first was used by the philosopher
1365:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field"
1113:. University of California Press. p. 462.
882:
56:, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.
1434:Булгаков, Сергей, "Героизм и подвижничество",
1398:Berlin, Isaiah (2013). "A Remarkable decade".
1141:. Zeszyty Literackie (Literary Letters): 1 / 6
961:Ory, Pascal; Sirinelli, Jean-François (2002).
880:addressed the concept of mass intelligentsia:
63:(1772–1795). Etymologically, the 19th-century
995:
993:
991:
982:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
361:an independent personality who speaks freely;
328:
8:
1132:
1130:
1094:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
304:
282:
275:
229:
223:
217:
208:. In the late 20th century, the sociologist
183:
72:
1784:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
1482:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray
1011:. transl. by Agnieszka Kreczmar: 241–242.
1002:"The History of the Polish Intelligentsia"
753:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
27:Status class of university-educated people
1203:Dr hab., Prof. UW Andrzej Szwarc (2009).
1152:Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918
1076:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1030:Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918
803:Learn how and when to remove this message
688:did not consider the status class of the
672:Learn how and when to remove this message
386:The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750–1831
1273:. Русская мысль, 1904, № 12 (in Russian)
832:for the last years of the Soviet Union (
557:
1054:. Transaction Publishers. p. 231.
969:]. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 10.
953:
1237:
1226:
1185:
1174:
274:in European societies before the term
1601:"We think, therefore we are - FT.com"
1211:Institute of History). Archived from
7:
1164:Inteligencja na rozdrożach 1864–1918
785:adding citations to reliable sources
654:adding citations to reliable sources
465:criticised Libelt's ideological and
1742:From the Diaries of Years 1827–1840
1577:. 4 September 2013. Archived from
1000:Kizwalter, Tomasz (October 2009).
137:of government office, such as the
25:
1677:. Transition Books. p. 126.
1034:Narodziny inteligencji, 1750–1831
1779:Science and technology in Russia
1162:; Vol. III: Magdalena Micińska,
1156:Narodziny inteligencji 1750–1831
984:(Revised ed.). p. 170.
860:, sociologists derived the term
761:
630:
270:The intelligentsia existed as a
163:(1921), the political economist
1107:Weber, Max (26 December 1978).
772:needs additional citations for
641:needs additional citations for
499:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
299:(1844), the Polish philosopher
34:intelligentsia (disambiguation)
1:
1048:Billington, James H. (1999).
317:In the 1860s, the journalist
216:. Sociologically, the Polish
1703:Cambridge Historical Journal
1497:"Letter from Lenin to Gorky"
896:free-floating intelligentsia
477:, the imposition of Tsarist
1467:Russia Under the Old Regime
1452:Russia Under the Old Regime
1158:; Vol. II: Jerzy Jedlicki,
1005:(PDF file, direct download)
704:
690:
542:
442:of people characterised by
323:
118:(schooling, education, and
102:
1825:
1304:Culture and Intelligentsia
1168:Polish Academy of Sciences
980:Williams, Raymond (1983).
750:
717:Russian Revolution of 1917
503:German AB-Aktion in Poland
438:, which he described as a
120:intellectual enlightenment
31:
1715:10.1017/S1474691300000056
511:Intelligenzaktion Pommern
457:Nonetheless, the writers
426:In 1844 Poland, the term
329:
297:On Love of the fatherland
111:
1673:Flacks, Richard (1973).
1618:Rockhill, Elena (2011).
1302:Tepikin, Vitaly (2006).
1137:Szpakowska, Malgorzata.
1051:Fire in the Minds of Men
1032:; and: Maciej Janowski,
876:(1970), the sociologist
1518:Radical Science Journal
1369:Studies in Intelligence
1009:Acta Poloniae Historica
1799:Sociology of knowledge
1794:Social class in Poland
1731:Russian Intelligentsia
1290:В защиту интеллигенции
1236:Cite journal requires
1184:Cite journal requires
1028:Jerzy Jedlicki (ed.),
887:
849:
735:, forced labor in the
567:
546:also was a mixture of
537:
423:
305:
283:
276:
267:
258:In Russia, the writer
251:
230:
224:
218:
184:
81:; men and women whose
73:
1675:Campus Power Struggle
1495:Lenin, V. I. (1915).
1271:Русская интеллигенция
1160:Błędne koło 1832–1864
1078:. 1993. p. 1387.
874:Campus Power Struggle
844:
622:Bolshevik perspective
561:
533:
418:and his assistants. (
413:
321:popularised the term
257:
245:
155:is a status class of
1361:Fischer, Benjamin B.
1209:University of Warsaw
942:Organic intellectual
932:Philippine ilustrado
922:Anti-intellectualism
781:improve this article
650:improve this article
576:Age of Enlightenment
475:Partitions of Poland
463:Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński
459:Stanisław Brzozowski
69:Bronisław Trentowski
61:Partitions of Poland
1502:Library of Congress
1215:on 17 December 2013
862:mass intelligentsia
852:Mass intelligentsia
733:Philosophers' ships
562:"Evening Party" by
902:and elaborated by
823:Post-Soviet period
596:Vissarion Belinsky
568:
538:
535:Vissarion Belinsky
495:invasion of Poland
430:, identifying the
424:
395:partitioned Poland
268:
252:
228:in France and the
222:translates to the
198:traditional values
151:In a society, the
98:Russian Revolution
1804:Society of Russia
1684:978-0-87855-059-3
1633:978-1-84545-738-9
1620:Lost to the State
1560:978-1-84888-027-6
1480:Ascher, Abraham.
1409:978-0-14-139317-9
1285:Подгнившие "Вехи"
1061:978-0-7658-0471-6
813:
812:
805:
741:summary execution
682:
681:
674:
564:Vladimir Makovsky
507:Intelligenzaktion
479:cultural hegemony
420:Leon Wyczółkowski
335:dominant ideology
167:applied the term
140:Bildungsbürgertum
87:cultural hegemony
16:(Redirected from
1816:
1740:Zhukovsky V. A.
1729:Boborykin, P.D.
1726:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1650:. Archived from
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1465:Pipes, Richard.
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:Pipes, Richard.
1447:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1400:Russian Thinkers
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1379:on 24 March 2010
1375:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1282:Пётр Боборыкин.
1280:
1274:
1269:Пётр Боборыкин.
1267:
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937:Obrazovanshchina
890:Related concepts
808:
801:
797:
794:
788:
765:
757:
707:
698:, as defined in
693:
677:
670:
666:
663:
657:
634:
626:
572:Idea of Progress
545:
489:Second World War
483:Great Emigration
332:
331:
326:
308:
286:
279:
238:European history
233:
227:
221:
214:cultural capital
187:
116:cultural capital
113:
105:
76:
71:coined the term
21:
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1809:Intellectualism
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1761:intelligentsia.
1735:Russian Thought
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1695:Further reading
1692:
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1654:on 17 July 2012
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543:intelligentsiya
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324:intelligentsiya
319:Pyotr Boborykin
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200:in the name of
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272:social stratum
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177:intelligentsia
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127:Eastern Europe
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1709:(1): 58–81.
1706:
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1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
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1579:the original
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1377:the original
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1319:
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1229:cite journal
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
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1020:. Retrieved
1008:
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956:
900:Alfred Weber
898:, coined by
893:
883:
873:
872:In the book
871:
867:Melvyn Bragg
861:
857:
855:
845:
838:
826:
818:
814:
799:
790:
779:Please help
774:verification
771:
747:Soviet Union
725:Soviet Union
714:
710:
696:social class
683:
668:
659:
648:Please help
643:verification
640:
616:
603:raznochintsy
602:
600:
569:
540:The Russian
539:
526:Imperial era
492:
456:
440:status class
436:Karol Libelt
428:inteligencja
427:
425:
414:The surgeon
406:19th century
385:
383:
372:conservatism
316:
310:
306:inteligencja
301:Karol Libelt
296:
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284:inteligencja
277:inteligencja
269:
264:high culture
247:
234:in Germany.
219:inteligencja
196:who opposed
185:inteligencja
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74:inteligencja
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45:status class
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1755:dvoryanstvo
1520:(13): 3–27.
1219:16 December
1145:16 December
1022:16 December
834:perestroika
485:(1831–70).
471:reactionary
448:nationalism
446:and Polish
349:motherlands
100:, the term
96:Before the
79:bourgeoisie
1773:Categories
1371:(Winter).
1166:. Warsaw,
949:References
751:See also:
686:Bolsheviks
607:Nicholas I
548:messianism
509:, and the
493:After the
452:Fatherland
390:think tank
356:asceticism
248:status quo
147:Background
1423:Вечеринка
1336:6 January
1017:0001-6829
830:nostalgic
705:prosloyka
580:Narodniks
467:messianic
444:intellect
231:Gebildete
194:nihilists
173:Antiquity
165:Max Weber
54:academics
1383:3 August
917:Academia
910:See also
206:progress
50:scholars
1723:3020631
1585:2 March
700:Marxist
612:zemstva
108:Russian
89:of the
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1658:9 July
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521:Russia
505:, the
501:, the
401:Poland
311:et al.
202:reason
65:Polish
1719:JSTOR
965:[
737:gulag
588:Peter
135:power
43:is a
1733:In:
1679:ISBN
1660:2012
1628:ISBN
1587:2019
1555:ISBN
1546:See
1530:See
1404:ISBN
1385:2011
1338:2018
1325:ISBN
1242:help
1221:2013
1190:help
1147:2013
1115:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1024:2013
1013:ISSN
715:The
570:The
461:and
204:and
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1711:doi
1373:CIA
783:by
652:by
384:In
295:In
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