738:
time, some other place. It will get me in the end. I cannot escape. You will never know anything about me. Not a word. What they did will remain a secret. It must not be known. Their actions, or rather their transgressions, should never be spoken of anywhere. My parents will burn in hell; for them it's over. But they left me behind. Guilty at birth, guilty for life. The dreams are the worst part of it. They haunt my nights without end. Always the same dream. I know it like a film I've seen a hundred times. They drag me out of bed, lead me out of my room, lead me down the stairs, and push me into a waiting car. Men in striped uniforms. The car races across town. I hear noises outside. People shout "hurray! hurray!" They scream, they shout. I can't breathe, my throat is choking. I throw myself against the door, trying to open it, pounding, screaming, my eyes burning... Then I wake up.â
1117:
research on that and IMO this is not something biologists are trained to study. In the narrow definition, which focuses on biochemical change on the DNA molecules or the chromosome, there are plenty of evidence that these modifications can emerge from various forms of environmental shock and they can be passed on over a couple generations. However, specifically in humans after trauma, currently there is not much evidence that these genetic modifications will have a strong effect on the descendants. The idea is not pseudoscience per se but we don't have enough evidence yet to make the claim in either direction.
1631:(This review explicitly excludes all the epigenetic stuff: «We excluded studies that were (a) theoretical or conceptual in nature, in which no direct information was collected from individuals or groups; (b) based on non-refugee populations (e.g. military veterans); (c) focused on biological or epigenetic transmission of trauma; (d) based on clinical case studies or samples of n < 10; or (e) centered around trauma experiences that did not take place in the context of war or conflict».)
1135:- it's a well-studied biological process that determines which section of DNA gets processed by the mRNA, and so controls what function each individual cell does in your body. It's observable through sequencing, and so claims that it can be biologically inherited from parent to child can, and have been, tested - to date, there is no conclusive evidence this has ever happened in humans (or indeed mammals, although it's common in plants and known to occur in some animals like nematodes).
71:
53:
1184:
For example, because evolution is so well established, whenever you discover a new species, you can always assume "it's DNA and phenotypes evolve gradually" and use that assumption to build phylogeny. You don't need to prove that assumption first. Now if transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is a well-established fact in biology (I know that's a big if), one would be able to claim that it should be the null model here, even if there is no specific evidence in humans.
151:
1249:
266:
169:
245:
1304:
the histone on the DNA. In the context of anxiety and trauma therapy, that allows the preservation of a long-term extinction memory to replace the traumatic memory. Histone deacetylase inhibited the formation of an extinction memory, which consequently preserved the fearful memory, and by inhibiting it, individuals in exposure therapy can create new memories with harmless or safe associations to their traumatic memory.
1444:
1015:
882:
583:
510:
462:
81:
1180:
epigenetics, though I myself prefer not to frame my research that way because I know it is confusing for people that prefer sticking to the narrow sense. I fully agree with you that, in the narrow sense, there lacks evidence for epigenetic inheritance in humans and should not be included here. At most it can only be described as a hypothetical mechanism proposed by some scholars.
22:
1376:
between behavior and inheritance (which is always tricky). Other terms that would be more precise: "Parent Caused Trauma" "Prenatal Trauma" "Poverty Trauma" "Economic Trauma" "Oppression Trauma" or if we are being honest about what some people want the page to be: "Patriarchal Hetero
Normative White Supremacy Settler Colonialism Neo Liberal Capitalism or Zionism Trauma".
1257:
pseudo-epigenetics. Meanwhile this sociological phenomena was used to justify this "actually trauma is transmitted from mother to child during birth", just stop it because there is no way to verify this and there is no way to debunk this either therefore it is not scientific. Perhaps what you need to do is arts and/or philosophy instead of STEM, don't you think?
371:
350:
381:
1027:
276:
1236:
STEM is definitely not my field but I, and everyone, had seen genetics in high school and everyone can confirm genetics does not work like that. Genetics have no conscious, no mind at all and therefore they can not transfer information with intention to do so, evolution does not work like that unless
1179:
you will see that it is defined as "stable phenotypic changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence" and the word literally means "in addition to genetics". I myself have encountered biologists at conferences who said that my research in cultural evolution should be considered a form of
830:
This article has changed dramatically in the last few years. It's gone from being a group/cultural problem to a largely DNA-based condition that could happen to anyone whose mother happened to be sufficiently stressed before or during pregnancy â all it takes is one bad car wreck, and the baby is at
737:
You may want to add a reference to Peter
Sichrovsky (1989), Born Guilty: Children of Nazi Families. Basic Books, New York, p. 39."The son of a German military officer tells us: âYou know, I am haunted by this wrongdoing. Guilty people always end up being punished, if not here and now, then some other
1498:
In particular the epigenetics claims are not well sourced and seem unscientific, as do the purported treatments such as dance and music therapy. The topic in general also very vague, and it's unclear how "trauma" is defined in any non-vacuous way. (i.e. can you point to any group of humans that does
1183:
There is more nuance than simply equating "null hypothesis" to "no causal effect". Although it probably doesn't make any difference here, I think the distinction is important anyway. All science theories and predictions involve inductive reasoning and generalisation from a finite amount of evidence.
806:
The first paragraph of that section claims: "Previous research assumed that trauma was only transmitted by the parents' child-rearing behavior. However, it may also be epigenetically transferred." but does not cite a source for this supposed epigenetic transfer. The paragraph then goes on to explain
962:
This is a glaring omission that needs to be corrected and fully researched. 800 years of Britsh rule as a colony, and it's never mentioned.I am no scientist, sociologist or anything else in the field. But I do know that the Irish diaspora need to be represented here. Please someone pick up the ball
1309:
histones" process is actually related to trauma... in some way text does not want to explain. In which situation, which patient, how did it went, what are side-effects... nothing is disclosed except for that it is somehow "connected" and somehow created "happy memories". Especially after fiasco of
1303:
Another pre-clinical study finds that the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors can aid in "exposure-based approaches in anxiety and trauma therapy." Histone deacetylase inhibitors block the deacetylation of histones, which then allows genes to remain active by preserving the active acetyl mark on
928:
Hello, we are users dct53 and mbh90 and we will be editing this page for one of our university courses about
Medicine, Race, and Gender. We plan to add a subsection to the "Affected Groups" content about Southeast Asians. We may broaden the section about Cambodians or include research about people
1807:
I remember reading either a book mentioning specific generation of Polish people born between 1920s and 1930s, grewing up under German and then
Stalinist repression, theres a term for it and a whole explanation on why the generation experienced trauma but i dont know if its good enough to include
1663:
Sorry, just to be clear, the epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance are new science but are not magical. "Increasing evidence indicates that non-DNA sequence-based epigenetic information can be inherited across several generations in organisms ranging from yeast to plants to humans. This raises the
1375:
Cactus, your points are not wrong. Other people have raised them. If you could track down reliable sources that say it, you could work on making the page more balanced. The page suffers from an overly broad definition, and an imprecise understanding of epigenetics and an ever shifting distinction
1308:
Is it me or does this reads like a bunch of make-believe? First we have to believe that psychological trauma is epigenetic then the text wants us to connect lines between the epigenetic process and trauma and then wants us to believe that "histone deacetylase inhibitors block the deacetylation of
1062:
I stumbled across this page, and am embarrassed for
Knowledge (XXG) - this is a higher density of pseudoscience than I've seen for a while on here. I guess it's inevitable, given the un-scientific nonsense that's regularly published in the mainstream media on this subject, but it's still a shame.
860:
Hello, I am user
Ferviani and for an assignment in one of my university courses, I have to choose an article to revise. For this article, I plan on adding more relevant information and writing more concisely. I also want to add better sources by using scholarly references. For more information on
1710:
This article has a litany of issues, but the main one seems to be the blending of papers demonstrating no causative effect from epigenetic changes on stress and disorders with papers asserting these epigenetic changes being agents of stress is "proven". I'm inclined to favour the anti-Lysenkoist
1116:
There is more than one definition of epigenetics. In the broad definition, social environment is also a form of epigenetics, in which case we are almost stating the obvious to say that the descendants of the oppressed can inherit some of those effects of oppression. There are plenty of sociology
1730:
Trim it away! Primary source studies shouldn't be cited, especially on a topic as controversial as this. I will say, the article is confusing a couple of different things. Some of the papers on epigenetics are referring to epigenetic effects in utero and socially (which is sort of a meme social
1648:
There is a lot of confusion here. Some sociological fields use the terms 'intergenerational' and 'transgenerational' trauma to refer to non-biological transmission of "trauma" to children. Other researchers then used that same term to refer to some magical biological inheritance of 'trauma' via
1256:
Also, collective trauma and this pseudo-biological quack does not have an correlation, "collective trauma" refers to sociological phenomena where a human group that collectively experienced a traumatic experience will be... guess what... traumatized. This is simple and does not involve any
810:
The rest of the section is plenty more informatin on epigenetics in a broad context but not on how the mechanism of epigenetics actually applies to trauma. I suspect this is because the literature on the mechanism of epigenetics and trauma is very minimal. It seems misleading to claim
1649:
epigenetics, which still has no basis in reality. This distinction needs to be made clear. I imagine most visitors to the page come here after reading about epigenetic inheritance, so it would be good to clarify most of this page is about theories of social transmission.
1554:
No, that wouldn't be accurate. Epigenetics are a real thing, scientifically - do you have a source for the opposite? To be clear, epigenetics involve the flipping of the way your body reads DNA, but does not "change" your DNA, and they are heritable somehow. It's new
1690:
Can someone please include Native
American people of the US? It is wonderful to list all the different groups- and it makes me very sad to notice that by pointing out natives of Canada- the group originating in the territory that now forms the US has been excluded.
686:
Sangalang, C. C., Jager, J., & Harachi, T. W. (2017). Effects of maternal traumatic distress on family functioning and child mental health: An examination of
Southeast Asian refugee families in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine, (C), 178. Retrieved from
522:
1502:
I'm also concerned at how many times this has been assigned as a "class project". I worry that a specific teacher or teachers may have an ideological motive and be assigning students to make edits with a particular agenda in return for class credit.
894:
641:
Mina Fazel, Ruth V Reed, Catherine Panter-Brick, Alan Stein, Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors,The Lancet,Volume 379, Issue 9812, 2012, Pages 266-282,ISSN 0140-6736,
1456:
474:
1158:
have enough evidence (via the lack of it), to make the claim for the null hypothesis - in this case, that epigenetic inheritance is not a cause for transgenerational trauma, and as such we can not report that it does in this
1401:
The article could be clearer about these two distinct ideas. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is far from proven in humans, let alone something like trauma (probably implausible), which is the point you addressed.
595:
992:
That'll be mostly down to the fact that this article is about the worst kind of pseudoscience generally beloved by
Americans and genuine Irish would be embarrassed to be associated with it. Good luck finding sources.
1711:
papers but first they need to be read. In the meantime much of the text in this article should be removed, seeing as it deals with a purportedly genetic medical condition while citing sources which do not meet
1086:
I heard about this during a book club. I was curious, so I looked for reputable information and found an article that raised doubts on the science. I added the content with citation under
Criticism.
764:
Hey everyone, I noticed that the "Survivors of Childhood Abuse" section is blank. It would be greatly appreciated if someone familiar with this topic could add content from qualified sources. Thanks!
1789:
1768:
1746:
1692:
994:
699:
Sangalang, C. C., & Vang, C. (2017). Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 19(3), 745â754. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7
638:
Sangalang, C. C., & Vang, C. (2017). Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 19(3), 745â754. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7
680:
Isok Kim, & Wooksoo Kim. (2014). Post-resettlement Challenges and Mental Health of Southeast Asian Refugees in the United States. Best Practice in Mental Health, 10(2), 63â77. Retrieved from
655:
Isok Kim, & Wooksoo Kim. (2014). Post-resettlement Challenges and Mental Health of Southeast Asian Refugees in the United States. Best Practice in Mental Health, 10(2), 63â77. Retrieved from
1241:
and support the long-debunked hypothesis that can not ve confirmed, it only focuses on survivability and the mutation which can not survive gets eliminated not through rational process but
1142:, whereby the default position is that there is no effect or causal relationship, and that evidence is required for claims to the contrary to be accepted. Likewise Knowledge (XXG) is an
832:
693:
Isobel, S., Goodyear, M., & Foster, K. (2019). Psychological Trauma in the Context of Familial Relationships: A Concept Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(4), 549â559.
649:
Isobel, S., Goodyear, M., & Foster, K. (2019). Psychological Trauma in the Context of Familial Relationships: A Concept Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(4), 549â559.
399:
1518:
I can't speak to the latter, but maybe we should start by taking a look at the dance therapy journal sources. I pulled them up to start reading them and evaluate what they say.
811:
transgenerational trauma can be be explained by epigenetics and then proceed to explain epigenetics broadly and assert this therefore applies to trauma without any citations.
403:
1495:
This page has multiple issues, as has been discussed in several sections above. I've added some template messages until someone more qualified than me can take a look at it.
1319:
Look, if a Liberal Arts Major (me) can debunk your whole hypothesis... I think it is time to change career paths. It is over take my hand and I will show you the way.
807:
epigenetics in a broad context, and then suddenly asserts: "Therefore, one way trauma can be transferred is through epigenetics." No citation provided for this claim.
1846:
688:
221:
1836:
127:
1731:
scientist interpretation of how epigenetics works), while others refer the even more ridiculous concept of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of trauma...
1345:"... if you've got concrete ideas for improving the article you are free to make changes like any editor can... but if you just want to rant, maybe start a blog?
332:
227:
133:
443:
1861:
322:
681:
656:
1876:
1035:
615:
558:
433:
1866:
1851:
298:
197:
1881:
490:
103:
1278:
Refugees: Holy rackamole! A foreigner in foreign country hacking nothing at all starving and freezing is feeling sad, it must be... epigenetics!
1464:
408:
906:
1782:
transgenerational effects are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, including changes in DNA methylation and small non-coding RNAs in the sperm
1856:
1841:
1540:
regarding the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group."
1202:
that are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable and that do not entail a change in DNA sequence" (emphasis mine, and I've since updated
831:
risk of transgenerational trauma. That's really not the same thing. I think most of this might have been looking for the article about
1831:
745:
723:
1793:
1772:
1750:
1696:
998:
289:
250:
176:
156:
1871:
1292:
But sure let us blame magical non-observable epigenetic phenomena that can not be seen or experimented instead of material conditions.
94:
58:
394:
355:
689:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsrep&AN=edsrep.a.eee.socmed.v184y2017icp178.186&site=eds-live
33:
1067:
841:, I've just re-written the first two paragraphs, and I wonder whether you might be interested in improving this article.
958:
No information AT ALL about the Irish who suffered 800 years of repression under the English and Trans-generational Trauma
196:
related articles on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
1198:
If you read the source that is used to refence those opening sentences is says epigenetics is "the study of changes in
1596:
redirects here but the expression refers to rather established and mainstream psychological research, see for example
944:
707:
682:
http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=103534863&site=eds-live
666:
657:
http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=103534863&site=eds-live
1724:
1064:
1147:
1638:
and then mention "transgenerational trauma" as one expression mostly linked to some pseudo-scientific strains?
1635:
1593:
1285:
as result of colonization but because of... memories transferred from mother to child through epigenetic magic.
1272:
39:
1664:
possibility of heritable âepimutationsâ contributing to heritable phenotypic variation and thus to evolution"
749:
727:
1508:
932:
816:
741:
719:
1381:
1324:
1268:
1047:
983:
846:
769:
703:
662:
599:
1545:
968:
910:
297:
on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
102:
on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
1340:
Talk pages are for discussing the article, not for general conversation about the article's subject...
1100:
After some thought, I added a brief sentence about scientific criticism to the lead (lede) for balance.
1720:
1189:
1122:
1105:
1091:
1076:
1809:
21:
1813:
1736:
1654:
1576:
1407:
964:
784:
494:
482:
1070:
1673:
1562:
1525:
1504:
1480:
1447:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
1428:
1018:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
885:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
866:
623:
586:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
566:
513:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
465:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
1712:
1362:
1211:
1162:
1377:
1320:
1282:
1242:
1043:
1031:
979:
914:
842:
765:
281:
70:
52:
1634:
Perhaps it would be better to cut down the text with inadequate sources, move the article to
1335:
779:
I removed it. A lot of this article is very poorly cited and should be drastically trimmed.
1618:
1610:
1571:
Epigenetics are indeed a thing, that doesn't mean that epigenetic "memories" are inherited.
1541:
812:
607:
526:
168:
150:
1295:
Military personnel and their families: This... can not be serious. I will just ignore that.
1143:
1716:
1366:
1248:
1215:
1185:
1166:
1139:
1118:
1101:
1087:
1072:
940:
386:
1602:
1063:
There are some good critiques of this kind of pseudoscience by actual geneticists here:
1732:
1650:
1622:
1572:
1403:
1313:, everyone knows not to trust the vague papers who does not want to disclose anything.
1264:
780:
486:
86:
1499:
not carry "intergenerational trauma"? How is "trauma" distinct from general culture?)
1281:
Indigenous Australians: Yeah, Indigenous Australians feeling depressed is not because
929:
from other affected populations of Southeast Asia, especially after the Vietnam War.
1825:
1668:
1665:
1639:
1557:
1520:
1476:
1468:
1423:
1009:
Wiki Education assignment: Foundations of Clinical Trauma Psychology Fall Quarter2022
862:
619:
562:
546:
538:
478:
189:
185:
1817:
1797:
1776:
1754:
1740:
1700:
1677:
1658:
1642:
1580:
1566:
1549:
1529:
1512:
1484:
1432:
1411:
1385:
1370:
1359:"... the phenomenon being discussed on this page is not genetic, it's environmental.
1328:
1219:
1193:
1170:
1126:
1109:
1095:
1080:
1051:
1002:
987:
972:
948:
870:
850:
820:
788:
773:
753:
731:
711:
670:
627:
570:
603:
550:
534:
1289:
1460:
1443:
1418:
1203:
1176:
1132:
1014:
918:
881:
838:
801:
without actually explaining how epigenetics applies to trauma with cited sources
643:
582:
530:
509:
461:
265:
244:
716:
You do realize this is classed as a BULLSHIT psychological theory, don't you?
1614:
1392:
A lot of your points are correct. However, the article incorporates two ideas:
1238:
936:
922:
902:
898:
542:
376:
294:
271:
193:
80:
76:
1260:
But let us just not look at the theory but look at examples given, shall we?
1252:
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, whose thoughts that had been debunked for centuries
1786:
99:
694:
650:
1275:, not a biological phenomena and can be explained with basic anthropology.
799:
The "Epigenetic transmission" contains a long description of epigenetics
1767:
Is this page necessary? It seems to me like it could be worth deleting.
181:
1206:
to better match the ref). The key point here is that epigenetics is
795:
Unnecessary information and lack of citations in epigenetics section
1603:"Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review"
1210:
the body's cells, not external to it like cultural/social effects.
370:
349:
1310:
1288:
Native/Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: Reminder that a lot of
1247:
861:
this revision, you can look towards the comments on my user page.
1421:
and there's some evidence for genetic transmissiblity of trauma.
1534:
Perhaps change the first sentence to: "Transgenerational trauma
1152:
We don't have enough evidence to make the claim in any direction
406:. Please visit the project page for details or ask questions at
15:
1395:
1) social transmission of alleged traumas between generations
398:, which recommends that medicine-related articles follow the
1290:
Indian Reservations still do not have access to clean water.
1706:
Wiki education courses aren't accredited I can only assume
1299:
Hey but hey look, they used laboratories apparently guys!
1592:
I wonder if some conflation of sources is going on here.
1348:
Secondly, the second sentence of the lede clearly says "
1398:
2) Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of trauma.
1342:
Keep discussions focused on how to improve the article
1150:
being a fundamental requirement of any claim, and so "
1745:
That is an entirely real and not ridiculous concept.
1316:
And all examples end here, without proving anything.
876:
Wiki Education assignment: Medicine, Race, and Gender
577:
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
504:
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
293:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
180:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
98:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
1131:Yeah, except there's really only one definition of
833:
Epigenetics of anxiety and stressârelated disorders
760:
No Information Under "Survivors of Childhood Abuse"
226:This article has not yet received a rating on the
132:This article has not yet received a rating on the
1245:as evolution is not a phenomena that has a mind.
402:and that biomedical information in any article
644:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60051-2
400:Manual of Style for medicine-related articles
8:
1705:
1350:the primary modes of transmission are the
344:
239:
145:
47:
1803:Possible to add lede about Polish people?
1787:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29520039/
1621:
1601:Sangalang, Cindy C.; Vang, Cindy (2017).
1491:Ideological bias, pseudoscientific claims
616:Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment
559:Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment
409:Knowledge (XXG) talk:WikiProject Medicine
1607:Journal of immigrant and minority health
1138:In science there's a concept called the
695:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017726424
651:https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017726424
1790:2600:4041:5244:B800:18A4:1F12:2966:381F
1769:2600:8806:6502:D300:DD55:D277:371C:8F3E
1747:2600:4041:5244:B800:18A4:1F12:2966:381F
1693:2600:1700:A7A6:A000:5487:6DB1:3769:AEB5
1438:Wiki Education assignment: Neuroscience
1356:shared family environment of the infant
1175:If you read the first two sentences in
995:2A00:23C7:228D:9901:D019:7368:2094:8F47
614:Above undated message substituted from
557:Above undated message substituted from
346:
241:
147:
49:
19:
1847:Unknown-importance Skepticism articles
307:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Psychology
206:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Skepticism
1837:Unknown-importance sociology articles
112:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Sociology
7:
1352:uterine environment during pregnancy
418:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Medicine
392:This article is within the scope of
287:This article is within the scope of
174:This article is within the scope of
92:This article is within the scope of
38:It is of interest to the following
1862:Mid-importance psychology articles
1452:
1448:
1267:: literally a textbook example of
1023:
1019:
890:
886:
591:
587:
518:
514:
470:
466:
14:
1877:Mid-importance medicine articles
1455:. Further details are available
1442:
1026:. Further details are available
1013:
893:. Further details are available
880:
594:. Further details are available
581:
521:. Further details are available
508:
473:. Further details are available
460:
404:use high-quality medical sources
379:
369:
348:
274:
264:
243:
167:
149:
79:
69:
51:
20:
1867:WikiProject Psychology articles
1852:WikiProject Skepticism articles
438:This article has been rated as
327:This article has been rated as
310:Template:WikiProject Psychology
209:Template:WikiProject Skepticism
1882:All WikiProject Medicine pages
871:22:24, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
115:Template:WikiProject Sociology
1:
1678:01:44, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
1659:01:41, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
1643:06:04, 2 September 2024 (UTC)
1567:11:18, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
1550:11:10, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
1537:is a pseudo-scientific theory
1530:04:41, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
1513:04:39, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
1475:â Assignment last updated by
1371:01:03, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
1110:22:55, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
1096:23:45, 18 February 2023 (UTC)
1081:19:04, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
1042:â Assignment last updated by
821:19:23, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
789:22:02, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
421:Template:WikiProject Medicine
301:and see a list of open tasks.
200:and see a list of open tasks.
106:and see a list of open tasks.
1701:20:39, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
1485:03:47, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
1433:23:20, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
1412:23:18, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
1386:15:53, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
1052:00:28, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
754:03:17, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
712:03:40, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
671:03:39, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
628:04:24, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
571:04:24, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
1857:B-Class psychology articles
1842:B-Class Skepticism articles
1818:12:52, 31 August 2024 (UTC)
1329:19:07, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
1243:irrational physical process
1232:Is this discussion serious?
1898:
1832:B-Class sociology articles
1763:Should article be deleted?
1220:00:08, 19 March 2023 (UTC)
1194:15:32, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
1171:13:32, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
1127:08:59, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
978:Do you have any sources?--
949:21:15, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
732:16:03, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
444:project's importance scale
333:project's importance scale
228:project's importance scale
134:project's importance scale
1872:B-Class medicine articles
1615:10.1007/s10903-016-0499-7
1581:11:30, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
851:01:43, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
774:21:54, 29 June 2020 (UTC)
437:
364:
326:
259:
225:
162:
131:
64:
46:
1798:15:15, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
1777:23:58, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
1755:15:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
1686:Transgenerational Trauma
1636:Intergenerational trauma
1594:Intergenerational trauma
1273:Mass psychogenic illness
988:10:26, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
973:22:04, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
1741:05:55, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
1725:03:32, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
1003:23:29, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
1269:Culture-bound syndrome
1253:
1058:Oh dear. Embarrassing.
661:^ Some useful sources
290:WikiProject Psychology
177:WikiProject Skepticism
28:This article is rated
1459:. Student editor(s):
1251:
1030:. Student editor(s):
897:. Student editor(s):
702:^Some useful sources
598:. Student editor(s):
525:. Student editor(s):
477:. Student editor(s):
95:WikiProject Sociology
32:on Knowledge (XXG)'s
395:WikiProject Medicine
1467:). Peer reviewers:
1271:which is a form of
909:). Peer reviewers:
826:Need for a re-write
493:). Peer reviewers:
313:psychology articles
212:Skepticism articles
1457:on the course page
1254:
1028:on the course page
895:on the course page
602:. Peer reviewers:
596:on the course page
537:. Peer reviewers:
523:on the course page
475:on the course page
118:sociology articles
34:content assessment
1417:Further, there's
1020:15 September 2022
963:and run with it.
935:comment added by
744:comment added by
722:comment added by
704:Sam kwok berkeley
663:Sam kwok berkeley
600:Sam kwok berkeley
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
424:medicine articles
343:
342:
339:
338:
282:Psychology portal
238:
237:
234:
233:
144:
143:
140:
139:
1889:
1676:
1627:
1625:
1565:
1528:
1487:
1465:article contribs
1454:
1453:18 December 2023
1450:
1446:
1431:
1334:Firstly, as per
1054:
1036:article contribs
1025:
1021:
1017:
951:
911:KatherineModrall
907:article contribs
892:
888:
884:
856:Revising Article
756:
734:
630:
593:
592:20 December 2019
589:
585:
573:
520:
516:
512:
491:article contribs
472:
468:
464:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
389:
384:
383:
382:
373:
366:
365:
360:
352:
345:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
284:
279:
278:
277:
268:
261:
260:
255:
247:
240:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
171:
164:
163:
153:
146:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
89:
84:
83:
73:
66:
65:
55:
48:
31:
25:
24:
16:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1784:
1765:
1708:
1688:
1672:
1600:
1561:
1524:
1493:
1474:
1440:
1427:
1283:cultural crisis
1234:
1140:Null hypothesis
1060:
1041:
1024:1 December 2022
1011:
960:
930:
887:12 January 2022
878:
858:
828:
797:
762:
739:
717:
678:
636:
613:
579:
556:
506:
467:19 January 2022
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
387:Medicine portal
385:
380:
378:
358:
312:
309:
306:
303:
302:
280:
275:
273:
253:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
85:
78:
29:
12:
11:
5:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1804:
1801:
1783:
1780:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1707:
1704:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1629:
1628:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1492:
1489:
1449:21 August 2023
1439:
1436:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1346:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1265:Han (cultural)
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1181:
1160:
1136:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1059:
1056:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
990:
959:
956:
954:
877:
874:
857:
854:
827:
824:
796:
793:
792:
791:
761:
758:
677:
674:
635:
632:
588:29 August 2019
578:
575:
515:9 January 2019
505:
502:
500:
495:Longoria.jared
483:Caresse.Nguyen
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
440:Mid-importance
436:
430:
429:
427:
391:
390:
374:
362:
361:
359:Midâimportance
353:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:Mid-importance
325:
319:
318:
316:
299:the discussion
286:
285:
269:
257:
256:
254:Midâimportance
248:
236:
235:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
215:
198:the discussion
172:
160:
159:
154:
142:
141:
138:
137:
130:
124:
123:
121:
104:the discussion
91:
90:
87:Society portal
74:
62:
61:
56:
44:
43:
37:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:KingSupernova
1500:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:gene function
1197:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:verifiability
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
975:
974:
970:
966:
957:
955:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
883:
875:
873:
872:
868:
864:
855:
853:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
834:
825:
823:
822:
818:
814:
808:
804:
802:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
776:
775:
771:
767:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:171.6.248.174
743:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:77.232.169.69
721:
714:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:
696:
691:
690:
684:
683:
675:
673:
672:
668:
664:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
645:
639:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
584:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:29 April 2019
511:
503:
501:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
463:
445:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
396:
388:
377:
375:
372:
368:
367:
363:
357:
354:
351:
347:
334:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
300:
296:
292:
291:
283:
272:
270:
267:
263:
262:
258:
252:
249:
246:
242:
229:
223:
220:
219:
216:
199:
195:
191:
190:pseudohistory
187:
186:pseudoscience
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
166:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
148:
135:
129:
126:
125:
122:
105:
101:
97:
96:
88:
82:
77:
75:
72:
68:
67:
63:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
35:
27:
23:
18:
17:
1806:
1785:
1766:
1709:
1689:
1667:
1633:
1630:
1606:
1591:
1556:
1536:
1535:
1519:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1473:
1441:
1422:
1416:
1378:DolyaIskrina
1355:
1354:... and the
1351:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1321:Cactus Ronin
1318:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1259:
1255:
1235:
1207:
1199:
1155:
1151:
1144:encyclopedia
1061:
1044:Bbettencourt
1040:
1032:Bbettencourt
1012:
980:Megaman en m
961:
953:
931:â Preceding
927:
915:Tikomkheidze
879:
859:
843:WhatamIdoing
837:
829:
809:
805:
800:
798:
766:MycoMazarine
763:
740:â Preceding
736:
718:â Preceding
715:
701:
698:
692:
685:
679:
660:
654:
648:
640:
637:
612:
580:
555:
507:
499:
459:
439:
407:
393:
328:
288:
175:
93:
40:WikiProjects
1542:Magnolia677
1419:epigenetics
1204:epigenetics
1177:epigenetics
1154:" means we
1133:epigenetics
813:SyrianCamus
608:Hattiegroat
527:NyanaMorgan
471:17 May 2022
1826:Categories
1717:XeCyranium
1239:Lamarckian
1186:C9mVio9JRy
1119:C9mVio9JRy
1102:Zeldaslink
1088:Zeldaslink
891:3 May 2022
304:Psychology
295:Psychology
251:Psychology
203:Skepticism
194:skepticism
157:Skepticism
1810:Benfor445
1733:Zenomonoz
1651:Zenomonoz
1573:Zenomonoz
1555:research.
1404:Zenomonoz
781:Sxologist
487:SShrestha
109:Sociology
100:sociology
59:Sociology
1713:WP:MEDRS
1477:LundyLoo
1469:LundyLoo
1237:you are
965:Rezzyrez
945:contribs
933:unsigned
863:Ferviani
742:unsigned
720:unsigned
676:Untitled
634:Untitled
620:PrimeBOT
563:PrimeBOT
547:Obianama
539:Sdragich
479:KrysSand
415:Medicine
356:Medicine
1623:5362358
1336:WP:TALK
604:Emga111
551:Ok.htx7
535:Ok.htx7
442:on the
331:on the
182:science
30:B-class
1461:Mpiard
1208:within
919:Alc306
839:Dnllnd
531:At1106
36:scale.
1669:Andre
1558:Andre
1521:Andre
1424:Andre
1363:Tobus
1311:LK-99
1212:Tobus
1163:Tobus
1159:page.
1146:with
937:Dct53
923:Lmv54
903:Mbh90
899:Dct53
543:Pk628
1814:talk
1794:talk
1773:talk
1751:talk
1737:talk
1721:talk
1697:talk
1655:talk
1640:Nemo
1577:talk
1546:talk
1509:talk
1481:talk
1451:and
1408:talk
1382:talk
1367:talk
1325:talk
1216:talk
1190:talk
1167:talk
1123:talk
1106:talk
1092:talk
1077:talk
1048:talk
1022:and
999:talk
984:talk
969:talk
941:talk
889:and
867:talk
847:talk
817:talk
785:talk
770:talk
750:talk
728:talk
708:talk
667:talk
624:talk
590:and
567:talk
517:and
469:and
192:and
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1338:: "
1073:Fig
1038:).
803:.
618:by
561:by
434:Mid
323:Mid
222:???
128:???
1828::
1816:)
1796:)
1775:)
1753:)
1739:)
1723:)
1715:.
1699:)
1674:đ
1657:)
1617:.
1609:.
1605:.
1579:)
1563:đ
1548:)
1526:đ
1511:)
1483:)
1471:.
1429:đ
1410:)
1384:)
1369:)
1327:)
1218:)
1192:)
1169:)
1156:do
1125:)
1108:)
1094:)
1079:)
1069:,
1066:,
1050:)
1001:)
986:)
971:)
947:)
943:âą
925:.
921:,
917:,
913:,
901:,
869:)
849:)
835:.
819:)
787:)
772:)
752:)
730:)
710:)
669:)
646:.
626:)
610:.
606:,
569:)
553:.
549:,
545:,
541:,
533:,
529:,
497:.
485:,
481:,
188:,
184:,
1812:(
1792:(
1771:(
1749:(
1735:(
1719:(
1695:(
1653:(
1626:.
1613::
1575:(
1544:(
1507:(
1479:(
1463:(
1406:(
1380:(
1365:(
1323:(
1214:(
1188:(
1165:(
1121:(
1104:(
1090:(
1075:(
1046:(
1034:(
997:(
982:(
967:(
939:(
905:(
865:(
845:(
815:(
783:(
768:(
748:(
726:(
706:(
665:(
622:(
565:(
489:(
446:.
412:.
335:.
230:.
136:.
42::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.