619:
789:
1772:
1784:
239:
The instrument was put under review in the summer of 2018 due to out of control costs. By March 6, 2019, the instrument was cancelled in favor of finding a more affordable, less complex replacement. The cause of the cost increases was traced to the helium sensors used to detect the direction and
3344:
231:
arising from plumes and the atmosphere; that is, localized transient currents indicate plume activity. In general, ICEMAG data would have combined synergistically with other data sets to improve knowledge of interior properties and
211:
instrument. Knowledge of the ocean properties would help understand Europa's evolution and allow evaluation of processes that have cycled material between the depths and the surface, and would help assess the ocean's potential
434:
2223:
595:
204:
2723:
2183:
1822:
192:
is a powerful tool for probing the subsurface. ICEMAG would have observed the magnetic field near Europa with greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to a similar instrument carried by NASA's
1695:
181:
mission, primarily citing recurring cost increases (over three times the original cost put forward in the proposal). A less complex magnetometer will be included on the mission.
2541:
2895:
2176:
3385:
1215:
1205:
3134:
3080:
2752:
444:
155:
is a powerful tool for probing the subsurface and determine Europa's ocean depth, salinity, and ice shell thickness, as well as detecting erupting plume activity.
2491:
216:. ICEMAG would have helped in understanding not only what Europa is made of, but also the processes that link the ocean to the surface, and how the system works.
2800:
2169:
3085:
1120:
3823:
3772:
1290:
580:
2612:
2322:
1545:
3858:
2883:
2839:
2123:
1808:
1732:
3276:
2718:
2516:
2511:
1225:
1140:
533:
3468:
3194:
1643:
693:
590:
585:
208:
3190:
976:
565:
2727:
2546:
1633:
769:
710:
1418:
1210:
1195:
3974:
3105:
1922:
1185:
466:
3100:
2637:
1747:
1190:
1115:
3139:
2767:
2747:
2521:
2053:
2004:
1815:
1727:
1648:
1200:
3899:
3237:
2762:
2617:
2531:
1752:
1585:
1105:
4000:
3943:
2622:
2305:
1690:
1565:
1305:
1220:
575:
3829:
3162:
1575:
1520:
3396:
3889:
3659:
3252:
1962:
1623:
1483:
1295:
1175:
943:
618:
271:
Locate of any active vents, plumes, and ionized plasma trails, the strength of plumes, and loss rates from the atmosphere
3000:
2877:
2814:
2737:
2607:
2117:
1165:
526:
203:
in Europa over many frequencies would reveal the ocean depth and ice shell thickness, especially when combined with the
2820:
2677:
2152:
1757:
1742:
1658:
1335:
686:
560:
170:
3655:
350:
3762:
3146:
3051:
2048:
1988:
1590:
969:
866:
502:. Raymond, C. A.; Jia, X.; Joy, S. P.; Khurana, K. K.; Murphy, N.; Russell, C. T.; Strangeway, R. J.; Weiss, B. P.
3126:
1983:
1668:
1499:
1090:
908:
774:
735:
646:
200:
189:
163:
152:
38:
3969:
3697:
3334:
1928:
1700:
764:
1788:
4010:
3964:
3223:
2866:
2283:
1878:
1595:
1361:
1180:
633:
519:
284:
4005:
1978:
1155:
1044:
893:
679:
213:
3979:
3198:
3090:
2414:
2333:
2292:
2218:
2212:
2144:
1776:
1715:
1540:
1235:
1100:
962:
913:
600:
570:
500:
Interior
Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG): Probing the Europan Ocean and Exosphere
223:
and helium sensors in an integrated magnetic measurement system. Electromagnetic waves between 10 to 1
3793:
3703:
3208:
2947:
2690:
2464:
2316:
1934:
1895:
1891:
1857:
1722:
1710:
1605:
1555:
1550:
1449:
1392:
1381:
1285:
1135:
1019:
1009:
898:
835:
638:
193:
121:
3609:
3511:
2299:
2205:
1862:
842:
3904:
3779:
3650:
3452:
2389:
2161:
1705:
1530:
656:
319:
289:
111:
3592:
3494:
3348:
3319:
2795:
2059:
1535:
2536:
3808:
3457:
3065:
2785:
2731:
2682:
2561:
2554:
2148:
2140:
2102:
1663:
1413:
1366:
1330:
1070:
1049:
2642:
3718:
2479:
2112:
2107:
2032:
1831:
1275:
1260:
478:
439:
263:
174:
3257:
3173:
2905:
2665:
2659:
2359:
1900:
1882:
1570:
1403:
1029:
788:
3202:
2927:
2922:
2585:
2568:
2273:
1916:
1852:
1489:
1085:
1024:
999:
938:
903:
874:
748:
743:
725:
552:
543:
143:
82:
408:
3994:
3755:
3687:
3562:
3286:
3168:
2425:
1145:
702:
375:
148:
499:
3920:
3746:
3682:
3577:
3479:
3370:
3281:
3213:
2375:
1170:
1125:
1110:
1095:
1080:
1039:
1034:
1014:
1004:
985:
849:
660:
220:
138:
48:
1315:
274:
Determine the strength of electric currents and plasma coupling
Jupiter to Europa
1466:
1356:
1075:
1065:
255:
Identify the source of the
Europan atmosphere and processes by which it is lost
3555:
3542:
3432:
3425:
3291:
3263:
2940:
2933:
2911:
2833:
2602:
2485:
2455:
2408:
2401:
2369:
1443:
1130:
815:
810:
259:
3948:
3786:
3692:
3548:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3446:
3439:
3304:
3297:
3270:
3179:
3095:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2843:
2671:
2444:
2437:
2395:
2382:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2268:
2263:
2258:
1887:
1580:
1437:
1398:
1376:
1265:
918:
828:
821:
323:
233:
3872:
3865:
3734:
3390:
2953:
2773:
2498:
2431:
2419:
2253:
2248:
2243:
1638:
1628:
1560:
1351:
1325:
1300:
3664:
3401:
3011:
2917:
2900:
2887:
2873:
2847:
2756:
2742:
2591:
2526:
1494:
1320:
652:
3894:
3522:
3517:
3419:
3218:
2826:
2807:
2597:
2550:
2505:
2327:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2086:
1737:
1310:
1280:
1270:
1230:
294:
1800:
435:"NASA going to Jupiter moon Europa to hunt for water, keys to life"
268:
Determine the location, thickness and salinity of the
Europan ocean
3185:
3121:
2627:
1653:
1525:
224:
511:
351:"ICEMAG - Interior Characterization of Europa Using Magnetometry"
3006:
2632:
2310:
1600:
474:
383:
159:
93:
28:
2165:
1804:
958:
954:
675:
515:
252:
Constrain Europa's thermal evolution and current interior state
228:
58:
internal planetary characterization and exosphere activity
1696:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
671:
248:
The objectives of the ICEMAG investigation were to be:
169:
On March 5, 2019, NASA's
Associate Administrator for the
177:, announced that ICEMAG would no longer be part of the
409:"Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry"
131:
3957:
3934:
3913:
3882:
3851:
3816:
3807:
3727:
3717:
3675:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3601:
3585:
3576:
3503:
3487:
3478:
3412:
3378:
3369:
3327:
3318:
3245:
3236:
3114:
3073:
3064:
3044:
3037:
3030:
2992:
2985:
2857:
2711:
2704:
2651:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2282:
2197:
2095:
2079:
2072:
2041:
2025:
2018:
1997:
1971:
1955:
1948:
1909:
1871:
1845:
1838:
1681:
1614:
1513:
1475:
1459:
1427:
1344:
1253:
1244:
1154:
1058:
992:
931:
886:
859:
803:
796:
757:
734:
718:
709:
626:
551:
117:
107:
99:
89:
77:
72:
62:
54:
44:
34:
24:
1216:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1206:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
258:Understand coupling between Europa and Jupiter's
151:, but its inclusion was cancelled in March 2019.
2192:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
158:The Principal Investigator is Carol Raymond, at
1141:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
369:
367:
349:Raymond, Carol; et al. (August 24, 2015).
199:, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. The
402:
400:
2177:
1816:
970:
687:
527:
313:
311:
309:
8:
1121:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
19:
320:"NASA to replace Europa Clipper instrument"
141:that was proposed to be flown on board the
3813:
3724:
3640:
3633:
3582:
3484:
3375:
3324:
3242:
3070:
3041:
3034:
2989:
2708:
2469:
2460:
2184:
2170:
2162:
2076:
2022:
1952:
1842:
1823:
1809:
1801:
1546:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
1250:
977:
963:
955:
800:
715:
694:
680:
672:
534:
520:
512:
344:
342:
340:
18:
2124:Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem
1733:European Astrobiology Network Association
16:Cancelled magnetometer for Europa Clipper
1226:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
471:Electron Losses and Fields Investigation
1644:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
506:, Fall Meeting 2015, abstract #P13E-08.
305:
374:Zurbuchen, Thomas H. (March 5, 2019).
262:and coupling of plumes to the flowing
1634:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
770:List of geological features on Europa
7:
1783:
1211:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
1196:Habitability of neutron star systems
467:"Fluxgate Magnetometer | ELFIN"
227:could reveal localized mass flow of
3975:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
1923:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mission
1186:Habitability of binary star systems
207:ice penetrating radar data and the
1748:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
1191:Habitability of natural satellites
1116:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
14:
2054:Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
2005:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1728:Center for Life Detection Science
1649:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
1201:Habitability of red dwarf systems
433:Tribou, Richard (June 19, 2015).
376:"ICEMAG Update on Europa Clipper"
1782:
1771:
1770:
1753:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
1586:Life Investigation For Enceladus
1106:Extraterrestrial sample curation
787:
617:
407:Dyches, Preston (May 27, 2015).
3944:International Lunar Observatory
2755:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
1691:Astrobiology Society of Britain
1566:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
1221:Habitable zone for complex life
221:fluxgate magnetic field sensors
1576:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
358:Outer Planets Assessment Group
240:strength of a magnetic field.
1:
3890:High Resolution Stereo Camera
1963:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
1624:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1176:Extraterrestrial liquid water
477:. May 6, 2016. Archived from
443:. Orlando, FL. Archived from
318:Foust, Jeff (March 6, 2019).
103:≈ 2025 (instrument cancelled)
2118:Joint Polar Satellite System
1758:Spanish Astrobiology Center
1166:Circumstellar habitable zone
2821:Radiation Budget Instrument
2153:Great Observatories program
1743:NASA Astrobiology Institute
171:Science Mission Directorate
4027:
3147:Infrared Space Observatory
2049:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1989:James Webb Space Telescope
1839:Planetary Science Division
1591:Mars sample return mission
867:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
504:American Geophysical Union
147:mission to Jupiter's moon
2137:
1984:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1766:
1669:Terrestrial Planet Finder
1091:Earliest known life forms
909:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
785:
775:List of craters on Europa
615:
164:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
39:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3970:Inertial Stellar Compass
3335:Raman Laser Spectrometer
1929:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
1701:Breakthrough Initiatives
765:List of lineae on Europa
634:Deep Space Network (DSN)
68:Science phase: ≥ 3 years
3965:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3224:Venus Emissivity Mapper
1879:Mars Science Laboratory
1362:Mars Science Laboratory
1181:Galactic habitable zone
919:Laplace-P/Europa Lander
285:Spacecraft magnetometer
137:) is a multi-frequency
4001:Spacecraft instruments
2073:Earth Science Division
1979:Hubble Space Telescope
1541:Enceladus Life Finder
1521:Breakthrough Enceladus
1045:Planetary oceanography
894:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
219:ICEMAG was to utilize
201:magnetic field induced
3980:Plasma Wave Subsystem
3091:Multispectral Scanner
2415:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2219:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2145:New Frontiers program
2019:Heliophysics Division
1949:Astrophysics Division
1716:Breakthrough Starshot
1316:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
1236:Superhabitable planet
1101:Extraterrestrial life
914:Jovian Europa Orbiter
2948:Mars Climate Orbiter
2590:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
1935:Enceladus Orbilander
1896:Ingenuity helicopter
1723:Carl Sagan Institute
1711:Breakthrough Message
1551:Enceladus Orbilander
1286:Biosatellite program
1136:Planetary protection
1020:Evolutionary biology
1010:Atmospheric sciences
642:(Independent launch)
447:on November 13, 2017
122:Kennedy Space Center
3905:Mars Orbiter Camera
1706:Breakthrough Listen
290:Magnetometer (Juno)
21:
3883:Imagers/telescopes
3031:Spectrophotometers
2060:Parker Solar Probe
1925:(2028-30 proposed)
1536:Enceladus Explorer
651:Proposed rockets:
190:Magnetic induction
153:Magnetic induction
3988:
3987:
3925:Rosalind Franklin
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3834:Rosalind Franklin
3809:Mass spectrometer
3803:
3802:
3739:Rosalind Franklin
3713:
3712:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3572:
3571:
3480:Triaxial fluxgate
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3339:Rosalind Franklin
3314:
3313:
3238:UV-visible (UVVS)
3232:
3231:
3128:Rosalind Franklin
3066:Visible-IR (VIRS)
3060:
3059:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
2981:
2980:
2700:
2699:
2512:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
2159:
2158:
2149:Explorers program
2141:Discovery Program
2133:
2132:
2068:
2067:
2014:
2013:
1944:
1943:
1798:
1797:
1677:
1676:
1501:Rosalind Franklin
1414:Trace Gas Orbiter
1071:Allan Hills 84001
1050:Planetary science
952:
951:
944:Europa in fiction
927:
926:
879:
871:
783:
782:
669:
668:
643:
610:
127:
126:
66:Cruise: 3-6 years
4018:
3826:(Europa Clipper)
3814:
3775:(on ExoMars TGO)
3725:
3719:Neutral particle
3641:
3634:
3583:
3485:
3471:(Europa Clipper)
3376:
3325:
3243:
3071:
3042:
3035:
2990:
2986:Ultraviolet (UV)
2709:
2705:Infrared-visible
2470:
2461:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2077:
2033:Van Allen Probes
2023:
1953:
1843:
1832:Flagship Program
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1251:
1146:Yamato meteorite
979:
972:
965:
956:
877:
869:
801:
791:
716:
696:
689:
682:
673:
641:
621:
608:
536:
529:
522:
513:
507:
497:
491:
490:
488:
486:
481:on June 16, 2018
463:
457:
456:
454:
452:
440:Orlando Sentinel
430:
424:
423:
421:
419:
404:
395:
394:
392:
390:
371:
362:
361:
355:
346:
335:
334:
332:
330:
315:
175:Thomas Zurbuchen
63:Mission duration
22:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3953:
3936:
3930:
3909:
3878:
3839:
3799:
3709:
3671:
3629:
3615:
3610:Cassini–Huygens
3597:
3568:
3512:Cassini–Huygens
3499:
3474:
3408:
3357:
3310:
3258:Mariner 6 and 7
3228:
3174:Mariner 6 and 7
3110:
3056:
3038:Long wavelength
3018:
2977:
2906:Mariner 6 and 7
2853:
2782:MESSR and VTIR
2696:
2666:Electra (radio)
2660:Cassini-Huygens
2647:
2450:
2300:Cassini–Huygens
2278:
2206:Cassini–Huygens
2193:
2190:
2160:
2155:
2129:
2091:
2064:
2037:
2010:
1993:
1967:
1940:
1937:(2038 proposed)
1931:(2032 proposed)
1905:
1883:Curiosity rover
1867:
1863:Cassini–Huygens
1834:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1762:
1683:
1673:
1616:
1610:
1571:Icebreaker Life
1509:
1471:
1455:
1429:
1423:
1340:
1246:
1240:
1157:
1150:
1054:
1030:Geomicrobiology
988:
983:
953:
948:
923:
882:
855:
843:Cassini–Huygens
792:
779:
753:
730:
719:Chaotic terrain
705:
700:
670:
665:
622:
613:
547:
540:
510:
498:
494:
484:
482:
465:
464:
460:
450:
448:
432:
431:
427:
417:
415:
406:
405:
398:
388:
386:
373:
372:
365:
353:
348:
347:
338:
328:
326:
317:
316:
307:
303:
281:
246:
187:
73:Host spacecraft
67:
45:Instrument type
17:
12:
11:
5:
4024:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4011:Europa Clipper
4008:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3817:Interplanetary
3811:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3731:
3729:
3728:Interplanetary
3722:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3676:Interplanetary
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3602:Interplanetary
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3504:Interplanetary
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3413:Interplanetary
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3342:
3331:
3329:
3328:Interplanetary
3322:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3246:Interplanetary
3240:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3203:Europa Clipper
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3115:Interplanetary
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3045:Interplanetary
3039:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2858:Interplanetary
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2652:Interplanetary
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2311:ExoMars lander
2308:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1917:Europa Clipper
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Northern Light
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1615:Cancelled and
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1490:Europa Clipper
1487:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Drake equation
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Exoplanetology
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:Astrochemistry
996:
994:
990:
989:
984:
982:
981:
974:
967:
959:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
935:
933:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Europa Orbiter
901:
896:
890:
888:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:Europa Clipper
872:
863:
861:
857:
856:
854:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
813:
807:
805:
798:
794:
793:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
777:
772:
767:
761:
759:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
740:
738:
732:
731:
729:
728:
726:Conamara Chaos
722:
720:
713:
707:
706:
701:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
667:
666:
664:
663:
649:
644:
636:
630:
628:
624:
623:
616:
614:
612:
611:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
555:
549:
548:
544:Europa Clipper
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
509:
508:
492:
458:
425:
396:
363:
336:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
256:
253:
245:
242:
186:
183:
179:Europa Clipper
144:Europa Clipper
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:Europa Clipper
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4023:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Europa (moon)
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:Venus Express
3753:ASPERA-4 (on
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:ASPERA-3 (on
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:Ion detectors
3635:
3632:
3626:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:Venus Express
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2803:(Terra, Aqua)
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:DMSP 5D-2/F16
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:Venus Express
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2284:Radio science
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Europa Lander
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
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1111:Extremophiles
1109:
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1079:
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920:
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899:Europa Lander
897:
895:
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873:
868:
865:
864:
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852:
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799:
795:
790:
776:
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771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
737:
733:
727:
724:
723:
721:
717:
714:
712:
708:
704:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:
674:
662:
658:
654:
650:
648:
645:
640:
639:Europa Lander
637:
635:
632:
631:
629:
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620:
607:
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602:
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592:
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584:
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569:
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385:
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71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
40:
37:
33:
30:
27:
23:
3935:Astronomical
3924:
3921:MicrOmega-IR
3871:
3864:
3861:(on InSight)
3852:Seismometers
3833:
3792:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3747:Mars Express
3745:
3738:
3702:
3608:
3578:Helium vapor
3561:
3554:
3547:
3510:
3464:
3456:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3371:Magnetometer
3350:Perseverance
3349:
3338:
3303:
3296:
3269:
3262:
3178:
3156:
3152:
3127:
2970:
2963:
2939:
2932:
2910:
2867:Schiaparelli
2865:
2864:COMARS+ (on
2779:Kanopus-V-IK
2689:
2681:
2670:
2658:
2443:
2436:
2424:
2407:
2400:
2388:
2381:
2376:Mars Express
2374:
2332:
2315:
2298:
2291:
2211:
2204:
1901:Voyager 1, 2
1892:Perseverance
1787:
1775:
1684:and programs
1682:Institutions
1500:
1482:
1460:Heliocentric
1448:
1436:
1404:
1391:
1383:Perseverance
1382:
1367:
1171:Earth analog
1158:habitability
1126:Ocean planet
1096:Earth analog
1081:Biosignature
1040:Paleontology
1035:Microbiology
1015:Biochemistry
1005:Astrophysics
986:Astrobiology
850:New Horizons
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
661:Falcon Heavy
605:
542:
503:
495:
483:. Retrieved
479:the original
470:
461:
451:November 12,
449:. Retrieved
445:the original
438:
428:
416:. Retrieved
412:
387:. Retrieved
379:
357:
327:. Retrieved
247:
238:
218:
214:habitability
194:
188:
178:
168:
157:
142:
139:magnetometer
134:
130:
128:
81:
49:Magnetometer
35:Manufacturer
3937:instruments
3914:Microscopes
2580:Meteor-M2-1
2569:Meteor-3M-1
1853:Viking 1, 2
1617:undeveloped
1467:BioSentinel
1357:Fobos-Grunt
1254:Earth orbit
1076:Biomolecule
1066:Abiogenesis
1059:Main topics
993:Disciplines
797:Exploration
609:(cancelled)
553:Instruments
260:ionospheres
118:Launch site
100:Launch date
3995:Categories
3644:Near-Earth
3586:Near-Earth
3556:Pioneer 11
3488:Near-Earth
3426:Pioneer 10
3379:Near-Earth
3264:Mariner 10
3074:Near-Earth
2993:Near-Earth
2946:PMIRR (on
2934:Pioneer 10
2912:Mariner 10
2834:Sentinel-3
2712:Near-Earth
2603:Sentinel-3
2574:MTVZA-GYa
2537:Kanopus-ST
2486:Sentinel-6
2473:Near-Earth
2456:Radiometer
2306:Europa-UVS
2139:See also:
1664:Red Dragon
1444:OSIRIS-REx
1428:Comets and
1131:Panspermia
816:Pioneer 11
811:Pioneer 10
576:Europa-UVS
301:References
244:Objectives
236:activity.
197:spacecraft
78:Spacecraft
3949:MoonLIGHT
3787:Mariner 2
3767:Curiosity
3693:Mariner 2
3630:detectors
3549:MESSENGER
3528:Mariner 2
3440:Voyager 1
3298:Voyager 1
3271:MESSENGER
3180:MESSENGER
3165:(on Juno)
3153:Voyager 1
3096:SCIAMACHY
2965:Voyager 1
2928:2M No.522
2923:2M No.521
2844:Suomi NPP
2672:Mariner 2
2577:Meteor-M2
2564:, MOS-1b)
2465:Microwave
2438:Voyager 1
2396:Pioneer 7
2383:MESSENGER
2340:Mariner 2
1888:Mars 2020
1581:Laplace-P
1484:Dragonfly
1438:Hayabusa2
1430:asteroids
1399:Tianwen-1
1377:Mars 2020
1368:Curiosity
1301:Eu:CROPIS
1156:Planetary
887:Cancelled
829:Voyager 2
822:Voyager 1
413:NASA News
324:SpaceNews
234:exosphere
3866:Viking 1
3785:SPS (on
3735:ADRON-RM
3721:detector
3688:ASPERA-4
3683:ASPERA-3
3628:Particle
3391:QuakeSat
3191:E-THEMIS
2954:Venera 9
2796:Meteor-2
2774:ADEOS II
2586:Nimbus 7
2532:GPM Core
2499:ADEOS II
2432:Venera 9
2420:Sakigake
2334:Magellan
2293:Akatsuki
2244:Venera 4
2213:Magellan
1777:Category
1639:Kazachok
1629:Beagle 3
1561:ExoLance
1514:Proposed
1352:Beagle 2
1326:OREOcube
1306:EXOSTACK
1247:missions
566:E-THEMIS
485:March 7,
418:March 7,
389:March 6,
380:SpaceRef
329:March 6,
279:See also
185:Overview
90:Operator
55:Function
25:Operator
3794:Ulysses
3704:Ulysses
3665:Proba-2
3651:DEMETER
3402:Proba-2
3393:1 and 2
3345:SHERLOC
3135:MA-MISS
3012:Proba-2
2918:Mars 96
2901:Luna 13
2888:InSight
2874:Diviner
2848:NOAA-21
2832:SLSTR (
2757:NOAA-20
2748:AVNIR-2
2691:Rosetta
2643:Zond-PP
2592:Sich-1M
2567:MTVZA (
2527:Envisat
2506:Shizuku
2504:AMSR2 (
2484:AMR-C (
2323:InSight
2317:Galileo
2096:Current
2042:Current
1972:Current
1872:Current
1858:Galileo
1789:Commons
1606:Trident
1596:Oceanus
1495:ExoMars
1476:Planned
1450:Rosetta
1405:Zhurong
1393:Phoenix
1331:Tanpopo
1321:O/OREOS
1266:BIOCORE
860:Planned
836:Galileo
736:Craters
711:Geology
653:Atlas V
627:Related
195:Galileo
3927:rover)
3895:HiRISE
3836:rover)
3824:MASPEX
3780:Nozomi
3741:rover)
3523:Magsat
3518:FIELDS
3465:ICEMAG
3420:FIELDS
3341:rover)
3287:SPICAV
3282:SPICAM
3219:SPICAV
3214:SPICAM
3151:IRIS (
3001:EURECA
2827:GCOM-C
2825:SGLI (
2815:EURECA
2808:JERS-1
2598:Seasat
2551:MOPITT
2497:AMSR (
2494:(AQUA)
2492:AMSR-E
2390:Nozomi
2328:Kaguya
2274:WISDOM
2239:MARSIS
2234:SHARAD
2229:SELENE
2224:REASON
2126:(PACE)
2120:(JPSS)
2087:ICESat
2007:(2027)
1998:Future
1919:(2024)
1910:Future
1738:MERMOZ
1531:CAESAR
1419:Viking
1336:VEGGIE
1311:EXPOSE
1291:E-MIST
1281:BIOPAN
1271:Biolab
1231:Tholin
878:(2024)
870:(2023)
703:Europa
606:ICEMAG
596:REASON
581:MASPEX
295:FIELDS
264:plasma
205:REASON
149:Europa
135:ICEMAG
108:Rocket
20:ICEMAG
3900:LORRI
3773:FREND
3593:Swarm
3495:Swarm
3352:rover
3320:Raman
3277:NOMAD
3253:Alice
3209:Ralph
3186:MERIS
3163:JIRAM
3130:rover
3122:AKARI
2999:ORI (
2840:VIIRS
2813:ORI (
2806:OPS (
2801:MODIS
2786:MOS-1
2772:GLI (
2753:CERES
2743:AVNIR
2732:Terra
2724:ASTER
2719:AVHRR
2638:WSF-M
2628:SSMIS
2623:SSM/I
2562:MOS-1
2560:MSR (
2555:Terra
2542:MIRAS
2198:Radar
2103:Terra
2056:(MMS)
1654:MELOS
1526:BRUIE
1503:rover
1407:rover
1385:rover
1370:rover
1245:Space
932:Other
758:Lists
749:Cilix
744:Pwyll
354:(PDF)
225:hertz
3958:Misc
3859:SEIS
3830:MOMA
3765:(on
3660:DSLP
3658:and
3656:TPMU
3469:PIMS
3467:and
3458:Juno
3397:SGVM
3386:GOES
3201:(on
3199:SUDA
3195:MISE
3155:and
3140:ISEM
3106:TRMM
3086:MOMS
3081:CASE
3007:LYRA
2896:IRIS
2886:(on
2876:(on
2768:ERSS
2763:ERBS
2738:AIRS
2728:MISR
2683:Juno
2633:TRMM
2618:SMOS
2613:SMMR
2608:SMAP
2547:MISR
2522:ERSS
2480:AQUA
2360:6, 7
2113:Aura
2108:Aqua
2080:Past
2026:Past
1956:Past
1846:Past
1601:THEO
1345:Mars
1276:Bion
939:Life
804:Past
601:SUDA
591:PIMS
586:MISE
487:2019
475:UCLA
453:2017
420:2019
391:2019
384:NASA
331:2019
229:ions
209:PIMS
160:NASA
129:The
94:NASA
29:NASA
3763:DAN
3698:SPS
3453:MAG
3292:UVS
3101:TES
3052:ISO
2884:HP3
2878:LRO
2678:MWR
1296:ERA
1261:BIO
657:SLS
647:JPL
571:EIS
561:ECM
162:'s
112:SLS
3997::
3543:10
3433:11
3197:,
3193:,
2959:10
2941:11
2846:,
2790:1b
2726:,
2549:,
2409:11
2402:10
2370:10
2269:16
2264:15
2259:10
2151:·
2147:·
2143:·
1894:+
659:,
655:,
473:.
469:.
437:.
411:.
399:^
382:.
378:.
366:^
356:.
339:^
322:.
308:^
173:,
166:.
3923:(
3873:2
3832:(
3789:)
3769:)
3759:)
3750:)
3737:(
3538:5
3533:4
3461:)
3455:(
3447:2
3354:)
3347:(
3337:(
3305:2
3205:)
3169:M
3159:)
3157:2
3003:)
2972:2
2950:)
2890:)
2880:)
2870:)
2850:)
2842:(
2836:)
2829:)
2817:)
2810:)
2776:)
2759:)
2734:)
2730:(
2686:)
2680:(
2594:)
2571:)
2557:)
2553:(
2508:)
2501:)
2488:)
2445:2
2365:9
2355:5
2350:4
2345:3
2254:9
2249:8
2185:e
2178:t
2171:v
1890:/
1881:/
1824:e
1817:t
1810:v
978:e
971:t
964:v
695:e
688:t
681:v
535:e
528:t
521:v
489:.
455:.
422:.
393:.
360:.
333:.
133:(
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