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first reading was in 1991 by the
International Law Commission and was read without the mention being specifically on South Africa. It was not until the second reading in 1996 where the racial denotations were brought to light as crimes against humanity. Article 18 stated, “is in fact the crime of apartheid under a more general denomination.”
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In 1980, due to the 1973 Apartheid
Convention, a special International Criminal Court was proposed in order to try persons of apartheid. However, no such court was ever established. Instead, the United States authorized a legislation that would allow them to prosecute criminals of apartheid through a
245:
Backed openly from 1967 onwards by the United
Nations, government and grassroots movements attempted to form a united front with the oppressed peoples of South Africa against its tyrannical government. The United Nations called for boycotting of public events, as well as economic embargoes, something
236:
in 1948 came a swell of prejudicial and racially charged policies. In 1967, as resistance to aggressive apartheid policies grew, and the South
African government doubled down on aims of segregated living and racially discriminatory policies, the international campaign against apartheid grew stronger,
499:
was established in 1994 by a democratic South Africa after a peaceful negotiation settlement between the apartheid regime and parties which opposed apartheid. The
Commission served the purpose of granting amnesty to those who had violated human rights regulations during the time of apartheid as well
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Article XIX declares that the present
Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of the present Convention to
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raised awareness to the inhumane treatment of some political captives in South Africa. This attention, coupled with the accumulating negative history, caused The
Commission on Human Rights to focus increasingly on apartheid, making it a primary concern. The Apartheid Convention of 1973 is a reaction
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recognized apartheid as a “grave breach” of the
Protocol in 1977 regardless of geographic location. The Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind recognizes apartheid as a crime on the basis of institutionalized racial discrimination as a species of crimes against humanity. The
412:
Article IX defines that The
Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights shall appoint a group consisting of three members of the Commission on Human Rights, who are also representatives of States Parties to the present Convention, to consider reports submitted by States Parties in accordance with
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Moreover, in 1973, the
General Assembly concluded that the South African regime had no justification in representing the South African people after contemplating the report of the International Conference of Experts for the Support of Victims of Colonialism and Apartheid in Southern Africa. The
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The Apartheid Convention may not presently serve its original intended purpose in dealing with apartheid in South Africa, as the legislation supporting it was withdrawn in 1990’s; however, it has influenced the way we view crimes against humanity. It has impacted international law, and the Rome
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The first meeting on the suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid took place in the 26th session of the General Assembly, 2001st plenary meeting on 6 December 1971. The General Assembly established the conviction that the apartheid is a crime against humanity, and recognized further
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or ICERD which took place four years prior. The new Convention was the first to explicitly define apartheid, and then attempt to effectively criminalize what the ICERD had previously only prohibited. It was drafted by the Commission on Human Rights, and then officially implemented in 1973. This
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Convention was the first to name apartheid a crime under international law, while also being the first to name apartheid a crime against humanity. While many countries and signatories continued to oppose this terminology, the Convention was the first to have signatures to this effect.
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The Apartheid Convention was abandoned in 1990 by the United Nations General Assembly. It was originally adopted for the purpose of being able to prosecute criminals who were not citizens of the state but still committed acts which violated the laws of that territory of jurisdiction.
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consider this draft and submit the text of the draft convention to the General Assembly at its 27th session. Thus, reaffirming that apartheid constitutes a total negation of the principles of the UN, and recognizes the continual need for efforts to suppress and punish the apartheid.
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there was a division of opinion over the scope of the Convention. Most delegates saw the Convention as an instrument to be employed only against South Africa. Others, however, warned that the Convention was wide enough to cover other States that practiced racial discrimination.
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Article VIII declares that any State Party to the present Convention may call upon any competent organ of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as it considers appropriate for the prevention and suppression of the crime of
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This resolution concluded with a request to the Commission on Human Rights at its 29th session to consider the draft convention a priority item and submit the results of its consideration at the 28th session of the General Assembly.
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The treaty became effective during the 28th session of the General Assembly in 1974. The apartheid Convention was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973. There were 91 votes in favor, four against
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Article XVIII: the secretary general shall inform all states parties of any signatures, ratifications, accessions, the date of entry into force, denunciations, and notifications relating to this Convention.
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Article XV declares that this Convention, and any future accessions, enters into force on the thirtieth day after the date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification with the Secretary-General of the
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The second resolution on the draft convention on the suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid took place in the 27th session of the General Assembly, 2085th plenary meeting, 15 November 1972.
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Article XVII: any states parties can request a revision of the Convention by notifying the secretary general, and the general assembly shall decide upon the steps, if any, to be taken in respect of such
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Twenty-eighth session of the General Assembly, Summary record of the 2004th meeting of the Third Committee, held on 23 October 1973, (A/C.3/SR.2004), paragraph 4. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
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measures from the UN to suppress and punish the apartheid. This plenary meeting requested the secretary general to transmit the draft convention to the
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Article IV asks states parties to adopt legislative, judicial and administrative measures to suppress, prevent, and persecute the crimes of apartheid.
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Article VII requires states parties to submit periodic reports on the legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures that they have adopted
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The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court decided to define the crime of apartheid as another form of a crime against humanity in 1998.
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339:), and 26 abstentions. It came into force on 18 July 1976, and as of August 2008, it has been ratified by 107 states.
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Dugard, J. (2008). In United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. United Nations. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
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as aim to achieve reconciliation. South Africa, post-apartheid, has not become a party of the apartheid Convention.
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on 30 November 1973 and came into force on 18 July 1976. It passed by 91 votes in favor, four against (
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216:) and 26 abstentions. 110 countries are currently parties to the convention, with 26 signatories.
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United Nations Department of Public Information (1994). New York: Author. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
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International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination
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issues rose in the 1950’s-60’s. Following the election of
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International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
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Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2002)
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General Assembly, 26th session: 2001st plenary meeting
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Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
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United Nations convention and human rights instrument
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Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
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grew more visible, a need to address South Africa’s
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385:Exploitation of labor of members of a racial group
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344:Third Committee of the General Assembly
3918:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
3868:International human rights instruments
1553:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
4384:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
4030:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3967:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
3902:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
4779:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3539:
2579:Capital punishment for homosexuality
1896:Social determinants of mental health
1576:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4259:Treaties entered into force in 1976
4137:American Convention on Human Rights
2699:Genital modification and mutilation
966:Discrimination based on nationality
497:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
368:Inflicting physical and mental harm
254:Special Committee Against Apartheid
237:and the United Nations stepped in.
4734:Treaties of the State of Palestine
4329:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
4115:European Convention on Nationality
556:United Nations Treaties Collection
294:Special Committee on the Apartheid
25:
4684:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
4105:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
3538:
3529:
3528:
3178:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3015:Law for Protection of the Nation
2915:White genocide conspiracy theory
1585:
1575:
1566:
1565:
34:
4759:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4274:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3020:MSM blood donation restrictions
2768:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
1586:
635:from the original on 2020-08-13
591:from the original on 2013-10-13
45:needs additional citations for
4404:Treaties of the Czech Republic
4177:International humanitarian law
3816:International humanitarian law
3760:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3033:(as religious or racial quota)
1471:Go back to where you came from
246:it had never done previously.
1:
4449:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4145:to Prevent and Punish Torture
3447:Second-generation gender bias
3163:Constitutional colorblindness
1886:Social determinants of health
487:Additional Protocol I of the
482:Organization of African Unity
234:South Africa’s National Party
192:and racial segregation under
3780:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3765:International Criminal Court
461:International Criminal Court
4649:Treaties of the Philippines
4619:Treaties of North Macedonia
3821:International speech crimes
3602:Customary international law
3358:Medical model of disability
3210:Hate speech laws by country
241:United Nations' involvement
4830:
4254:Treaties concluded in 1973
4141:Inter-American Convention
4005:Convention against Torture
3642:Convention Against Torture
3586:International criminal law
3467:Social model of disability
1941:Discrimination against men
489:Geneva Conventions of 1949
278:Commission on Human Rights
240:
4184:
4169:
4085:
4072:
3995:
3980:
3887:
3874:
3811:Joint criminal enterprise
3524:
2820:Opposition to immigration
1733:Race / Ethnicity
1561:
4719:Treaties of South Africa
4559:Treaties of the Maldives
4339:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3731:(in order of foundation)
2815:Occupational segregation
2584:Compulsory sterilization
472:universal jurisdiction.
196:. It was adopted by the
4424:Treaties of El Salvador
4294:Treaties of the Bahamas
4264:Treaties of Afghanistan
4249:United Nations treaties
3913:Declaration of Montreal
3669:Crimes against humanity
3343:Internalized oppression
3205:Fighting Discrimination
3195:Fat acceptance movement
3153:Anti-discrimination law
2793:Native American mascots
1501:Psychometrics of racism
951:Anti-miscegenation laws
313:About the Signed Treaty
282:Economic Social Council
4699:Treaties of Seychelles
4589:Treaties of Mozambique
4584:Treaties of Montenegro
4569:Treaties of Mauritania
4554:Treaties of Madagascar
4524:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
4444:Treaties of the Gambia
4389:Treaties of Costa Rica
4349:Treaties of Cape Verde
4304:Treaties of Bangladesh
4289:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3826:Universal jurisdiction
3801:Command responsibility
3694:Incitement to genocide
3632:United Nations Charter
3462:Social identity threat
3435:Reverse discrimination
3425:Racial color blindness
2905:Violence against women
2885:Sex-selective abortion
1466:Ethnic plastic surgery
961:Biological determinism
528:
69:"Apartheid Convention"
4794:Treaties of Venezuela
4724:Treaties of Sri Lanka
4604:Treaties of Nicaragua
4459:Treaties of Guatemala
4279:Treaties of Argentina
3962:Yogyakarta Principles
3430:Religious intolerance
3390:Political correctness
3220:Intersex human rights
3168:Cultural assimilation
2850:Religious persecution
2614:Disability hate crime
1386:In Jewish communities
1364:Hispanic & Latino
526:
4814:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4784:Treaties of Tanzania
4744:Treaties of Suriname
4709:Treaties of Slovenia
4704:Treaties of Slovakia
4639:Treaties of Paraguay
4629:Treaties of Pakistan
4579:Treaties of Mongolia
4479:Treaties of Honduras
4434:Treaties of Ethiopia
4379:Treaties of Colombia
4359:Treaties of Cameroon
4354:Treaties of Cambodia
4334:Treaties of Bulgaria
4309:Treaties of Barbados
3892:Brazilian Resolution
3727:International courts
3627:Nuremberg principles
2835:Political repression
1836:Anti-left handedness
1826:Anti-intellectualism
1476:Herrenvolk democracy
659:Jackson, M. (2022).
54:improve this article
4799:Treaties of Vietnam
4789:Treaties of Uruguay
4774:Treaties of Ukraine
4764:Treaties of Tunisia
4714:Treaties of Somalia
4689:Treaties of Senegal
4669:Treaties of Romania
4664:Treaties of Moldova
4614:Treaties of Nigeria
4594:Treaties of Namibia
4544:Treaties of Liberia
4539:Treaties of Lesotho
4504:Treaties of Jamaica
4484:Treaties of Hungary
4429:Treaties of Estonia
4414:Treaties of Ecuador
4394:Treaties of Croatia
4344:Treaties of Burundi
4324:Treaties of Bolivia
4314:Treaties of Belarus
4299:Treaties of Bahrain
4284:Treaties of Armenia
4269:Treaties of Algeria
4189:Genocide Convention
3674:Crime of aggression
3637:Genocide Convention
3338:Historical eugenics
2875:Segregation academy
2855:Religious terrorism
2644:Enemy of the people
2552:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
2073:Jehovah's Witnesses
1966:Perpetual foreigner
1496:Perpetual foreigner
134:
4809:Treaties of Zambia
4769:Treaties of Uganda
4694:Treaties of Serbia
4679:Treaties of Rwanda
4674:Treaties of Russia
4654:Treaties of Poland
4634:Treaties of Panama
4574:Treaties of Mexico
4534:Treaties of Latvia
4519:Treaties of Kuwait
4509:Treaties of Jordan
4469:Treaties of Guyana
4464:Treaties of Guinea
4209:Geneva Conventions
3679:Crime of apartheid
3617:Geneva Conventions
3250:Social integration
3245:Self-determination
3235:Racial integration
3183:Diversity training
3173:Cultural pluralism
3148:Affirmative action
3048:Racial segregation
2958:Crime of apartheid
2860:Religious violence
2365:Indigenous people
1760:Sexual orientation
1526:Racial integration
1506:Race and sexuality
1311:Japanese Americans
1031:Racial segregation
1021:Racial nationalism
529:
226:crime of apartheid
190:crime of apartheid
4804:Treaties of Yemen
4749:Treaties of Syria
4739:Treaties of Sudan
4659:Treaties of Qatar
4609:Treaties of Niger
4599:Treaties of Nepal
4549:Treaties of Libya
4514:Treaties of Kenya
4489:Treaties of India
4474:Treaties of Haiti
4454:Treaties of Ghana
4439:Treaties of Gabon
4419:Treaties of Egypt
4319:Treaties of Benin
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4214:Hague Conventions
4165:
4164:
4068:
4067:
3988:International law
3976:
3975:
3834:
3833:
3660:international law
3622:Nuremberg Charter
3612:Hague Conventions
3552:
3551:
3420:Racism by country
3348:Intersectionality
3333:Heteronormativity
3132:Voter suppression
2880:Sexual harassment
2679:Forced conversion
2599:Cultural genocide
2264:African Americans
2083:post–Cold War era
2068:Eastern Orthodoxy
1821:Anti-drug addicts
1816:Anti-homelessness
1743:Scientific racism
1599:
1598:
1347:African Americans
1294:Chinese Americans
991:Ethnic stereotype
513:Apartheid (crime)
290:Secretary General
194:international law
182:
181:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4821:
4754:Treaties of Togo
4644:Treaties of Peru
4624:Treaties of Oman
4564:Treaties of Mali
4529:Treaties of Laos
4499:Treaties of Iraq
4494:Treaties of Iran
4399:Treaties of Cuba
4369:Treaties of Chad
4171:
4074:
3982:
3951:Paris Principles
3876:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3794:Related concepts
3732:
3689:Genocidal intent
3579:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3542:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3472:Social privilege
3457:Social exclusion
3385:Police brutality
3306:Multiculturalism
3276:Amatonormativity
3107:Social exclusion
2943:Age of candidacy
2743:Homeless dumping
2649:Ethnic cleansing
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1423:Racial supremacy
1381:Jewish Americans
1359:Native Americans
1328:Zainichi Koreans
1316:Japanese Koreans
1299:Zainichi Chinese
1272:Racism by target
1049:Global apartheid
1041:Racism by region
1026:Racial profiling
1016:Racial hierarchy
817:
810:
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794:
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463:, among others.
266:Draft Convention
198:General Assembly
154:30 November 1973
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3865:
3835:
3830:
3806:Superior orders
3789:
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3730:
3729:
3720:
3662:
3659:
3651:
3607:Peremptory norm
3588:
3583:
3553:
3548:
3520:
3395:Polyculturalism
3291:Civil liberties
3259:
3240:Reappropriation
3141:Countermeasures
3136:
3065:Racial steering
3031:Numerus clausus
2935:
2929:
2654:Ethnic conflict
2589:Corrective rape
2540:
2182:
2029:
1921:HIV/AIDS stigma
1779:
1728:Mental disorder
1666:
1635:
1630:
1600:
1595:
1557:
1536:Racism in sport
1434:
1428:White supremacy
1267:
1035:
971:Ethnic conflict
943:
937:
831:Types of racism
826:
821:
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459:Statute of the
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4174:
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4159:
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4157:
4152:
4147:
4139:
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4132:
4127:
4125:Social Charter
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4098:
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4086:
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3708:
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3665:
3663:
3658:Crimes against
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
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3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3440:Reverse racism
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Prisoner abuse
3407:
3402:
3400:Power distance
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
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3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Ethnic penalty
3315:
3314:
3313:
3311:Neurodiversity
3308:
3298:
3296:Dehumanization
3293:
3288:
3286:Cisnormativity
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3264:Related topics
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
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3222:
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3212:
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3124:
3122:State religion
3119:
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3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:Nuremberg Laws
3055:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Ghetto benches
2997:
2995:Gerrymandering
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Gender pay gap
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2934:Discriminatory
2931:
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2897:
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2812:
2811:
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2805:
2800:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Lavender scare
2760:
2758:Kill Haole Day
2755:
2753:Indian rolling
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
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2681:
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2646:
2641:
2639:Eliminationism
2636:
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2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
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2586:
2581:
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2574:Cancel culture
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2545:Manifestations
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2441:Middle Eastern
2438:
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2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
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2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2178:Zoroastrianism
2175:
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2143:
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2124:
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2105:Untouchability
2102:
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2010:
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1995:
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1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
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1938:
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1931:Leprosy stigma
1928:
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1633:Discrimination
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1596:
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1593:
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1548:Reverse racism
1545:
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1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Racial figleaf
1518:
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1503:
1498:
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1439:Related topics
1436:
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1405:
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1398:Middle Eastern
1395:
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1373:
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1371:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:United Kingdom
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
942:Manifestations
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
828:
827:
822:
820:
819:
812:
805:
797:
789:
788:
776:
764:
755:
723:
708:
696:
684:
665:
645:
613:
601:
569:
536:
535:
533:
530:
521:
520:
515:
508:
505:
468:
465:
455:
452:
448:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
366:
357:
352:
349:
333:United Kingdom
319:
316:
314:
311:
301:
298:
272:
269:
267:
264:
242:
239:
221:
218:
210:United Kingdom
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4826:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Slave trading
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Social stigma
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:State atheism
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Jim Crow laws
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:One-drop rule
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Blood quantum
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Victimisation
2898:
2896:
2895:Trans bashing
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Religious war
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Racialization
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Glass ceiling
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Ethnic hatred
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Counter-jihad
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:United States
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:United States
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Protestantism
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:LDS or Mormon
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Transmisogyny
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Gerontophobia
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Anti-intersex
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Anti-albinism
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Institutional
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Wine industry
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:South America
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:United States
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:North America
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
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43:This article
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4079:Regional law
4078:
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3647:Rome Statute
3328:Gender-blind
3215:Human rights
3043:Racial quota
3030:
3010:Jewish quota
2990:Gerontocracy
2985:Gender roles
2963:Disabilities
2948:Blood purity
2920:Wife selling
2910:White flight
2890:Slut-shaming
2870:Scapegoating
2788:Murder music
2461:Palestinians
2274:South Africa
2259:Black people
2237:South Africa
2058:Christianity
2048:Baháʼí Faith
1976:Sectarianism
1916:Heterosexism
1881:Ephebiphobia
1846:Antisemitism
1841:Anti-Masonry
1708:Hair texture
1541:in Australia
1531:Racial quota
1175:Soviet Union
1118:Saudi Arabia
1059:South Africa
986:Ethnic slurs
981:Ethnic jokes
883:Internalized
779:
767:
758:
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637:. Retrieved
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585:legal.un.org
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329:South Africa
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206:South Africa
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3230:Nonviolence
3225:LGBT rights
3190:Empowerment
3158:Anti-racism
3080:Segregation
3025:No kid zone
2825:Persecution
2738:Hate speech
2689:Gay bashing
2664:Ethnic joke
2619:Dog whistle
2564:Blood libel
2254:Azerbaijani
2158:Neopaganism
2151:Persecution
2117:Persecution
2100:Persecution
2063:Catholicism
1998:Transphobia
1981:Supremacism
1936:Lesbophobia
1851:Aporophobia
1811:Anti-autism
1662:Taste-based
1657:Statistical
1456:Anti-racism
1197:Middle East
1091:South Korea
1086:North Korea
1001:Hate speech
923:Substantive
903:Neocolonial
413:article VII
167:Signatories
4238:Categories
3711:Starvation
3504:Stereotype
3499:Speciesism
3380:Oppression
3375:Oikophobia
3271:Allophilia
3255:Toleration
3112:Sodomy law
3005:Internment
2925:Witch-hunt
2803:Blackhawks
2733:Hate group
2721:Hate crime
2694:Gendercide
2684:Freak show
2674:Excellence
2634:Employment
2604:Defamation
2536:Vietnamese
2531:Venezuelan
2421:Lithuanian
2090:Falun Gong
2025:Xenophobia
2020:Vegaphobia
2003:Non-binary
1961:Pedophobia
1926:Homophobia
1738:Skin color
1698:Disability
1671:Attributes
1652:Structural
1335:Vietnamese
1108:Arab world
1006:Hate group
996:Hate crime
933:Xenophobia
913:Scientific
898:Linguistic
639:2022-01-04
595:2022-01-04
532:References
446:all States
409:apartheid.
335:, and the
80:newspapers
4244:Apartheid
4101:European
3716:War crime
3477:Christian
3405:Prejudice
3353:Masculism
3301:Diversity
3095:religious
3070:Redlining
2669:Ethnocide
2629:Education
2521:Ukrainian
2456:Pakistani
2446:Mongolian
2369:Australia
2351:Hungarian
2306:Colombian
2286:Bulgarian
2168:Rastafari
2122:Ahmadiyya
2035:Religious
2013:Trans men
1971:Pregnancy
1906:Gayphobia
1901:Fatphobia
1796:Acephobia
1791:Arophobia
1775:Viewpoint
1516:Race card
1451:Alt-right
1251:Argentina
1212:Palestine
1130:Australia
956:Apartheid
944:of racism
467:Aftermath
230:apartheid
162:Effective
159:Condition
151:Effective
3969:(UNDROP)
3937:(UNDRIP)
3684:Genocide
3534:Category
3516:The talk
3452:Snobbery
3370:Net bias
3200:Feminism
3127:Ugly law
2968:Catholic
2936:policies
2783:Mortgage
2778:Lynching
2709:examples
2704:Genocide
2624:Economic
2609:Democide
2569:Bullying
2486:Romanian
2451:Nigerian
2401:Japanese
2331:Georgian
2316:Filipino
2249:Assyrian
2222:Armenian
2212:American
2207:Albanian
2189:National
2173:Yazidism
2095:Hinduism
2053:Buddhism
1956:Nepotism
1951:Misogyny
1946:Misandry
1871:Cronyism
1866:Clannism
1861:Biphobia
1801:Adultism
1718:Language
1571:Category
1486:Lynching
1461:Casteism
1306:Japanese
1165:Portugal
1096:Thailand
1064:Zimbabwe
928:Symbolic
918:Societal
908:Romantic
873:Gendered
853:Cultural
843:Colorism
838:Aversive
633:Archived
589:Archived
507:See also
450:Source:
351:Articles
325:Portugal
212:and the
202:Portugal
146:New York
143:Location
3931:(DEVAW)
3925:(DEDAW)
3594:Sources
3544:Commons
3323:Figleaf
2748:Housing
2516:Turkish
2466:Pashtun
2436:Mexican
2416:Kurdish
2396:Italian
2391:Israeli
2341:Haitian
2326:Finnish
2301:Chinese
2296:Chechen
2291:Catalan
2281:Bengali
2202:African
2187:Ethnic/
2146:Judaism
2137:Sunnism
2127:Shi'ism
2043:Atheism
1876:Elitism
1765:Species
1703:Genetic
1693:Dialect
1581:Commons
1491:Passing
1446:Ableism
1369:Mexican
1289:Chinese
1185:Ukraine
1150:Germany
1140:Denmark
1101:Vietnam
562:21 July
439:request
224:As the
220:History
175:Parties
94:scholar
3958:(VDPA)
3904:(UDHR)
3701:Piracy
3509:threat
3363:autism
3100:sexual
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2973:Jewish
2830:Pogrom
2808:Chiefs
2798:Braves
2526:Uyghur
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2476:Quebec
2471:Polish
2411:Korean
2406:Jewish
2374:Canada
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2346:Hazara
2321:Fulani
2232:France
2197:Afghan
2132:Sufism
1856:Audism
1784:Social
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1413:Slavic
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1403:Muslim
1376:Jewish
1323:Korean
1284:Asians
1256:Brazil
1239:Mexico
1229:Canada
1217:Turkey
1207:Israel
1170:Russia
1160:Poland
1145:France
1135:Europe
1054:Africa
888:Patent
868:Formal
848:Covert
824:Racism
454:Legacy
331:, the
208:, the
133:ICSPCA
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3487:white
2840:Purge
2506:Tatar
2431:Māori
2426:Malay
2386:Irish
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2311:Croat
2269:China
2227:Asian
2112:Islam
1986:White
1723:Looks
1688:Class
1683:Caste
1640:Forms
1591:Index
1352:Women
1342:Black
1261:Chile
1180:Spain
1155:Italy
1123:Sudan
1113:Libya
1081:Japan
1076:China
858:Cyber
552:(PDF)
101:JSTOR
87:books
3482:male
3281:Bias
2726:LGBT
2511:Thai
2491:Serb
2356:Igbo
2217:Arab
1991:Male
1770:Size
1750:Rank
1393:LGBT
1279:Arab
1202:Iran
1071:Asia
564:2020
558:. UN
495:The
184:The
73:news
3085:age
1755:Sex
1678:Age
178:110
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