111:
460:, the construction of a single jetty was deemed sufficient. There was consensus on the arrangement of necessary inner harbour works at both canal ends. The western and eastern jetties at Port Said were recommended to be approximately 2987 metres (9,800 feet) and 1829 metres (6,000 feet) respectively, with a starting width of approximately 1280 metres (4,200 feet) and an ending separation of approximately 701 metres (2,300 feet). The channel alongside the western jetty was to be approximately 100.6 metres (330 feet) wide and 9.1 metres (30 feet) deep, oriented northeast by 2 degrees north.
415:
426:. The report contains the reasoning for the direct connection between the two seas and all technical details of the canal, including ports to be built, telegraph lines to be installed along the canal, ferries to be introduced and finally the lighting of the Mediterranean coast and of the whole of the Red Sea to be provided, complete with lighthouses, buoys and so on. As already mentioned in the preliminary report, the name of
291:, John Robinson McClean detailed his view of the two contrasting systems proposed for the construction of the Canal. Both McClean and Manby dissented from the conclusions of the majority of the commissioners on the nature of the project, instead proposing a canal elevated twenty-five feet above sea level, utilising locks similar to those in the
275:(Rendel was excused, Negrelli and Montesino arrived the following day). Over three days, the members discussed the result of the investigations in Egypt and all details of the future canal. The unanimous vote was for a canal as suggested by Negrelli from the outset, i.e. a canal without locks, passing the lower level
246:. The members of the group did not take long to consent that this proposition was unacceptable for various technical and economical reasons. They then proceeded towards the Mediterranean, making further boreholes and investigations. On 31 December 1855, the group was taken on board the Egyptian frigate
433:
Key resolutions included the decision against continuous embankments in areas where the canal traversed the Bitter Lakes, deeming them unnecessary. The report also determined that locks at the canal's extremities were not required, as the lakes would mitigate tidal currents. It specified the canal's
358:
British proposals continued to insist that there was a difference in water level between the Red and
Mediterranean Seas of some 7 metres, despite the fact that survey work as early as 1847 had shown this not to be the case. Opposition to the canal from British engineers including McClean, Manby, and
250:
and arrived in
Alexandria on 2 January 1856. The discussion on further soundings made in the meantime by Mr. Larousse, a French navy hydrologist seconded to the commission, came to the conclusion that the entrance to the canal should be moved further to the west (at what is now Port Said) because of
222:
and the alignment of the canal which he had drawn up during his visit of 1847 and which corresponded to a large extent to the draft made by Linant and Mougel. During the next two days, the group examined the harbour and roads of
Alexandria, and then went on to explore the bay of Suez over four days.
463:
In the report, the commission expressly declared to have fulfilled their duties and to have finalised all their activities. They expressed their desire to have the canal be built in the near future, but have not in any way commented on the execution of the future works or on their management.
437:
The proposed width was approximately 64 metres (210 feet) at the bottom and 97.5 metres (320 feet) at the top between the Red Sea and the Bitter Lakes, and approximately 43.9 metres (144 feet) at the bottom and 79.9 metres (262 feet) at the top between the Bitter Lakes and the
Mediterranean.
262:
On 2 January 1856, a preliminary report was submitted to the
Viceroy stating that a direct canal across the isthmus was the only reasonable alternative, but that the details would have to be set out in a final report on the basis of further investigations. The viceroy then issued the second
205:
The members had already viewed the initial draft of Linant-Bey and Mougel-Bey and decided to investigate the circumstances on the spot in Egypt. In addition, a map of the bay of
Pelusium was to be drawn up in order to complete the soundings made by Negrelli in 1847.
453:, was based on finding an adequate depth of 8 metres closer to Port Said than the initially proposed eastern entrance. Considering the cost implications of jetty construction and the advantageous steep sea-bed slope, the choice of Port Said was deemed prudent.
279:(to be flooded by the canal) without any dams or dikes. The canal should have a depth of 8 m and its width should be 100 metres at water level and 64 metres at the bottom, however, in a certain section only 80 m at water level and 44 m at the bottom.
295:. This was in contrast to the majority conclusion which favoured a sea-level canal without locks. The comparison of these systems was part of an appendix in McClean's 1864 address and detailed his opinions on both proposals, as summarised below.
85:
at the northern end of the anticipated canal. However, due to the political disturbances of 1848, the ideas were not pursued any further. On 30 November 1854, De
Lesseps obtained from Muhammad Sa'id the first concession for a
98:), two high level French engineers in the Egyptian canal administration. From the outset, De Lesseps' main concern was to put the canal project on a political basis as wide as possible. Thus, in his second, more detailed
808:
1041:
Fox, D; Barry, J W; Harcourt, L F V; Dawes, E; Appleby, C J; Bell, J R; Corthell, E L; Wells, L B; Hartley, C (January 1900). "Discussion: A short history of the engineering works of the Suez Canal".
346:
An innovative irrigation approach proposed using the canal to draw water directly from the Nile, avoiding the need for a separate conduit and enabling its use as a reservoir during Nile inundations.
507:(Imperial Royal Geographic Society) in Vienna about the intended canal and presented them with a copy of the commission's final report. The society published the information in their own papers:
1149:
374:, had ruthlessly opposed the construction of the canal, fearing it's accessibility to seagoing vessels of all nations would threaten Britain's commercial interests (such as control of the
500:
The comprehensive final report together with the journal of the investigation group and the minutes of the deliberations of the complete commission have been published by
Lesseps in.
456:
At Port Said, the jetties' design, including their length and construction method, was later adopted based on the advice of Mr. Pascal, Inspector-General of Roads and
Bridges. At
251:
the deeper waters, even if this added 6 km to the length of the canal. In addition, it was proposed that the entrance should be protected by a 3.5 km long northern
102:
of 19 May 1855, the viceroy ordered to further elaborate the initial draft and to submit it to an international commission of experts for discussion and evaluation.
434:
dimensions, recommending a depth of 8 metres (approximately 26.4 feet), with a width sufficient to accommodate two passing vessels and a third stationary line.
110:
74:
59:
was attracting widespread interest throughout Europe in the early 19th century. Interest grew amid
European imperial expansion into Asia in the 19th century.
91:
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in the construction of the canal, despite the fact that the British themselves had used forced labour in the construction of a railway between
988:
837:
788:
314:
Considerable difficulty was anticipated in forming the harbour of Suez due to the potential presence of coral reefs and indurated sands.
334:
The total embankment required would not exceed 70 million cubic metres, significantly reduced by judicious selection of the canal line.
128:
66:
758:
604:
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The high-level system would avoid water supply issues like salt deposits and tidal dependencies, inherent in the low-level system.
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The excavation would be entirely above natural drainage, facilitating rapid construction using railways and locomotive engines.
192:
288:
422:
The final report contained 195 pages plus plans, technical tables etc., was published in December 1856 and accepted by the
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The illustrations are not available in the scans of the books mentioned below. However, in the (Dutch) report by Conrad
485:
198:
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235:
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were the first generally accepted evidence that there was in fact no such difference. During the same expedition,
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340:
The formation of the Suez Harbour would circumvent the need for dredging, employing locks in deep water instead.
122:
239:
387:
343:
The higher canal level at Port Timsah negates the need for locks at this point, reducing construction costs.
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The total excavation required was estimated at 130 million cubic metres, half of which would need dredging.
186:
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70:
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In addition to opposition from British engineers, the wider British establishment, including notably
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140:
62:
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appeared in various engineering publications in Britain and further afield. Stephenson spoke in
134:
856:
Lord Palmerston's policy of opposition to the project and to the construction of the Suez Canal
569:"Obituary. John Robinson Mcclean, Former President and Vice-President, M.p., F.r.s., 1813-1873"
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860:
833:
804:
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305:
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and on De Lesseps' request, a first draft of the canal was made by Linant-Bey and Mougel-Bey (
33:
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The canal's water level would be 7 metres above the low water level of the Mediterranean Sea.
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The commission was solely composed of Europeans. There were no Egyptians on the commission.
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had found a difference of some 9 m between the levels of the two seas. The surveys made by
854:
371:
99:
56:
711:
Bell, K. (December 1965). "British Policy Towards the Construction of the Suez Canal".
243:
218:, namely Messrs. Conrad, Renaud, Negrelli, McClean and Lieussou. Negrelli provided the
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635:"Presidential Address of John Robinson M'clean, January 12, 1864 (Including Appendix)"
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37:
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The Commission first convened in Paris on 30 October 1855. It consisted of Messrs.
276:
238:
and to examine the line of a canal across the Nile delta to Alexandria proposed by
231:
882:
Fletcher, Max E. (December 1958). "The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869-1914".
449:. This decision, influenced by the recommendations of Mr. Larousse, a French Navy
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24:) was the commission consisting of various European experts convened in 1855 by
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Mittheilungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien
532:"Historical Claims to the International: The Case of the Suez Canal Experts"
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A significant cost and dredging effort were required to establish a port in
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390:. The British Government would later publicise and object to the use of
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against possible involvement in a Suez canal scheme in 1857 and 1858.
114:
Map of the Nile delta and the designed canal (from the book of Conrad)
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634:
666:
A decade of British opposition to the Suez Canal project, 1854–1864
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The level of the canal would align with the low water level of the
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379:
272:
252:
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109:
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Kaiserlich-Königliche Geographische Gesellschaft in Wien (1857).
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The Commission favoured constructing jetties directly seaward of
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was suggested as the name for the port on the northern entrance.
1070:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1043:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1013:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
783:. Pelican biographies. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
639:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
573:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
484:, who in 1888 became member of the supervision committee of the
403:
18:
International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez
22:
Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme de Suez
36:
in order to ascertain the feasibility of a canal between the
1009:"A short history of the engineering works of the Suez Canal"
1132:
Reizen naar de landengte van Suez, Egypte, het Heilige Land
817:. Vol. 150. Parliament of the United Kingdom: Commons.
283:
Options Proposed by John Robinson McClean and Charles Manby
271:
The complete commission convened again on 23 June 1856 in
917:
O'Connor, Damian (June 2006). "The Suez Crisis 1876–82".
214:
Five of the thirteen members met on 18 November 1855 in
952:
Hoskins, Halford L. (November 1957). "The Suez Canal".
44:
and to evaluate the best alternative for such a canal.
81:, the Austrian railroad pioneer, explored the bay of
781:
George and Robert Stephenson: The Railway Revolution
1068:Denison, Sir W T (January 1867). "THE SUEZ CANAL".
299:
First System (Adopted by Majority of Commissioners)
255:and a 2.5 km long southern jetty, and that a
981:Between Two Seas: The Creation of the Suez Canal
830:Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East
326:Second System (Proposed by McClean and Manby)
8:
713:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
488:to oversee the free access to the Suez Canal
402:, which opened in 1854, being extended to
673:
584:
547:
287:In his 1864 presidential address to the
55:The idea of digging a canal through the
979:Kinross, Patrick Balfour Baron (1969).
519:
473:
765:(in Spanish). 6, tomo I (20): 237–241.
418:Design of the breakwaters of Port Said
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611:(in Spanish). 6, tomo I (21): 249–250
480:He is often confused with his nephew
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445:, over an earlier proposal near the
236:boreholes and subsoil investigations
73:in 1847 during an expedition of the
14:
1118:(in German). Lechner. p. 71.
1101:(in French). H. Plon. p. 37.
761:[Isthmus of Suez Canal].
607:[Isthmus of Suez Canal].
226:Subsequently, they went north to
75:Société d'Études du Canal de Suez
1129:Conrad, Frederik Willem (1859).
1007:Hartley, Sir C (January 1900).
884:The Journal of Economic History
814:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
579:(1874): 287–291. January 1874.
536:International Studies Quarterly
505:K.K. Geographische Gesellschaft
354:British opposition to the canal
1095:Lesseps, Ferdinand de (1856).
603:Segundo Montesino, C. (1858).
378:along with overland routes to
289:Institution of Civil Engineers
267:The commission's deliberations
1:
1135:(in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff.
1098:Percement de l'isthme de Suez
633:Mcclean, J R (January 1864).
530:Eijking, Jan (14 June 2023).
266:
966:10.1525/curh.1957.33.195.257
486:Convention of Constantinople
199:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
125:(Chairman), a Dutch engineer
201:, a French military officer
131:, a British naval commander
1181:
853:Bissett, Alice M. (1927).
482:Jan Frederik Willem Conrad
263:concession to De Lesseps.
165:Cipriano Segundo Montesino
931:10.1080/03071840609442023
896:10.1017/S0022050700107740
832:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
763:Revista de Obras PĂşblicas
759:"Canal del Istmo de Suez"
609:Revista de Obras PĂşblicas
605:"Canal del istmo de Suez"
123:Frederik Willem Conrad Jr
1082:10.1680/imotp.1867.23168
1055:10.1680/imotp.1900.18689
1025:10.1680/imotp.1900.18688
664:Bradshaw, Dan F (1973).
651:10.1680/imotp.1864.23280
586:10.1680/imotp.1874.22770
388:British naval supremacy
210:Investigations in Egypt
503:Negrelli informed the
419:
115:
71:Paul-Adrien Bourdaloue
779:Rolt, L.T.C. (1978).
417:
240:Jacques-Marie Le Père
183:, an Italian engineer
153:John Robinson McClean
143:, a Prussian engineer
129:Captain Edward Harris
113:
28:as instructed by the
828:Kyle, Keith (2011).
195:, a British surveyor
193:James Meadows Rendel
187:Louis Auguste Renaud
167:, a Spanish engineer
161:, a British engineer
155:, a British engineer
149:, a French scientist
147:Jean-Pierre Lieussou
92:Linant de Bellefonds
26:Ferdinand de Lesseps
549:10.1093/isq/sqad041
420:
116:
51:Preliminary events
1076:(1867): 442–448.
1049:(1900): 195–212.
1019:(1900): 157–194.
990:978-0-7195-1813-3
839:978-0-85771-967-6
805:Robert Stephenson
790:978-0-14-007646-2
645:(1864): 151–167.
361:Robert Stephenson
306:Mediterranean Sea
259:should be built.
67:Campaign in Egypt
65:surveyors in his
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719:: 121–143.
615:14 December
458:Port Tewfik
319:Lake Timsah
228:Lake Timsah
141:Carl Lentze
1165:Suez Canal
983:. Morrow.
859:(Thesis).
695:1035380473
675:11244/3693
668:(Thesis).
514:References
396:Alexandria
376:Cape Route
365:Parliament
257:lighthouse
216:Alexandria
106:Commission
88:Suez Canal
63:Napoleon's
1150:Wikimedia
939:153827725
904:153427820
869:964513065
865:957343681
741:154157309
684:287954768
443:Port Said
428:Port Said
406:in 1858.
220:soundings
32:of Egypt
1159:Category
757:(1858).
691:24708427
680:ProQuest
384:Far East
382:and the
308:at Said.
230:and the
189:(Paris),
177:engineer
175:Tyrolean
137:(Paris),
83:Pelusium
40:and the
733:3678819
496:Sources
424:Khedive
386:), and
242:and by
42:Red Sea
30:viceroy
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248:Le Nil
100:firman
935:S2CID
900:S2CID
737:S2CID
729:JSTOR
542:(3).
468:Notes
400:Cairo
380:India
273:Paris
253:jetty
985:ISBN
861:OCLC
834:ISBN
785:ISBN
687:OCLC
617:2023
404:Suez
398:and
173:, a
94:and
16:The
1078:doi
1051:doi
1047:141
1021:doi
1017:141
962:doi
927:doi
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892:doi
721:doi
670:hdl
647:doi
581:doi
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