Transgenerational trauma - Knowledge (XXG)

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compliment psychotherapy sessions as a means of helping to develop consciousness of both the internal and external family system. The TSQ targets transgenerational scripts, which are unconscious systemic patterns that persist in families and groups, and are perpetuated through emotions, beliefs, and behaviors. These scripts are then used to explore a client's implicit and explicit perceptions about their family dynamic and system. In using the TSQ, the clinician can guide the client to separate their ancestors' experiences from their own. In more complex cases of intergenerational trauma, the Transgenerational Trauma and Resilience Genogram (TTRG) can help guide clinicians to better understand and assess the impact of such trauma. The TTRG targets the various components that contribute to the maintenance of transgenerational trauma by implementing an ecosystemic view of trauma, as well as attention to specific sociopolitical concerns. The TTRG maps out the family unit, marking those who have experienced trauma and their experience, as well as relationships between individuals, and patterns of functioning. This process allows for clinicians to better assess the origins and maintaining factors of an individual's experience of transgenerational trauma, which ultimately contributes to a more comprehensive conceptualization of treatment.

401:. Oftentimes trauma in the second generation is deemed as a traumatic response to parental trauma. Transmission between the parent and child can be broken down into five measures: communication, conflict, family cohesion, parental warmth, and parental involvement. High levels of maternal stress were directly correlated with weak family functioning and indirectly correlated with deviant behavior among children. Common symptoms in children consisted of depression, antisocial behavior, delinquency, and disruptive behavior in school. Some children experienced direct transmission in which their trauma stemmed from the interactions and relationships with their parents, while others experienced indirect transmission in which their trauma was mainly rooted in guilt. Those who were affected through direct transmission were more likely to lash out through their actions, while those who were affected through indirect transmission were more likely to develop depression, anxiety, and guilt. 808:

overall. In a military family, the roles are constantly changing due to the servicemember being on deployment and other factors. The family, as a unit, needs to adjust to the servicemember coming into and out of their lives. With a healthy family unit, the spouse/partner becomes a predicting factor of soldier retention and a functioning family unit. Resiliency can also play a role in this dynamic. A few things can contribute to resiliency in a family unit. These include flexibility/organizational style, the family's belief system, and the communication process. These are important things to look for and identify as they can help in the treatment of intergenerational trauma. Making the family unit strong can help to empower each individual member of the family, and together they can overcome intergenerational trauma within the family. Understanding military culture can help aid families through the process of overcoming intergenerational trauma.

815:(SFBT) has been found to be successful with military families. It uses an emphasis on the client's successes and creating small steps that are attainable for the client. This type of therapy uses the client's language and experience to address things systematically within the family. SFBT, together with the genograms, can be informative to both the client and clinician and can help to inform the future of practice. As the genograms can help to give a clear picture as to what the trauma patterns are in the family, SFBT can help to change these patterns and provide the family with a healthier way of living and functioning. This specific type of therapy can help to educate the client and their family as to what exactly has been passed down from previous generations. It can also inform the family as to what is now beginning to be transmitted and can help to change the trajectory in the future and change the family dynamic principles. 701:. The atrocities of violence, starvation, and torture were common themes experienced by these refugees. Many Cambodian refugee families refused to talk about their trauma which created an isolating environment for the child. This led to a transmission of trauma through the continuing pattern of silence and refusal to acknowledge an issue or seek treatment. There has also been data showing that the children of survivors from regions with higher rates of violence and mortality displayed stronger overall symptoms. The parenting style of caregivers may also contribute to the rate of impact among children of Khmer Rouge survivors. A 2013 study found that among Khmer Rouge survivors with PTSD who engage in role-reversal parenting, a form of parenting where the parent looks to the child for emotional support, there may be higher rates of anxiety and depression in the children. 365:, a sub-type of transgenerational trauma, is the collective devastation of the past that continues to affect populations in the present through inter-generational transmission. Historical trauma results in vulnerability to mental and physical health problems due to ancestral suffering which has been collected throughout generations into "legacies of disability for contemporary descendants". Although the actual traumatic event and affect group(s) are heterogeneous, all historical traumas consist of three elements: a traumatic event, a resulting collective suffering, and a multigenerational impact of that trauma. Over time the trauma and relationship to the victims typically evolve in a similar but more complicated way to genetic anticipation, resulting in a greater loss of identity of the victims and further integration into society. 963:

evidence on which it is based, when the opposite should be true." Mitchell adds that many have looked at it as a "get out of genetics free card" and adds, "I think people don't like the idea, some people anyway, that we are born with certain predispositions that are hard to change." He says that experiences are expressed through changes in human neuroanatomy, not patterns of gene expression and says that scientists in this area have contributed to the misleading research in this area: "There is a hype industry around science, which I think is corrosive. And I think scientists are willing participants in it in a way that I find more and more distasteful the older I get, because it does a massive disservice cumulatively to how science is understood by the general public because we have this constant hype."

828:, resilience theory suggests that individuals' and families' responses to traumatic experiences is an ever-changing process that involves both exposure to challenges and the development of coping mechanisms that aide in one's ability to overcome such challenges. Regardless of risk, there are also opportunities for the development of resilience via exposure to meaningful resources that support one's ability to overcome adversity. The researchers Cowan, Callaghan, and Richardson studied the impact of early-life adversities on individuals and their descendants. Their research was also consistent with the transmission theory in which their findings revealed that the stress phenotype that was expressed in individuals who experienced the adversity was also observed in children and even grandchildren. 779:(CSR) had spouses/partners who experienced increased psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms included feelings of loneliness and having impaired relationships within the family unit and marriage. Much like veterans who suffer from PTSD, their spouses or partners can suffer from many of the same symptoms as well. Spouses or partners of military veterans can experience the avoidance of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Spouses or partners may also experience intrusions such as unwanted cognitions and images that may remind them of the negative experiences of their spouse or partner. Common symptoms of emotional distress that spouses may experience are depression and anxiety. These symptoms are intergenerational trauma symptoms that are being passed down from the veteran to the spouse. 734:, etc. Many Aboriginal Australians often face discrimination and resistance when trying to access many services including legal, health, housing, and education. It was found that in 2019, 28% of the total prison population consisted of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. As of 2022, this percentage has increased to 32% of all prisoners. A study consisting of 43 Aboriginal women found that Aboriginal women often face more struggles when incarcerated compared to their peers. With these struggles Aboriginal Australians face, the trauma is often passed down to their offspring as they are on the receiving end of the discrimination, often are targeted themselves as children, or grow up to face similar of not the same struggles as their family members. 574:

distress and a worsening of mental health in the individual. Those affected by race-based trauma oftentimes do not seek treatment not only because of stigma but because of fear that the medical professional will not understand their perspective of a disenfranchised minority. Furthermore, the existing stigma of mental health has led to a lack of research and consequently treatment. However, lack of treatment can also be attributed to the misdiagnosis of symptoms. Signs of trauma exhibited in black children are often labeled as behavioral or educational disabilities, allowing the trauma to go untreated. While trauma symptoms often manifest as other mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, the larger diagnosis often goes untreated.

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as having access to several sources of support (i.e., family, peers, community). One treatment model that places focus on the parent-child relationship is the Intergenerational Trauma Treatment Model (ITTM). The model incorporates several features from existing empirically supported methods of treatment, such as trauma exposure, cognitive processing and reframing, stress management, and parent education. ITTM gives specific attention to the intergenerational nature of traumatic experiences and targets the parent's or caregiver's ability to respond to a child's traumatic experiences. Fostering secure attachment and a supportive home environment can mitigate the potential negative impact of transgenerational trauma.

694:, high rates of poverty within the community, and exposure to community violence. Exposure to these stressors is correlated with higher trauma symptoms in first-generation Vietnamese-American refugees. In turn, these traumatic experiences impacted the ways that refugees raised their children since they internalized notions of being outsiders in a new country and emphasized success in the face of their many sacrifices. This cultural and familial transmission of trauma has led second-generation Vietnamese Americans to face their own forms of intergenerational trauma. These unique forms of mental health and stress are often not addressed due to socio-cultural standards of silence and refusal to seek treatment. 920:, emotion regulation and processing, cognitive processing and reconstruction, and trauma processing. Given that transgenerational trauma is a unique form of traumatic exposure, such therapy modalities can be effective in reducing its negative long-term effects. However, there are specific components of transgenerational trauma that must be addressed directly despite the modality of therapy chosen. Because the attachment relationship between parent or caregiver and child is a dominant mechanism through which transgenerational trauma is transmitted, treatment should focus on the importance familial and interpersonal patterns relative to the client, and utilize attachment-focused interventions. 940:

consistent across cultures, there are variations in the degree of salience regarding sociocultural factors that may exacerbate the effects of transgenerational trauma in different marginalized communities. Additionally, therapists must incorporate a culturally responsive perspective to whichever modality of therapy they chose to implement. It is imperative for therapists to focus on establishing a concrete basis of trust and safety within the therapeutic relationship, as several minoritized groups who have transgenerational trauma may have developed significant mistrust within interpersonal interactions, as well as mistrust of larger organizations or institutions.

767:(ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traumatic family patterns could include things such as sexual abuse, domestic violence, and even things such as natural disasters. This type of genogram is inclusive to military personnel in that it takes into consideration the servicemembers' experiences. Some of these considerations include taking into account how long the servicemember served, what their role was, if they were a prisoner of war and if they witnessed the death or injury of others. However, not all military personnel pass down intergenerational trauma. 746:

social and spiritual practices. European colonization has, in some instances, involved subjugation of the indigenous peoples of the Americas through violence, ethnic cleansing, forced assimilation, and acculturation. Indian reservations, and harmful policies excluding and oppressing Natives evoked similar responses to trauma as the descendants of Holocaust survivors. In a similar way we find transgenerational trauma in Holocaust survivors we find the same patterns and effects in Indigenous populations and their children and grandchildren.

453:. The traumatic event does not need to be individually experienced by all members of a family; the lasting effects can still remain and impact descendants from external factors. For example, black children's internalization of others' reactions to their skin color manifests as a form of lasting trauma originally experienced by their ancestors. This reaction to black skin stems from similar attitudes that led to the traumatizing conditions and enslavement of slaves. Black children and youth are more susceptible to 971:"complex societal forces that persist over time", and the fact that human developing females already have all their eggs as a foetus in the womb, and lastly that throughout one individual's life epigenetic influences remain so influential that "epigenetic cell memory" is what cause our genetically identical cells to differentiate into their specific forms. Further, even in mice, where these confounding influences can be controlled, "true trans-generational epigenetic inheritance is extremely rare." 673:, stress, and other psychological issues. Most refugees who flee from their homes do so to escape war, conflict, or natural disasters. More often times than not the wellness of refugees' homeland does not improve which causes continuous exposure to the originating trauma. This can be described as secondhand trauma and can be experienced by many. However, the offspring who have both transgenerational trauma and intergenerational trauma may experience secondhand trauma and a greater scale. 433:, or outward racism, react as if they were faced with the original trauma that was generationally transmitted to them. There are a variety of stressors in one's life that led to this PTSD-like reaction such as varying racist experiences, daily stressors, major race-related life events, or collective racism or traumas. This also presents itself in parenting styles. Goodman and West-Olatunji proposed potential transgenerational trauma in the aftermath of natural disasters. In a post- 458:

token a black child can learn to assert their blackness and how to respond to racist remarks and actions from their parents. Traces of trauma have an impact on black and other minority children's success in an educational context. Transgenerational trauma has also been heavily recorded in refugees and their children, which can last through several generations. Such traumas can stem from violence, political persecution, familial instability, as well as the hardships of migration.

114: 36: 472: 280:. In 1966, psychologists began to observe large numbers of children of Holocaust survivors seeking mental help in clinics in Canada. The grandchildren of Holocaust survivors were overrepresented by 300% among the referrals to a psychiatry clinic in comparison with their representation in the general population. Since then, transgenerational trauma has been noted amongst descendants of 804:

or their chosen family. The military can bring on a lot of stress when it comes to the servicemember and his family. These include, moving to different places on short notice, deployment plans constantly changing, difficulty transitioning when coming back from deployment, and many other stressors. Therefore, it is crucial that a mental health worker truly understands military life.

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than the comparison group of those who had not experienced the specific trauma. A qualitative study was done on the Brazilian children of Holocaust survivors and proposed a supported model of the transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences but also one of resilience patterns, which can be transmitted in between generations and developed within generations. According to

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parent was diagnosed with PTSD had a higher rate of anxiety as well as aggression when compared to children of civilians or non-veterans. These children can also have increased depressive symptoms and other PTSD symptoms. However, it has been found that spouses and partners of military veterans can help to buffer the effects of the transmission of trauma symptomology.

959:(HPA) axis, which coordinates the body's stress response system. Non-heritable stress-related epigenetic changes have also been studied in monkeys. However, most epigenetic effects are not transmitted to the next generation, and most transfer of information across generations does not involve epigenetic inheritance. 803:

is another aspect to consider when working with this population. Understanding the military culture and lifestyle is informative when developing the therapeutic relationship and treatment plans. Another cultural consideration is the family component. This can include the servicemember's actual family

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When it comes to transgenerational trauma, it can be transmitted quite quickly and can affect many people in which the servicemember has encountered. This also includes mental health workers and primary care physicians with whom the servicemember may be working. Mental health workers and primary care

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In general, black Americans who have any mental illness are resistant to receiving treatment due to stigma, negative conceptions, and fear of discrimination. This reduces the number of those affected to seek help. Lack of treatment causes the symptoms to compound leading to further internalization of

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has been found to be an effective form of treatment for those who have witnessed or experienced a traumatic event. For example, music therapy has been successfully implemented with military personnel, traumatized refugees, and Holocaust survivors. Specifically, analytic music therapy (AMT) was found

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Effective treatment for those experiencing transgenerational trauma also focuses on exploring, developing, and maintaining protective factors that can reduce the negative impact of transgenerational trauma. Some protective factors include fostering secure attachment between parent and child, as well

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There are many current transgenerational studies that have been done on adults that have experienced natural disasters or adversities. One study found that the children of torture victims showed more symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, attention deficits, and behavioral disorders

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Intergenerational trauma can sometimes go unrecognized by the spouse or partner suffering from the transmission of trauma. It sometimes can be difficult for those suffering from intergenerational trauma to recognize that they are emotionally affected, and thus difficult for these individuals to find

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Military personnel who have seen or participated in abusive acts of violence have been found to transmit the trauma they experienced to their children. Children of these veterans have been found to suffer from behavioral disturbances such as aggression, hyperactivity, and delinquency. Children whose

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Transgenerational trauma is also commonly known as secondary trauma due to the transmission of symptoms that can take place between individuals in close proximity (i.e., children, spouses/partners, and other family members). Transgenerational trauma affects everyone, including those in the military

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and span through more generations. Children are especially prone to the trauma of resettling, as their childhood may have been disrupted by migration to a new country. Additionally, they often face the difficulty of learning a new language, adapting to a new environment, and navigating the school's

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The experience of traumatic stress can modify cognitive, behavioral, and physiological functions, which can increase susceptibility to both mental and physical health issues. Because transgenerational trauma is a form of traumatic stress, it can increase risk for developing psychological disorders

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encompasses a wide range of practices: war, displacement, forced labor, removal of children, relocation, destruction, massacre, genocide, slavery, unintentional and intentional spread of deadly diseases, banning of indigenous language, regulation of marriage, assimilation, eradication of culture,

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In the case of PTSD, in order to prevent or minimize intergenerational trauma, it is important that the family also seek mental health services. A spouse/partner who is receiving mental health services and is at a better place in their life because of these interventions can help the family unit

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because they have not yet acquired the knowledge to have a full understanding of racism and its effects. However, these traumatizing behaviors experienced at such a young age are a reflection of a child's parenting. A White child may learn racist behaviors from their environment, but by the same

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specifically criticized a paper which used a sample size of 32 people to back its claim that children of Holocaust survivors showed evidence of inherited stress. He argues that the mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in humans remains elusive due to the many other influencing factors including

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Outside the treatment modalities described, several tools and techniques were also found to be helpful in bringing awareness to the effects of transgenerational trauma, as well as decreasing its psychological impact. For example, the Transgenerational Script Questionnaire (TSQ) has been used to

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Because transgenerational trauma is a form of indirect traumatic exposure, it often goes unrecognized or is misdiagnosed by clinicians. A lack of treatment accessibility can have several consequences such as health, behavioral, and social issues that may persist across an individual's lifespan.

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For Native Americans, past government policy and internal displacements are theorized to have an effect even generations later. The social enforcement of their ostracization causes them to be generally removed from society, to be powerless and uninvited in government, and to be left to fend for

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According to geneticist Kevin Mitchell, "these are, in fact, extraordinary claims, and they are being advanced on less than ordinary evidence." He says "This is a malady in modern science: the more extraordinary and sensational and apparently revolutionary the claim, the lower the bar for the

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Due to the effects of settler colonialism, oppression, racism, and other aversive events, Native Americans disproportionately experience adverse childhood experiences as well as health disparities, including high rates of posttraumatic stress, depression, substance abuse, diabetes, and other

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could contribute to traumatization in these groups. Being forced to witness and flee violence and war was a uniquely traumatic occurrence, resulting in high levels of psychological distress. Upon arriving in the United States, Vietnamese Americans struggled to adapt to their new environment,

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In conceptualizing treatment for individuals experiencing transgenerational trauma, it is critical to take into account the ways in which various cultural factors impact how different treatments may be received or perceived. Although the mechanisms through which transgenerational trauma are

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Symptoms of transgenerational trauma have in recent years been identified among black Americans, in relation to the effects of slavery and racial discrimination. This passing of trauma can be rooted from the family unit itself, or found in society via current discrimination and

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have empirically identified psychological mechanisms that favor intergenerational transmission, including dissociation in the context of attachment, and "communication" of prior traumatic experience as an effect of parental efforts to maintain self-regulation in the context of

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Although methylation of stress-related genes in humans may affect development, there is no evidence that these changes in humans are passed on to subsequent generations. Methylation is normally erased when an egg cell is fertilized.

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Schechter DS (September 2003). "Intergenerational communication of maternal violent trauma: Understanding the interplay of reflective functioning and posttraumatic psychopathology.". In Coates SW, Rosenthal JL, Schechter DS (eds.).

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communities experience. Displacement and maltreatment during colonization had led to negative effects in the children of those who survived such experiences. This is passed down generationally via ongoing social marginalization and

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may negatively influence future generations due to their past unresolved trauma. This can lead to increased feelings of mistrust, isolation, and loneliness. Descendants of enslaved persons when faced with racism-motivated violence,

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The oppression that black people experienced through slavery and racism has a psychological impact on how they view achievement. In terms of the social aspects, that seems to make it difficult for black people to surpass a certain

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This type of intergenerational trauma can be experienced and transmitted not only to children of veterans but also to their spouses/partners, ultimately affecting the whole family unit. Veterans who experienced PTSD or wartime

4387:"Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared With Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse: A Randomized Clinical Trial" 721:

in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century. Some were subsequently placed with white families, and this practice continued after people were no longer forcibly removed to reserves. These people became known as the

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Asmundson GJ, Thorisdottir AS, Roden-Foreman JW, Baird SO, Witcraft SM, Stein AT, et al. (January 2019). "A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder".

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is a concept of an emotion, variously described as some form of grief or resentment, among others, that is said to be an essential element of Korean identity by some, and a modern post-colonial identity by others.

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The fetal environment is influenced by the maternal diet. This environmental history can cause the fetal developmental response to change to produce a metabolic phenotype that suits the anticipated environment.

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to be effective in facilitating a degree of healing through self-exploration that mitigates the negative impact of transgenerational trauma. Trauma healing stories have been suggested as a form of therapy.

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Refugees are often at risk of experiencing transgenerational trauma. While many refugees experience some sort of loss and trauma, war-related trauma has been documented to have longer-lasting effects on

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New Orleans, residents have seen a dramatic increase in interpersonal violence with higher mortality rates. This phenomenon has been also been reported in the descendants of Indigenous students at

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Davidson AC, Mellor DJ (June 2001). "The adjustment of children of Australian Vietnam veterans: is there evidence for the transgenerational transmission of the effects of war-related trauma?".

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Kim I, Keovisai M, Kim W, Richards-Desai S, Yalim AC (April 2019). "Trauma, Discrimination, and Psychological Distress Across Vietnamese Refugees and Immigrants: A Life Course Perspective".

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Motta RW, Joseph JM, Rose RD, Suozzi JM, Leiderman LJ (December 1997). "Secondary trauma: assessing inter-generational transmission of war experiences with a modified Stroop procedure".

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Research on possible biological mechanisms for inheritance of trauma began in the late 1990s. It has been suggested that traumatic stress can be passed down to future generations via

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Mental health workers who are considering working with veterans who suffer from PTSD and other traumatic experiences should have experience working with veterans and servicemembers.

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social system in their host country. Normal caregiving is disrupted by the process of fleeing from their original home, and it may continue to be disrupted by their parents'

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Daud A, Skoglund E, Rydelius PA (2005-01-01). "Children in families of torture victims: transgenerational transmission of parents' traumatic experiences to their children".

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It has been suggested that a mother's mood may influence the fetus, though studies on this have mixed results. It is unclear whether any of the effects persist after birth.

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is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group. The primary mode of transmission is the

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are all common sources of trauma that lead to intergenerational trauma. A lack of therapy also worsens symptoms and can lead to transmission. For instance, survivors of

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Solomon Z, Waysman M, Levy G, Fried B, Mikulincer M, Benbenishty R, et al. (September 1992). "From front line to home front: a study of secondary traumatization".

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Trauma may be transmitted socially (e.g., through learned behaviors) or through the effects of stress on development before birth (inc. increased smoking/alcohol use).

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Frazier K, West-Olatunji C, St Juste S, Goodman R (2009). "Transgenerational Trauma and Child Sexual Abuse: Reconceptualizing Cases Involving Young Survivors of CSA".

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Daud A, Skoglund E, Rydelius P (2005). "Children in families of torture victims: transgenerational transmission of parents' traumatic experiences to their children".

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Field NP, Muong S, Sochanvimean V (October 2013). "Parental styles in the intergenerational transmission of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia".

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Coleman JA (July 2016). "Racial Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Personnel: Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma as a Theoretical Lens".

2303: 1620: 307:. However, the effect is difficult to separate from environmental and cultural transmission and conclusive evidence that it occurs in humans has yet to be found. 1159: 3396:

Ahmadzadeh, Gh; Malekian, A (2004). "Aggression, Anxiety, and Social Development in Adolescent Children of War Veterans with PTSD Versus those of Non-Veterans".

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themselves. The transgenerational transmission of colonial trauma is also considered a contributing factor in the high rates of mental health difficulties that

956: 763:, a family tree that provides a visual representation of hereditary patterns. Specifically, a trauma-focused genogram can be used with those who suffer from 4823:"Music therapy versus treatment as usual for refugees diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial" 2818: 787:

physicians asked to take a survey entitled “Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale” reported that they had trouble sleeping, feeling emotionally numb, and having

4191:"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study" 2352: 2920:

Jeyasundaram J, Cao LY, Trentham B (December 2020). "Experiences of Intergenerational Trauma in Second-Generation Refugees: Healing Through Occupation".

4631:"Healing Interpersonal and Racial Trauma: Integrating Racial Socialization Into Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for African American Youth" 661:

systems to refugees, which can worsen symptoms and lead to transmission of trauma. In general, children of refugees exhibited higher overall levels of

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Goodman R, West-Olatunji C (2008). "Transgenerational Trauma and Resilience: Improving Mental Health Counseling for Survivors of Hurricane Katrina".

2119:"Effects of maternal traumatic distress on family functioning and child mental health: An examination of Southeast Asian refugee families in the U.S" 1871:

Fraiberg S, Adelson E, Shapiro V (1975). "Ghosts in the nursery. A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships".

1017: 670: 3420:"Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers' Trauma Exposure on Their Children?" 783:

treatment. Resources such as a genogram can be an excellent way in which an individual can recognize the trauma that has been passed down to them.

5788: 2691:"Transgenerational Trauma Transmission in Refugee Families: The Role of Traumatic Suffering, Attachment Representations, and Parental Caregiving" 5257:

Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, et al. (August 2004). "Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior".

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Harrell SP (January 2000). "A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color".

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Isobel S, Goodyear M, Furness T, Foster K (April 2019). "Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis".

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and forbidden from practicing traditional rituals had a traumatic effect on many students, and child abuse was rampant in the schools as well.

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Lin NJ, Suyemoto KL, Kiang PN (August 2009). "Education as Catalyst for Intergenerational Refugee Family Communication About War and Trauma".

5158: 4699: 3682: 2875:"Overcoming a Legacy of Conflict: The Repercussive Effects of Stress and Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Among Vietnamese Americans" 2710: 2644: 250: 1941:

Bretherton I (1990). "Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships".

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Pears KC, Capaldi DM (November 2001). "Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample".

849:. The loss of cultures and resulting lack of community cohesion poses a further challenge for groups in resolving transgenerational trauma. 685:, many of these Southeast Asian refugees are at high risk of experiencing transgenerational trauma. Factors occurring both before and after 276:

This field of research is relatively young, but has been expanded since the mid-2000s. Intergenerational trauma was first recognized in the

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Jernigan MM, Daniel JH (April 2011). "Racial trauma in the lives of black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications".

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Weinberg MK, Cummins RA (2013-04-01). "Intergenerational Effects of the Holocaust: Subjective Well-Being in the Offspring of Survivors".

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Other less conventional modalities of therapy have also been found useful in addressing the negative impact of transgenerational trauma.

5667:"Posttraumatic stress disorder in African American and Latinx adults: Clinical course and the role of racial and ethnic discrimination" 3559: 2528:"Cultural adaptations of prolonged exposure therapy for treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder in african americans" 2389: 536: 5551: 1954: 508: 45: 5760: 5502: 2966:

Islam A, Ouch C, Smyth R, Wang LC (2017). "The Intergenerational Effect of Cambodia's Genocide on Children's Education and Health".

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Rosenheck R, Fontana A (October 1998). "Transgenerational effects of abusive violence on the children of Vietnam combat veterans".

2409: 1771:"Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions" 5803: 3829:"The lasting impact of early-life adversity on individuals and their descendants: potential mechanisms and hope for intervention" 2612:

Goodman RD, West-Olatunji C (2010). "Educational hegemony, traumatic stress, and african american and latino american students".

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Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW (2016-06-22). "Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of 'Broken Windows'".

515: 5562: 5054:"Untangling the Family Tree: Using the Transgenerational Script Questionnaire in the Psychotherapy of Transgenerational Trauma" 1012: 3735:"Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: a qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors" 3315:

Dekel R, Goldblatt H (July 2008). "Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans' children".

3194:"Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran's family and possible interventions" 1042:

Dekel R, Goldblatt H (July 2008). "Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans' children".

4284:"Intergenerational trauma transmission is associated with brain metabotranscriptome remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction" 812: 726:, and successive generations suffer from intergenerational trauma as a result of this as well as other issues related to the 654: 635:, or a "constant feeling of being less than whole", because of not having a collective identity as a result of the continued 493: 386: 3109:

Incarcerated Aboriginal women’s experiences of accessing healthcare and the limitations of the ‘equal treatment’ principle.

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https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources/fact-sheet/secondary_traumatic_stress_child_serving_professionals.pdf

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While a majority of these groups were fleeing war and poverty, Cambodian refugees were also fleeing a genocide from the

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Symptoms of intergenerational trauma always begins with the survivor of a trauma, which tend to manifest as symptoms of

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biological mechanism. Although the idea has been widely touted in the media, it is not supported by robust evidence.

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Several therapy modalities have been found to be effective in treating various trauma and stress disorders, such as

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and both direct survivors of the collective trauma and members of subsequent generations individually may develop

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Since 1975, the US has accepted many refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos. As a result of the

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peoples. Descendants of survivors may experience extreme stress, leading to a variety of other consequences.

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by a supervisor of Master's and Doctoral students specialising in trauma counselling, Wentzel Coetzer.

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White Analysts Seeing black Patients, The African American Experience Psychoanalytic Perspectives

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and challenges faced in their new home. Furthermore, many host countries do not provide adequate

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threshold, escape a certain neighborhood, or move beyond a certain lifestyle or status.

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formation, and reenactment of the trauma. Building upon the clinical observations by

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While transgenerational trauma made headlines in the mid-2000s, it has been met with

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For individual victims, historical trauma often manifests in four ways: depression,

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experienced by communities and identity groups is carried on as part of the group's

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One proposed model suggests that an parents trauma could be inherited through an

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The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention

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Symptoms also differed based on ethnicity and type of original trauma.

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However, like survivors of individual 55:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5523:International Journal of Social Welfare 5226: 5224: 5097: 5095: 5047: 5045: 4997: 4995: 4735:Giladi, Lotem; Bell, Terece S. (2013). 4440:Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 4246:, Neuroepigenetics and Mental Illness, 4195:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3708:International Journal of Social Welfare 3398:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 3317:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 3290:Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 3105:Kendall, S., Lighton, S., Sherwood, J. 3040:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2242:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1044:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1034: 194:. For example, survivors of individual 4914: 4912: 4870: 4868: 4816: 4814: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4090:Kinsella MT, Monk C (September 2009). 3964: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3579: 3577: 3506: 3504: 3348: 3346: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 2961: 2959: 2638: 1841: 1839: 1515:Heard E, Martienssen RA (March 2014). 1151: 349:complex post-traumatic stress disorder 264:, particularly regarding claims of an 200:complex post-traumatic stress disorder 159:experience extreme stress or practice 18:Intergenerational psychological trauma 5406:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164445 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 2739:Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J (2005). 2684: 2682: 1663: 1661: 1611: 1609: 754:Military personnel and their families 282:African-Americans forced into slavery 251:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 7: 5493:Unspeakable truths and happy endings 5231:Carey, Benedict (10 December 2018). 5052:Gayol, Gloria Noriega (2019-10-02). 1340:Yehuda R, Lehrner A (October 2018). 494:adding citations to reliable sources 3951:10.17953/aicr.24.2.7646013460646042 3133:. 2023-10-05. 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Uptone Press. 5538: 5517: 5508: 5497:. Sidran Press. 5496: 5475: 5474: 5456: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5200: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5110:(3–4): 386–405. 5099: 5090: 5089: 5049: 5040: 5039: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4842: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4797:10.1037/h0100449 4776: 4765: 4764: 4753:10.1037/a0028455 4732: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4561:10.1002/da.20907 4544: 4538: 4537: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4357: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4210: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4060: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4007: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3848: 3824: 3818: 3817:. Prentice Hall. 3811: 3805: 3804: 3789:Family Relations 3781: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3754: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3651: 3627: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3329:10.1037/a0013955 3312: 3306: 3305: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3229: 3214: 3213: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3172: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3079:Creative Spirits 3070: 3064: 3063: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2827: 2821: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2803:"About Refugees" 2799: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2760: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2547: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2448:10.1037/a0018639 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2328:Haag AM (2007). 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2254:10.1037/h0087722 2237: 2231: 2230: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2097: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2013: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1726:Current Genomics 1717: 1708: 1707: 1697: 1674:BJPsych Bulletin 1670:"Kevin Mitchell" 1665: 1656: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1593: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1495: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1369: 1346:World Psychiatry 1337: 1328: 1327: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1282: 1250: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1216: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1130:. Portland, OR. 1123: 1117: 1116: 1106: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1056:10.1037/a0013955 1039: 847:lateral violence 732:loss of language 633: 621:divided families 617: 609: 602: 592: 561: 554: 550: 547: 541: 539: 498: 474: 466: 431:microaggressions 382:Daniel Schechter 321:groups of people 235:Jewish community 172:groups of people 137:Jewish community 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 38: 37: 30: 21: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5779: 5778: 5747: 5742: 5707: 5664: 5655: 5643: 5608: 5595: 5560: 5554: 5541: 5520: 5511: 5505: 5488: 5484: 5482:Further reading 5479: 5478: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4778: 4777: 4768: 4734: 4733: 4722: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4527: 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692:social mobility 679: 645: 586: 580: 571: 562: 551: 545: 542: 499: 497: 487: 475: 464: 462:Affected groups 422:extreme poverty 395: 370:hyper-vigilance 360: 317: 296:, survivors of 274: 85: 74: 68: 65: 54: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5746: 5745:External links 5743: 5741: 5740: 5720:(5): 389–399. 5705: 5677:(1): 101–116. 5662: 5653: 5641: 5621:(4): 519–527. 5606: 5593: 5558: 5553:978-0963401120 5552: 5539: 5518: 5509: 5503: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5447:(5): 372–380. 5427: 5384: 5357:(4): 623–631. 5341: 5312:(3): 315–320. 5292: 5271:10.1038/nn1276 5265:(8): 847–854. 5249: 5220: 5191:(6): 559–560. 5171: 5159: 5129: 5091: 5064:(4): 279–291. 5041: 5014:(4): 308–323. 4991: 4978:(4): 613–626. 4958: 4931:(3): 197–218. 4908: 4887:(2): 195–206. 4864: 4810: 4791:(3): 273–283. 4766: 4747:(4): 384–391. 4720: 4700: 4670: 4621: 4582: 4539: 4520: 4493:(4): 385–400. 4473: 4446:(3): 111–124. 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359–368. 2060: 2041:(2): 148–161. 2025: 1996:(3): 187–205. 1976: 1960: 1949:(3): 237–251. 1933: 1898: 1879:(3): 387–421. 1863: 1856: 1835: 1810: 1761: 1732:(8): 665–675. 1709: 1657: 1638: 1619:(2015-09-11). 1605: 1576:(7): 599–608. 1556: 1507: 1450: 1426: 1411: 1381: 1352:(3): 243–257. 1329: 1294: 1265:(3): 745–754. 1238: 1187: 1165: 1136: 1118: 1097:(4): 519–527. 1077: 1050:(3): 281–289. 1033: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 983: 976: 973: 966:The biologist 945: 942: 861: 858: 820: 817: 796: 793: 755: 752: 739: 736: 706: 703: 678: 675: 644: 641: 584:Han (cultural) 582:Main article: 579: 576: 570: 567: 564: 563: 478: 476: 469: 463: 460: 394: 391: 378:Selma Fraiberg 374:traumatic bond 359: 356: 316: 313: 273: 270: 87: 86: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5826: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5723: 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5009: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027:Gluckman PD, 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499:(2): 123–41. 2498: 2494: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1857:9780822376149 1853: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527:(1): 95–109. 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412:9780128125922 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1137:0-9852172-0-0 1133: 1129: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 974: 972: 969: 964: 960: 958: 953: 951: 943: 941: 937: 933: 930: 929:Music therapy 925: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 879:schizophrenia 876: 872: 866: 859: 857: 854: 850: 848: 843: 837: 835: 829: 827: 818: 816: 814: 809: 805: 802: 794: 792: 790: 784: 780: 778: 772: 768: 766: 762: 753: 751: 747: 744: 737: 735: 733: 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 704: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 684: 676: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:PTSD symptoms 651: 650:mental health 642: 640: 638: 634: 632: 626: 622: 618: 616: 610: 608: 601: 595: 591: 585: 577: 575: 568: 560: 557: 549: 546:November 2020 538: 535: 531: 528: 524: 521: 517: 514: 510: 507: – 506: 502: 501:Find sources: 495: 491: 485: 484: 479:This section 477: 473: 468: 467: 461: 459: 456: 455:racial trauma 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 392: 390: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 357: 355: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 314: 312: 308: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 290:war survivors 287: 283: 279: 271: 269: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 157:Jewish people 154: 153:were enslaved 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 115: 111: 109: 105: 101: 100:psychological 97: 93: 83: 80: 72: 69:December 2023 62: 58: 52: 51: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5809:Trauma types 5754: 5717: 5713: 5674: 5670: 5657: 5648: 5618: 5614: 5601: 5597: 5570: 5566: 5543: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5492: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5236: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5164:, retrieved 5142: 5132: 5107: 5103: 5061: 5057: 5011: 5007: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4928: 4924: 4884: 4880: 4830: 4826: 4788: 4784: 4744: 4740: 4713:, retrieved 4683: 4673: 4641:(1): 17–27. 4638: 4634: 4624: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4523: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4267:, retrieved 4247: 4243: 4233: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4151: 4147: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4040: 4036: 4029:Lillycrop KA 4022: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3967:cite journal 3942: 3938: 3928: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3880: 3873: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3714:(1): 23–32. 3711: 3707: 3701: 3673: 3666: 3639: 3635: 3593: 3589: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3516: 3512: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3427: 3423: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3358: 3354: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3296:(1): 36–51. 3293: 3289: 3241: 3237: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3130: 3125: 3110: 3106: 3082:. Retrieved 3078: 3068: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2971: 2967: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2797: 2783: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2724:, retrieved 2694: 2669:. Retrieved 2663: 2653: 2634: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2413: 2403: 2390: 2366:(2): 56–78. 2363: 2359: 2346: 2337: 2334:Tulsa L. Rev 2333: 2323: 2313:22 September 2311:. Retrieved 2307: 2297: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2248:(1): 42–57. 2245: 2241: 2235: 2221:(1): 22–33. 2218: 2214: 2208: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2038: 2034: 2028: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1970: 1963: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1847: 1827:. Retrieved 1823: 1813: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1729: 1725: 1680:(2): 81–83. 1677: 1673: 1651: 1641: 1630:. Retrieved 1626:The Guardian 1624: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1442:. Retrieved 1438: 1429: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1349: 1345: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1262: 1258: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1181: 1168: 1127: 1121: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1047: 1043: 1037: 995: 965: 961: 954: 947: 938: 934: 926: 922: 891: 867: 863: 855: 851: 838: 830: 822: 819:Transmission 810: 806: 798: 785: 781: 773: 769: 757: 748: 741: 708: 696: 680: 646: 628: 612: 604: 596: 587: 572: 552: 543: 533: 526: 519: 512: 500: 488:Please help 483:verification 480: 447: 418:sexual abuse 403: 396: 367: 361: 353: 318: 309: 302: 275: 255: 204: 174:who share a 169: 119: 91: 90: 75: 66: 44: 5794:Victimology 5755:Gated Grief 5400:: 233–257. 5242:18 February 4602:(1): 1–18. 4340:(1): 1–14. 3945:(2): 1–22. 3878:Collins P. 2639:Pilzer 2016 2129:: 178–186. 1824:www.apa.org 1470:(1): 2973. 1397:: 273–298. 968:Ewan Birney 826:Froma Walsh 699:Khmer Rouge 683:Vietnam War 406:Enslavement 345:child abuse 333:nationality 305:epigenetics 288:survivors, 268:mechanism. 241:during the 229:survivors, 211:segregation 196:child abuse 184:nationality 161:survivalism 143:during the 5783:Categories 5761:An article 5166:2021-11-15 4833:(1): 301. 4715:2021-11-15 4536:(1): 1–11. 4355:1974/26093 4294:(1): 783. 4269:2021-11-15 3856:10468/7455 3404:: 231–234. 2726:2021-07-27 1829:2023-03-16 1632:2020-09-06 1444:2021-03-22 1182:Samhsa.gov 1029:References 950:epigenetic 663:depression 625:Korean War 516:newspapers 451:oppression 266:epigenetic 262:scientists 258:skepticism 104:behavioral 46:neutrality 5645:Herman JL 5589:253829510 5529:: 23–32. 5215:151622401 5207:1092-6771 5124:144188999 5086:203049629 5078:0362-1537 5036:203063217 5028:0362-1537 4953:233745526 4945:0809-8131 4903:0734-6875 4805:2155-8655 4761:1942-969X 4710:214506698 4616:149938541 4515:214600120 4468:233303826 4460:2196-3061 3959:143126892 3693:176648840 3444:0738-0151 3266:145341852 3258:1066-4807 3025:145621745 2950:227246197 2907:147958261 2899:1092-6771 2789:"Refugee" 2721:225509638 2658:Shin MD. 2599:148220622 2513:145288431 2442:(1): 48. 2055:144450498 1781:: 27968. 1207:(1): 14. 1154:cite book 1146:810135371 860:Treatment 795:Treatment 329:ethnicity 219:apartheid 180:ethnicity 165:Holocaust 57:talk page 5736:16281237 5701:30652903 5647:(1997). 5637:14735877 5463:26410355 5414:18767965 5379:28263262 5371:16914153 5336:20483357 5279:15220929 4859:29848343 4665:32367729 4577:28115857 4569:22134957 4507:32196399 4421:32697288 4372:52986455 4364:30332919 4318:34168265 4264:30072057 4225:26055600 4176:58768942 4168:30556334 4126:19661759 4077:17646663 4014:11056823 3865:26482536 3771:22943578 3658:18577122 3612:24306012 3495:25301429 3487:11437808 3452:72929473 3383:38931132 3337:19123747 3179:24065606 3060:24164520 2942:33256470 2852:29574531 2775:23060431 2767:15823380 2564:25379272 2262:10702849 2200:32318148 2151:13943373 2143:28515007 2104:16845592 2020:18007959 1805:26187697 1756:30532646 1704:33858525 1617:Birney E 1600:29781947 1551:24679529 1502:30061690 1421:30072057 1376:30192087 1324:11766010 1289:27659490 1233:31413722 1113:14735877 1072:12737543 1064:19123747 975:See also 761:genogram 665:, PTSD, 643:Refugees 410:genocide 393:Symptoms 294:refugees 215:Jim Crow 123:is when 50:disputed 5692:6338337 5471:3522658 5422:2611836 5327:2948595 5287:1649281 4850:5977477 4656:8807349 4412:7376475 4309:8225861 4217:9635069 4117:3710585 4068:1937546 4045:Bibcode 3920:8626641 3785:Walsh F 3762:3500267 3745:: 134. 3568:9403392 3533:1451774 3375:9870224 3170:4232330 2860:4315129 2555:4219246 2419:6 April 2372:9842066 2308:Reuters 2191:7163829 2095:3293252 2011:2078523 1928:8958463 1893:1141566 1796:4506643 1747:6225454 1695:7283122 1591:6113110 1542:4020004 1493:6065375 1472:Bibcode 1367:6127768 1280:5362358 1224:6688296 667:anxiety 578:Koreans 530:scholar 327:(e.g., 272:History 178:(e.g., 147:and by 5734: 5699: 5689: 5635: 5587: 5550: 5501: 5469: 5461: 5420: 5412: 5377: 5369: 5334: 5324: 5285: 5277: 5213: 5205: 5157: 5122: 5084: 5076: 5034: 5026: 4951: 4943: 4901: 4857: 4847: 4827:Trials 4803: 4759: 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