526:
their effect from the voluntary decisions of property owners to erect, alter, add to, or demolish a building in a jurisdiction where a building code applies, because these circumstances routinely require a permit. The plans are subject to review for compliance with current building codes as part of the permit application process. Generally, building codes are not otherwise retroactive except to correct an imminent hazard. However, accessibility standards – similar to those referenced in the model building codes – may be retroactive subject to the applicability of the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) which is a federal civil rights requirement.
530:
building often expose the entire building to the requirement to comply fully with provisions of the code applicable to the new use because the applicability of the code is use-specific. A change in use usually changes the applicability of code requirements and as such, will subject the building to review for compliance with the currently applicable codes (refer to
Section 3408, Change of Occupancy, International Building Code – 2009).
288:
already begun to rely on model building codes developed in the United States rather than developing their own. Bermuda was using codes by BOCA and
Western Samoa was using ICBO codes. ICC was thus aware that it was writing model codes for an international audience. "Calling it 'international' keeps it from being called the 'U.S. Building Code.' explains Bill Tangye, SBCCI Chief Executive Officer.
25:
280:). All these developments caused American construction professionals and manufacturers to push for a nationwide building code in the United States, so that they could waste less time and money complying with different provisions of the regional codes and could instead focus on compliance with other countries' building codes in order to compete internationally for construction projects.
513:"Accessibility" refers to the accommodation of physically challenged people in structures. This includes maneuvering from public transportation, building entry, parking spaces, elevators, and restrooms. This term replaces the term "handicapped" (handicapped parking, handicapped restroom) which is generally found to be derogatory. Accessibility can also include
552:). Other states require compliance with building and fire codes, subject to reservations, limitations, or jurisdictional discretion to protect historic building stock as a condition of nominating or listing a building for preservation or landmark status, especially where such status attracts tax credits, investment of public money, or other incentives.
619:
vehemently denied the characterization of the agreement, noting, "While home builders are among partners, they do not have disproportionate control of the Code
Council's model code development process. On the contrary, volunteer government officials with experience and expertise exercise by far the most control in the process."
669:
finding for UpCodes on many of ICC's claims of copyright infringement, holding that, as UpCodes was uploading the codes as codes enacted into law, the government edicts doctrine prevented ICC from enforcing its copyright in the model codes to prevent the uploads. After ordering a trial, ICC sued in a
429:
and the fire code addresses fire prevention in regard to the operation of a completed and occupied building. For example, the building code sets criteria for the number, size and location of exits in the design of a building while the fire code requires the exits of a completed and occupied building
319:
initially joined ICC in a collective effort to develop the
International Fire Code (IFC). This effort fell apart at the completion of the first draft of the document. Subsequent efforts by ICC and NFPA to reach agreement on this and other documents were unsuccessful, resulting in a series of disputes
283:
After three years of extensive research and development, the first edition of the
International Building Code was published in 2000. A new code edition has since been released every three years thereafter. The code was patterned on the three legacy codes previously developed by the organizations that
525:
Building code requirements generally apply to the construction of new buildings and alterations or additions to existing buildings, changes in the use of buildings, and the demolition of buildings or portions of buildings at the ends of their useful or economic lives. As such, building codes obtain
287:
The word "International" in the names of the ICC and all three of its predecessors, as well as the IBC and other ICC products, despite all 18 of the company's board members being residents of the United States, reflects the fact that a number of other countries in the
Caribbean and Latin America had
529:
Alterations and additions to an existing building must usually comply with all new requirements applicable to their scope as related to the intended use of the building as defined by the adopted code (e.g., Section 101.2 Scope, International
Building Code, any version). Some changes in the use of a
627:
The means of egress requirement of the code implies that for tall buildings, at least two staircases connected by a corridor are required. Due to this restriction, the architectural floor plans of tall buildings that comply with the code are severely limited. Buildings that follow the code usually
567:
Updated editions of the IBC are published on a three-year cycle (2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021...). This fixed schedule has led other organizations, which produce referenced standards, to align their publishing schedule with that of the IBC, such as the NEC and
California Building
408:
was elected to replace him. Upon taking office, Schwarzenegger rescinded Davis's directive, and the state adopted the IBC instead. Adopting NFPA 5000 would have caused a disparity between
California and the majority of other states which had adopted the IBC. With IBC's adoption, the legacy that
618:
that allowed the industry group, which represents the construction industry, to limit improvements in the code that would make buildings more environmentally sustainable and resistant to natural disasters, prompting a congressional investigation. The ICC, in response to a Congressional inquiry,
259:
In 1972, BOCA, SBCCI, and ICBO created the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) to prepare a national building code for residential construction. CABO's One and Two Family Dwelling Code was adopted by only a handful of U.S. jurisdictions; the rest preferred to stick with the regional
504:
The code specifies the number of exits required for a structure based on its intended use and the occupancy load (number of people who could be in the place at one time) as well as their relative locations. It also deals with special needs, such as hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons where
631:
A cascade of unintended consequences results from this restriction, such as limiting newly-built units to 1-2 bedrooms, which makes it difficult for developers to build family-sized units. Additionally, the lack of windows on the corridor side results in reduced cross-ventilation, and higher
533:
Existing buildings are not exempt from new requirements, with the IBC publishing a Building Code for existing buildings. Existing Building Codes are intended to provide alternative approaches to repair, alteration, and additions to existing buildings. At minimum, this ensures that any new
548:) to provide a means of code compliance to existing structures without forcing the owner to comply with rigid requirements of the currently adopted Building Codes where it may be technically infeasible to do so. California has also enacted a specific historic building code (see
500:
The phrase "means of egress" refers to the ability to exit the structure, primarily in the event of an emergency, such as a fire. Specifically, a means of egress is broken into three parts: the exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge (the path to a safe area outside).
260:
building codes. In 1994, BOCA, SBCCI, and ICBO merged to form the International Code Council (ICC) in order to develop a comprehensive set of building codes that would have no regional limitations: the International Codes (or I-Codes). There were several
457:
standards. Therefore, if a municipality adopts the International Building Code, it also adopts those parts of other codes referenced by the IBC. Often, the plumbing, mechanical, and electric codes are adopted along with the building code.
133:
organization, sponsored by the building trades, which was founded in 1994 through the merger of three regional model code organizations in the American construction industry. The organization creates the International Building Code (IBC), a
584:(American National Standards Institute), and NFPA (National Fire Protection Association). The structural provisions rely heavily on referenced standards, such as the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Structures published by the
145:
According to the ICC, the IBC is intended to protect public health and safety while avoiding both unnecessary costs and preferential treatment of specific materials or methods of construction. The code is updated every three years.
541:, as they do not criminalize or seek to punish past conduct. Such requirements merely prohibit the maintenance or continuance of conditions that would prove injurious to a member of the public or the broader public interest.
325:
256:. The Uniform Codes published by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) were used primarily throughout the West Coast and across a large swath of the middle of the country to most of the Midwest.
149:
The International Code Council has stirred controversy for allowing industry groups to block changes that would make building codes more environmentally sustainable and resistant to natural disasters.
321:
381:(NAHB). After several unsuccessful attempts to encourage peaceful cooperation between NFPA and ICC and resolution of their disputes over code development, a number of organizations, including
320:
between the two organizations. After several failed attempts to find common ground with the ICC, NFPA withdrew from participation in development of the International Codes and joined with the
505:
evacuating people may have special requirements. In some instances, requirements are made based on possible hazards (such as in industries) where flammable or toxic chemicals will be in use.
788:
544:
Many jurisdictions have found the application of new requirements to old, particularly historic buildings, challenging. New Jersey, for example, has adopted specific state amendments (see
389:
coalition, which repeatedly urged NFPA to abandon code development related to NFPA 5000 and to work with ICC to integrate the other NFPA codes and standards into the ICC family of codes.
1084:
1201:
817:
645:
284:
had formed ICC. By the year 2000, ICC had completed the International Codes series and ceased development of the legacy codes in favor of their national successors.
628:
have windows on only one side of units, embedded in an exterior wall, while two walls divide the unit from adjacent units and the opposite wall faces the corridor.
1045:
401:
1176:
661:
In 2017, ICC sued a private, for-profit company, UpCodes, in response to that company's posting of copies of ICC's model codes. Following discovery, Judge
42:
797:
1151:
990:
142:. Despite its name, the International Code Council is not an international organization nor does it consistently follow international best practices.
589:
666:
241:
185:
720:
615:
581:
378:
367:
237:
209:
556:
537:
Although such remedial enactments address existing conditions, they do not violate the United States Constitution's ban on the adoption of
454:
316:
756:
434:). The International Building Code applies to all structures in areas where it is adopted, except for one and two family dwellings (see
89:
585:
265:
61:
595:
Changes in parts of the reference standard can result in disconnection between the corresponding editions of the reference standards.
465:
1003:
967:
937:
108:
1225:
68:
1329:
382:
374:
825:
576:
Model building codes rely heavily on referenced standards as published and promulgated by other standards organizations such as
245:
1108:
373:
The NFPA's move to introduce a competing building standard received strong opposition from powerful trade groups such as the
46:
1066:
75:
1250:
446:
173:
252:
of the United States. The Standard Codes from the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) were used in the
670:
separate action, alleging false-advertising and unfair-competition claims; that separate lawsuit was dismissed in 2021.
57:
868:
442:
167:
329:
435:
253:
244:. The National Codes developed by the Building Officials Code Administrators International (BOCA) were used on the
35:
1288:
179:
430:
to be unblocked. The building code also deals with access for the disabled and structural stability (including
347:
1027:
850:
422:
1324:
1126:
549:
359:
450:
273:
130:
297:
BOCA National Building Code (BOCA/NBC) by the Building Officials Code Administrators International (BOCA)
1334:
405:
355:
300:
82:
735:
1273:
272:, and the EU's efforts to unify standards for building design, construction, and materials across the
1009:
654:
has published a substantial portion of the enacted building codes on-line, and they are available as
534:
construction maintains the current level of compliance or are improved to meet basic safety levels.
400:
had adopted the NFPA 5000 codes as a baseline for the future California Building Code, but in 2003,
651:
135:
679:
610:
577:
893:
700:
763:
342:
1319:
999:
963:
933:
927:
716:
538:
957:
640:
Many states or municipalities in the United States of America adopt the ICC family of codes.
708:
363:
851:"Secret Deal Helped Housing Industry Stop Tougher Rules on Climate Change (Published 2019)"
370:-established policies and procedures for the development of voluntary consensus standards.
1202:"Opinion: Here's how Iowa City could get more efficient, less chunky, apartment buildings"
514:
418:
306:
Standard Building Code (SBC) by the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI)
662:
332:
to create an alternative set of codes. First published in 2002, the code set named the
269:
962:(3rd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 20.
869:"The 'Scandal' That Might Completely Upend A System America Has Relied On For Decades"
138:, which has been adopted for use as a base code standard by most jurisdictions in the
1313:
699:
Marantz, Nicholas J.; Ben-Joseph, Eran (2011), Tiesdell, Steve; Adams, David (eds.),
559:
does not exempt it from compliance with state or local building code requirements.
229:
225:
139:
409:
ICBO had started in California and headquartered in Whittier, California continues.
796:. New York: Center for Building in North America. pp. 101–102. Archived from
1177:"How allowing single-staircase buildings could change Virginia's housing market"
461:
The code book itself (2000 edition) totals over 700 pages and chapters include:
431:
24:
1067:"Opinion | What Will Happen to Your Next Home if Builders Get Their Way?"
712:
701:"The Business of Codes: Urban Design Regulation in an Entrepreneurial Society"
397:
393:
261:
1226:"Toronto Residential Building Is Our New Poster Child for Sustainable Design"
224:
Since the early twentieth century, the system of building regulations in the
277:
545:
351:
346:
building code as its centerpiece and several companion codes such as the
326:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
249:
1292:
385:, BOMA and two dozen commercial real estate associations, founded the
264:
developments that led to the founding of ICC: the ratification of the
588:(ASCE-7) and the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings by the
1152:"A tip from Europe: To build better rentals, rethink the corridors"
479:
Fire protection systems (sprinkler system requirements and design)
655:
417:
A large portion of the International Building Code deals with
322:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
18:
303:
by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
926:
Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David A.; Madsen, David P. (2011).
998:(13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. August 15, 2001.
16:
Building code developed by the International Code Council
757:"International Codes – Adoption by State (October 2016)"
236:
model code groups and adopted in a piecemeal fashion by
932:(6th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. p. 156.
632:
construction costs due to less efficient use of space.
425:
in that the IBC addresses fire prevention in regard to
441:
Parts of the code reference other codes including the
705:
Urban Design in the Real Estate Development Process
194:
International Wildland Urban Interface Code (IWUIC)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
203:International Private Sewage Disposal Code (IPSDC)
1251:"The Single-Staircase Radicals Have a Good Point"
992:The Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice
215:International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC)
1114:. International Code Council. February 2, 2021.
1028:"Builders win latest tiff over building codes"
646:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
200:International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC)
366:. Unlike the IBC, the NFPA 5000 conformed to
8:
1090:. energycommerce.house.gov. January 19, 2021
1127:"How to build more apartments for families"
1046:"2015 International Existing Building Code"
614:story revealed a secret agreement with the
197:International Existing Building Code (IEBC)
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
849:Flavelle, Christopher (October 26, 2019).
643:In the wake of the Federal copyright case
568:Code (2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017...).
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
951:
949:
590:American Institute of Steel Construction
707:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 114–136,
691:
476:Foundation, wall, and roof construction
550:2001 California Historic Building Code
186:International Energy Conservation Code
1026:LeClaire, Jennifer (April 24, 2005).
616:National Association of Home Builders
379:National Association of Home Builders
210:International Green Construction Code
7:
844:
842:
812:
810:
557:National Register of Historic Places
455:National Fire Protection Association
317:National Fire Protection Association
161:International Residential Code (IRC)
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1065:Gillis, Justin (January 21, 2021).
894:"International Codes and Standards"
586:American Society of Civil Engineers
546:New Jersey's Rehabilitation Subcode
266:North American Free Trade Agreement
818:"2015 International Building Code"
623:Double-loaded corridor floor plans
466:Building occupancy classifications
377:(AIA), BOMA International and the
311:Competing codes and final adoption
14:
929:Architectural Drafting and Design
555:The listing of a building on the
158:International Building Code (IBC)
375:American Institute of Architects
23:
736:"Florida Building Code Q&A"
330:Western Fire Chiefs Association
206:International Zoning Code (IZC)
34:needs additional citations for
956:Jones, A. Maurice Jr. (2021).
482:Materials used in construction
436:International Residential Code
421:. It differs from the related
402:Davis was recalled from office
1:
1125:Justus, Andrew (2022-12-20).
447:International Mechanical Code
334:Comprehensive Consensus Codes
174:International Mechanical Code
164:International Fire Code (IFC)
1249:Grabar, Henry (2021-12-23).
1175:Gordon, Wyatt (2022-05-05).
191:ICC Performance Code (ICCPC)
58:"International Code Council"
1275:293 F.3d 791 (5th Cir. 2002
1150:Lorinc, John (2022-08-19).
1032:Sacramento Business Journal
491:Means of egress (see below)
488:Already existing structures
443:International Plumbing Code
301:Uniform Building Code (UBC)
180:International Fuel Gas code
168:International Plumbing Code
129:) is an American nonprofit
1351:
470:Building heights and areas
392:Initially, under Governor
123:International Code Council
713:10.1002/9781444341188.ch6
485:Elevators and escalators
348:National Electrical Code
228:has been based on model
1330:International standards
1206:Iowa City Press-Citizen
959:Fire Protection Systems
787:Smith, Stephen (2024).
427:construction and design
423:International Fire Code
360:Uniform Mechanical Code
268:, the formation of the
580:(ASTM International),
451:National Electric Code
274:European Single Market
1109:"ICC Response Letter"
406:Arnold Schwarzenegger
356:Uniform Plumbing Code
1015:on November 9, 2012.
572:Referenced standards
43:improve this article
1289:"Bulk.resource.org"
650:, the organization
521:Existing structures
248:and throughout the
232:developed by three
136:model building code
1156:The Globe and Mail
1071:The New York Times
855:The New York Times
680:Building officials
354:Life Safety Code,
822:codes.iccsafe.org
722:978-1-4051-9219-4
592:(ANSI/AISC 360).
539:ex post facto law
473:Interior finishes
328:(ASHRAE) and the
242:state governments
119:
118:
111:
93:
1342:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1291:. Archived from
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1008:. Archived from
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824:. Archived from
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803:on July 8, 2024.
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762:. Archived from
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604:Code Development
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1131:Niskanen Center
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652:Public Resource
638:
625:
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574:
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523:
515:home automation
511:
498:
496:Means of egress
419:fire prevention
415:
387:Get It Together
340:, includes the
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222:
155:
153:ICC Model Codes
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52:
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40:
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1325:Building codes
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663:Victor Marrero
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611:New York Times
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563:Updating cycle
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453:, and various
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270:European Union
230:building codes
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1295:on 2008-10-15
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1005:9780471419693
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969:9781284180138
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939:9781435481626
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828:on 2016-10-30
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769:on 2016-12-20
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599:Controversies
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