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381:, to find oneself becalmed in this region in a hot and muggy climate could mean death when wind was the only effective way to propel ships across the ocean. Calm periods within the doldrums could strand ships for days or weeks. Even today, leisure and competitive sailors attempt to cross the zone as quickly as possible as the erratic weather and wind patterns may cause unexpected delays.
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can be decoupled over the continents. The equatorial precipitation over land is not simply a response to just the surface convergence. Rather, it is modulated by a number of regional features such as local atmospheric jets and waves, proximity to the oceans, terrain-induced convective systems, moisture recycling, and spatiotemporal variability of land cover and albedo.
206:
400:. The aircraft crashed with no survivors while flying through a series of large ITCZ thunderstorms, and ice forming rapidly on airspeed sensors was the precipitating cause for a cascade of human errors which ultimately doomed the flight. Most aircraft flying these routes are able to avoid the larger
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Variation in the location of the intertropical convergence zone drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations, resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes. Longer term changes in the intertropical convergence zone can result
196:
is better defined, the seasonal cycle is more subtle, as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures. Sometimes, a double ITCZ forms, with one located north and another south of the
Equator, one of which is usually stronger than the other. When this occurs, a narrow ridge
217:
The ITCZ is commonly defined as an equatorial zone where the trade winds converge. Rainfall seasonality is traditionally attributed to the north–south migration of the ITCZ, which follows the sun. Although this is largely valid over the equatorial oceans, the ITCZ and the region of maximum rainfall
482:
may become stronger and more concentrated at the center of the ITCZ in response to a globally warming climate, resulting in sharpened contrasts in precipitation between the ITCZ core (where precipitation would be amplified) and its edges (where precipitation would be suppressed).
524:(CMIP6) have shown greater agreement over some regional shifts of the ITCZ in response to anthropogenic climate change, including a northward displacement over the Indian Ocean and eastern Africa and a southward displacement over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
454:
during the late-Holocene towards its current position. The ITCZ has also undergone periods of contraction and expansion within the last millennium. A southward shift of the ITCZ commencing after the 1950s and continuing into the 1980s may have been associated with
191:
The location of the ITCZ gradually varies with the seasons, roughly corresponding with the location of the thermal equator. As the heat capacity of the oceans is greater than air over land, migration is more prominent over land. Over the oceans, where the
520:(CMIP5) did not show a consistent global displacement of the ITCZ under anthropogenic climate change. In contrast, most of the same simulations show narrowing and intensification under the same prescribed conditions. However, simulations in
503:
Less certain are the regional and global shifts in ITCZ position as a result of climate change, with paleoclimate data and model simulations highlighting contrasts stemming from asymmetries in forcing from aerosols, voclanic activity, and
487:
suggest that the ITCZ over the
Pacific has narrowed and intensified since at least 1979, in agreement with data collected by satellites and in-situ precipitation measurements. The drier ITCZ fringes are also associated with an increase in
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within the last 100 ka, a southward shift of the ITCZ coincided with the intensification of the
Northern Hemisphere Hadley cell coincident with weakening of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell. The ITCZ shifted north during the
313:
Within the ITCZ the average winds are slight, unlike the zones north and south of the equator where the trade winds feed. As trans-equator sea voyages became more common, sailors in the eighteenth century named this belt of calm
471:
in the gradient in temperature between the
Northern and Southern hemispheres. These fluctuations in ITCZ positioning had robust effects on climate; for instance, displacement of the ITCZ may have led to
176:. For instance, when the ITCZ is situated north of the Equator, the southeast trade wind changes to a southwest wind as it crosses the Equator. The ITCZ is formed by vertical motion largely appearing as
496:. This change in the ITCZ is also reflected by increasing salinity within the Atlantic and Pacific underlying the ITCZ fringes and decreasing salinity underlying central belt of the ITCZ. The
365:
within this zone more possible. Surges of higher pressure from high latitudes can enhance tropical disturbances along its axis. In the north
Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans,
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along the leading edge of the equatorial air. There appears to be a 15 to 25-day cycle in thunderstorm activity along the ITCZ, which is roughly half the wavelength of the
180:
activity of thunderstorms driven by solar heating, which effectively draw air in; these are the trade winds. The ITCZ is effectively a tracer of the ascending branch of the
389:
597:
1245:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1208:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Seasonal variability of the
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), Congo air boundary (CAB), tropical rainbelt, and surface winds over Africa (adapted from
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513:
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move along the axis of the ITCZ causing an increase in thunderstorm activity, and clusters of thunderstorms can develop under weak vertical wind shear.
1205:
Eyring, Veronika; Gillett, Nathan P.; et al. (2021). "Human
Influence on the Climate System". In Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Zhai, Panmao (eds.).
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The ITCZ moves farther away from the equator during the Northern summer than the Southern one due to the North-heavy arrangement of the continents.
242:(SPCZ) is a reverse-oriented, or west-northwest to east-southeast aligned, trough extending from the west Pacific warm pool southeastwards towards
168:, they move northwestward from the southeast. When the ITCZ is positioned north or south of the Equator, these directions change according to the
246:. It lies just south of the equator during the Southern Hemisphere warm season, but can be more extratropical in nature, especially east of the
210:
706:
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258:. The southern ITCZ in the southeast Pacific and southern Atlantic, known as the SITCZ, occurs during the Southern Hemisphere fall between
357:. As the ITCZ migrates to tropical and subtropical latitudes and even beyond during the respective hemisphere's summer season, increasing
271:
1107:; Peterson, Larry C.; Röhl, Ursula (17 August 2001). "Southward Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Through the Holocene".
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indicated "medium agreement" from studies regarding the strengthening and tightening of the ITCZ due to anthropogenic climate change.
1058:
Northeasterly Cold Surges and Near-Equatorial Disturbances over the Winter MONEX Area during December 1974. Part I: Synoptic Aspects.
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as one of its six requirements, and the ITCZ fills this role as it is a zone of wind change and speed, otherwise known as horizontal
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In some cases, the ITCZ may become narrow, especially when it moves away from the equator; the ITCZ can then be interpreted as a
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with modification). This schematic shows that the ITCZ and the region of maximum rainfall can be decoupled over the continents.
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250:. It is considered the largest and most important piece of the ITCZ, and has the least dependence upon heating from a nearby
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due to upwelling off the South American continent disappears, which causes this convergence zone to vanish as well.
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1242:; et al. (2021). "Human Influence on the Climate System". In Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Zhai, Panmao (eds.).
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38:
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542:(1798) and also provide a metaphor for the initial state of boredom and indifference of Milo, the child hero of
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The ITCZ appears as a band of clouds, usually thunderstorms, that encircle the globe near the Equator. In the
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928:"On the role of wind-evaporation-SST feedbacks in the sub-seasonal variability of the east Pacific ITCZ"
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Vertical air velocity at 500 hPa, July average. Ascent (negative values) is concentrated close to the
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274:(ENSO) patterns. When ENSO reaches its warm phase, otherwise known as El Niño, the tongue of lowered
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Nicholson, Sharon E. (February 2018). "The ITCZ and the Seasonal Cycle over Equatorial Africa".
17:
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NOAA. National Ocean Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service website, 01/07/20.
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because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast
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In 2009, thunderstorms along the Intertropical Convergence Zone played a role in the loss of
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990:"The Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the Equatorial Cold Tongue"
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Gonzalez, Alex O.; Ganguly, Indrani; McGraw, Marie C.; Larson, James G. (2022-02-15).
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though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near the geographic
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outward of those areas, particularly over land within the mid-latitudes and the
437:, the position and intensity of the ITCZ varied in prehistoric times along with
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137:), but after the recognition in the 1940s and the 1950s of the significance of
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Ganguly, Indrani; Gonzalez, Alex O.; Karnauskas, Kristopher B. (2023-10-20).
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1251:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1055–1210
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The ITCZ is visible as a band of clouds encircling Earth near the Equator.
1214:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–551
1186:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 287–422
642:
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675:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 386.
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104:
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The ITCZ was originally identified from the 1920s to the 1940s as the
763:"Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) - SKYbrary Aviation Safety"
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have been used as a paleoclimate proxy to infer shifts in the ITCZ.
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move in a southwestward direction from the northeast, while in the
417:
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325:
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225:
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1169:; et al. (2021). "Changing State of the Climate System". In
873:"Rapid Dynamical Evolution of ITCZ Events over the East Pacific"
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121:(a usage that is more common in Australia and parts of Asia).
68:
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of high pressure forms between the two convergence zones.
65:
1294:
Duane E. Waliser and Catherine Gautier, November 1993:
508:, as well as uncertainties associated with changes in
77:
1035:
Tropical Cyclone Formation/Structure/Motion Studies.
1117:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
467:; a northward rebound began subsequently following
793:"Climate of Western and Central Equatorial Africa"
694:
318:because of the calm, stagnant, or inactive winds.
988:Semyon A. Grodsky; James A. Carton (2003-02-15).
463:in the Northern Hemisphere based on results from
111:. Where the ITCZ is drawn into and merges with a
254:during the summer than any other portion of the
30:"The Calms" redirects here. For other uses, see
830:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
797:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science
598:Asymmetry of the Intertropical Convergence Zone
37:"Doldrums" redirects here. For other uses, see
976:Movement of the South Pacific convergence zone
115:circulation, it is sometimes referred to as a
1296:"A Satellite-derived Climatology of the ITCZ"
522:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6
518:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5
342:in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. (2010)
184:and is wet. The dry descending branch is the
8:
414:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
338:in the eastern Pacific and the precursor to
514:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
390:Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport
234:; descent (positive values) is more diffuse
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1056:C.-P. Chang, J.E. Erickson, and K.M. Lau.
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516:. The climate simulations run as part of
450:but migrated south following changes in
43:
634:
995:. University of Maryland, College Park
805:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.511
532:The doldrums are notably described in
425:concentrations in sediment within the
99:converge. It encircles Earth near the
1238:Douville, Hervé; Raghavan, Krishnan;
738:JetStream - Online School for Weather
7:
786:
784:
782:
552:. It is also cited in the 1939 book
388:, which crashed while flying from
322:Role in tropical cyclone formation
25:
734:"Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone"
721:Atmosphere, weather, and climate.
546:'s classic 1961 children's novel
270:longitude during cool or neutral
697:Atmosphere, weather, and climate
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568:
61:
539:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
18:Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
240:South Pacific convergence zone
222:South Pacific convergence zone
147:Intertropical Convergence Zone
54:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1:
299:or flooding in nearby areas.
145:weather production, the term
1278:University of South Carolina
791:Dezfuli, Amin (2017-03-29).
498:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
272:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
490:outgoing longwave radiation
266:of the equator east of the
87:), known by sailors as the
1351:
1044:November 29, 2007, at the
974:E. Linacre and B. Geerts.
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36:
29:
1283:"A Shifting Band of Rain"
1040:Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
439:changes in global climate
408:Effects of climate change
394:Charles de Gaulle Airport
308:Madden–Julian oscillation
201:ITCZ over oceans vs. land
39:Doldrums (disambiguation)
27:Meteorological phenomenon
1171:Masson-Delmotte, Valerie
1070:"What are the doldrums?"
1060:Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
1038:Office of Naval Research
978:Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
945:10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0849.1
897:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0216.1
850:10.1175/bams-d-16-0287.1
647:National Weather Service
404:cells without incident.
276:sea surface temperatures
1133:10.1126/science.1059725
1082:"Q & A Turbulences"
1016:. Prentice Hall, 1994.
672:Encyclopædia Britannica
534:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
361:makes the formation of
349:depends upon low-level
248:International Date Line
1177:; et al. (eds.).
485:Atmospheric reanalyses
480:Atmospheric convection
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139:wind field convergence
109:near-equatorial trough
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1325:Geography terminology
1103:; Hughen, Konrad A.;
701:. London: Routledge.
576:Earth sciences portal
549:The Phantom Tollbooth
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386:Air France Flight 447
347:Tropical cyclogenesis
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32:Calm (disambiguation)
1335:Tropical meteorology
1330:Nautical terminology
1320:Atmospheric dynamics
555:Wind, Sand and Stars
474:drought in the Sahel
435:paleoclimate proxies
153:) was then applied.
1288:Scientific American
1125:2001Sci...293.1304H
889:2022JCli...35.1197G
842:2018BAMS...99..337N
691:Chorley, Richard J.
687:Barry, Roger Graham
268:140th meridian west
166:Southern Hemisphere
158:Northern Hemisphere
131:Intertropical Front
107:, it is called the
1274:The ITCZ in Africa
932:Journal of Climate
877:Journal of Climate
506:orbital variations
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282:Effects on weather
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1033:Patrick A. Harr.
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172:imparted by
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1012:Djurić, D:
618:Polar front
379:Age of Sail
330:Hurricanes
182:Hadley cell
162:trade winds
125:Meteorology
97:trade winds
1314:Categories
1300:J. Climate
1255:18 January
1218:18 January
1190:18 January
999:2009-06-05
772:2018-04-12
748:2009-06-04
629:References
494:subtropics
452:insolation
412:See also:
402:convective
355:wind shear
295:in severe
178:convective
962:264384015
954:0894-8755
913:244551794
905:0894-8755
858:0003-0007
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264:10° south
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693:(1992).
562:See also
536:'s poem
512:and the
510:monsoons
461:aerosols
423:Titanium
297:droughts
143:tropical
89:doldrums
1121:Bibcode
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885:Bibcode
838:Bibcode
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373:Hazards
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398:Paris
396:near
336:Darby
332:Celia
304:front
93:calms
83:, or
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1192:2023
1137:PMID
1018:ISBN
950:ISSN
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742:NOAA
713:OCLC
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