537:
their effect from the voluntary decisions of property owners to erect, alter, add to, or demolish a building in a jurisdiction where a building code applies, because these circumstances routinely require a permit. The plans are subject to review for compliance with current building codes as part of the permit application process. Generally, building codes are not otherwise retroactive except to correct an imminent hazard. However, accessibility standards – similar to those referenced in the model building codes – may be retroactive subject to the applicability of the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) which is a federal civil rights requirement.
541:
building often expose the entire building to the requirement to comply fully with provisions of the code applicable to the new use because the applicability of the code is use-specific. A change in use usually changes the applicability of code requirements and as such, will subject the building to review for compliance with the currently applicable codes (refer to
Section 3408, Change of Occupancy, International Building Code – 2009).
299:
already begun to rely on model building codes developed in the United States rather than developing their own. Bermuda was using codes by BOCA and
Western Samoa was using ICBO codes. ICC was thus aware that it was writing model codes for an international audience. "Calling it 'international' keeps it from being called the 'U.S. Building Code.' explains Bill Tangye, SBCCI Chief Executive Officer.
36:
291:). All these developments caused American construction professionals and manufacturers to push for a nationwide building code in the United States, so that they could waste less time and money complying with different provisions of the regional codes and could instead focus on compliance with other countries' building codes in order to compete internationally for construction projects.
524:"Accessibility" refers to the accommodation of physically challenged people in structures. This includes maneuvering from public transportation, building entry, parking spaces, elevators, and restrooms. This term replaces the term "handicapped" (handicapped parking, handicapped restroom) which is generally found to be derogatory. Accessibility can also include
563:). Other states require compliance with building and fire codes, subject to reservations, limitations, or jurisdictional discretion to protect historic building stock as a condition of nominating or listing a building for preservation or landmark status, especially where such status attracts tax credits, investment of public money, or other incentives.
630:
vehemently denied the characterization of the agreement, noting, "While home builders are among partners, they do not have disproportionate control of the Code
Council's model code development process. On the contrary, volunteer government officials with experience and expertise exercise by far the most control in the process."
680:
finding for UpCodes on many of ICC's claims of copyright infringement, holding that, as UpCodes was uploading the codes as codes enacted into law, the government edicts doctrine prevented ICC from enforcing its copyright in the model codes to prevent the uploads. After ordering a trial, ICC sued in a
440:
and the fire code addresses fire prevention in regard to the operation of a completed and occupied building. For example, the building code sets criteria for the number, size and location of exits in the design of a building while the fire code requires the exits of a completed and occupied building
330:
initially joined ICC in a collective effort to develop the
International Fire Code (IFC). This effort fell apart at the completion of the first draft of the document. Subsequent efforts by ICC and NFPA to reach agreement on this and other documents were unsuccessful, resulting in a series of disputes
294:
After three years of extensive research and development, the first edition of the
International Building Code was published in 2000. A new code edition has since been released every three years thereafter. The code was patterned on the three legacy codes previously developed by the organizations that
536:
Building code requirements generally apply to the construction of new buildings and alterations or additions to existing buildings, changes in the use of buildings, and the demolition of buildings or portions of buildings at the ends of their useful or economic lives. As such, building codes obtain
298:
The word "International" in the names of the ICC and all three of its predecessors, as well as the IBC and other ICC products, despite all 18 of the company's board members being residents of the United States, reflects the fact that a number of other countries in the
Caribbean and Latin America had
540:
Alterations and additions to an existing building must usually comply with all new requirements applicable to their scope as related to the intended use of the building as defined by the adopted code (e.g., Section 101.2 Scope, International
Building Code, any version). Some changes in the use of a
638:
The means of egress requirement of the code implies that for tall buildings, at least two staircases connected by a corridor are required. Due to this restriction, the architectural floor plans of tall buildings that comply with the code are severely limited. Buildings that follow the code usually
578:
Updated editions of the IBC are published on a three-year cycle (2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021...). This fixed schedule has led other organizations, which produce referenced standards, to align their publishing schedule with that of the IBC, such as the NEC and
California Building
419:
was elected to replace him. Upon taking office, Schwarzenegger rescinded Davis's directive, and the state adopted the IBC instead. Adopting NFPA 5000 would have caused a disparity between
California and the majority of other states which had adopted the IBC. With IBC's adoption, the legacy that
629:
that allowed the industry group, which represents the construction industry, to limit improvements in the code that would make buildings more environmentally sustainable and resistant to natural disasters, prompting a congressional investigation. The ICC, in response to a Congressional inquiry,
270:
In 1972, BOCA, SBCCI, and ICBO created the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) to prepare a national building code for residential construction. CABO's One and Two Family Dwelling Code was adopted by only a handful of U.S. jurisdictions; the rest preferred to stick with the regional
515:
The code specifies the number of exits required for a structure based on its intended use and the occupancy load (number of people who could be in the place at one time) as well as their relative locations. It also deals with special needs, such as hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons where
642:
A cascade of unintended consequences results from this restriction, such as limiting newly-built units to 1-2 bedrooms, which makes it difficult for developers to build family-sized units. Additionally, the lack of windows on the corridor side results in reduced cross-ventilation, and higher
544:
Existing buildings are not exempt from new requirements, with the IBC publishing a Building Code for existing buildings. Existing Building Codes are intended to provide alternative approaches to repair, alteration, and additions to existing buildings. At minimum, this ensures that any new
559:) to provide a means of code compliance to existing structures without forcing the owner to comply with rigid requirements of the currently adopted Building Codes where it may be technically infeasible to do so. California has also enacted a specific historic building code (see
511:
The phrase "means of egress" refers to the ability to exit the structure, primarily in the event of an emergency, such as a fire. Specifically, a means of egress is broken into three parts: the exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge (the path to a safe area outside).
271:
building codes. In 1994, BOCA, SBCCI, and ICBO merged to form the International Code Council (ICC) in order to develop a comprehensive set of building codes that would have no regional limitations: the International Codes (or I-Codes). There were several
468:
standards. Therefore, if a municipality adopts the International Building Code, it also adopts those parts of other codes referenced by the IBC. Often, the plumbing, mechanical, and electric codes are adopted along with the building code.
144:
organization, sponsored by the building trades, which was founded in 1994 through the merger of three regional model code organizations in the American construction industry. The organization creates the International Building Code (IBC), a
595:(American National Standards Institute), and NFPA (National Fire Protection Association). The structural provisions rely heavily on referenced standards, such as the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Structures published by the
156:
According to the ICC, the IBC is intended to protect public health and safety while avoiding both unnecessary costs and preferential treatment of specific materials or methods of construction. The code is updated every three years.
552:, as they do not criminalize or seek to punish past conduct. Such requirements merely prohibit the maintenance or continuance of conditions that would prove injurious to a member of the public or the broader public interest.
336:
267:. The Uniform Codes published by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) were used primarily throughout the West Coast and across a large swath of the middle of the country to most of the Midwest.
160:
The International Code Council has stirred controversy for allowing industry groups to block changes that would make building codes more environmentally sustainable and resistant to natural disasters.
332:
392:(NAHB). After several unsuccessful attempts to encourage peaceful cooperation between NFPA and ICC and resolution of their disputes over code development, a number of organizations, including
331:
between the two organizations. After several failed attempts to find common ground with the ICC, NFPA withdrew from participation in development of the International Codes and joined with the
516:
evacuating people may have special requirements. In some instances, requirements are made based on possible hazards (such as in industries) where flammable or toxic chemicals will be in use.
799:
555:
Many jurisdictions have found the application of new requirements to old, particularly historic buildings, challenging. New Jersey, for example, has adopted specific state amendments (see
400:
coalition, which repeatedly urged NFPA to abandon code development related to NFPA 5000 and to work with ICC to integrate the other NFPA codes and standards into the ICC family of codes.
1095:
1212:
828:
656:
295:
had formed ICC. By the year 2000, ICC had completed the International Codes series and ceased development of the legacy codes in favor of their national successors.
639:
have windows on only one side of units, embedded in an exterior wall, while two walls divide the unit from adjacent units and the opposite wall faces the corridor.
1056:
412:
1187:
672:
In 2017, ICC sued a private, for-profit company, UpCodes, in response to that company's posting of copies of ICC's model codes. Following discovery, Judge
53:
808:
1162:
1001:
153:. Despite its name, the International Code Council is not an international organization nor does it consistently follow international best practices.
600:
677:
252:
196:
731:
626:
592:
389:
378:
248:
220:
567:
548:
Although such remedial enactments address existing conditions, they do not violate the United States Constitution's ban on the adoption of
465:
327:
767:
445:). The International Building Code applies to all structures in areas where it is adopted, except for one and two family dwellings (see
100:
596:
276:
72:
606:
Changes in parts of the reference standard can result in disconnection between the corresponding editions of the reference standards.
476:
1014:
978:
948:
119:
1236:
79:
1340:
393:
385:
836:
587:
Model building codes rely heavily on referenced standards as published and promulgated by other standards organizations such as
256:
1119:
384:
The NFPA's move to introduce a competing building standard received strong opposition from powerful trade groups such as the
57:
1077:
86:
1261:
457:
184:
263:
of the United States. The Standard Codes from the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) were used in the
681:
separate action, alleging false-advertising and unfair-competition claims; that separate lawsuit was dismissed in 2021.
68:
879:
453:
178:
340:
446:
264:
255:. The National Codes developed by the Building Officials Code Administrators International (BOCA) were used on the
46:
1299:
190:
441:
to be unblocked. The building code also deals with access for the disabled and structural stability (including
358:
1038:
861:
433:
1335:
1137:
560:
370:
461:
284:
141:
308:
BOCA National Building Code (BOCA/NBC) by the Building Officials Code Administrators International (BOCA)
1345:
416:
366:
311:
93:
746:
1284:
283:, and the EU's efforts to unify standards for building design, construction, and materials across the
1020:
665:
has published a substantial portion of the enacted building codes on-line, and they are available as
545:
construction maintains the current level of compliance or are improved to meet basic safety levels.
411:
had adopted the NFPA 5000 codes as a baseline for the future California Building Code, but in 2003,
662:
146:
690:
621:
588:
904:
711:
774:
353:
1330:
1010:
974:
944:
938:
727:
549:
968:
651:
Many states or municipalities in the United States of America adopt the ICC family of codes.
719:
374:
862:"Secret Deal Helped Housing Industry Stop Tougher Rules on Climate Change (Published 2019)"
381:-established policies and procedures for the development of voluntary consensus standards.
17:
1213:"Opinion: Here's how Iowa City could get more efficient, less chunky, apartment buildings"
525:
429:
317:
Standard Building Code (SBC) by the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI)
673:
343:
to create an alternative set of codes. First published in 2002, the code set named the
280:
973:(3rd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 20.
880:"The 'Scandal' That Might Completely Upend A System America Has Relied On For Decades"
149:, which has been adopted for use as a base code standard by most jurisdictions in the
1324:
710:
Marantz, Nicholas J.; Ben-Joseph, Eran (2011), Tiesdell, Steve; Adams, David (eds.),
570:
does not exempt it from compliance with state or local building code requirements.
240:
236:
150:
420:
ICBO had started in California and headquartered in Whittier, California continues.
807:. New York: Center for Building in North America. pp. 101–102. Archived from
1188:"How allowing single-staircase buildings could change Virginia's housing market"
472:
The code book itself (2000 edition) totals over 700 pages and chapters include:
442:
35:
1078:"Opinion | What Will Happen to Your Next Home if Builders Get Their Way?"
723:
712:"The Business of Codes: Urban Design Regulation in an Entrepreneurial Society"
408:
404:
272:
1237:"Toronto Residential Building Is Our New Poster Child for Sustainable Design"
235:
Since the early twentieth century, the system of building regulations in the
288:
556:
362:
357:
building code as its centerpiece and several companion codes such as the
337:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
260:
1303:
396:, BOMA and two dozen commercial real estate associations, founded the
275:
developments that led to the founding of ICC: the ratification of the
599:(ASCE-7) and the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings by the
1163:"A tip from Europe: To build better rentals, rethink the corridors"
490:
Fire protection systems (sprinkler system requirements and design)
666:
428:
A large portion of the International Building Code deals with
333:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
29:
314:
by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
937:
Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David A.; Madsen, David P. (2011).
1009:(13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. August 15, 2001.
27:
Building code developed by the International Code Council
768:"International Codes – Adoption by State (October 2016)"
247:
model code groups and adopted in a piecemeal fashion by
943:(6th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. p. 156.
643:
construction costs due to less efficient use of space.
436:
in that the IBC addresses fire prevention in regard to
452:
Parts of the code reference other codes including the
716:
Urban Design in the Real Estate Development Process
205:
International Wildland Urban Interface Code (IWUIC)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
214:International Private Sewage Disposal Code (IPSDC)
1262:"The Single-Staircase Radicals Have a Good Point"
1003:The Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice
226:International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC)
1125:. International Code Council. February 2, 2021.
1039:"Builders win latest tiff over building codes"
657:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
211:International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC)
377:. Unlike the IBC, the NFPA 5000 conformed to
8:
1101:. energycommerce.house.gov. January 19, 2021
1138:"How to build more apartments for families"
1057:"2015 International Existing Building Code"
625:story revealed a secret agreement with the
208:International Existing Building Code (IEBC)
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
860:Flavelle, Christopher (October 26, 2019).
654:In the wake of the Federal copyright case
579:Code (2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017...).
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
962:
960:
601:American Institute of Steel Construction
718:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 114–136,
702:
487:Foundation, wall, and roof construction
561:2001 California Historic Building Code
197:International Energy Conservation Code
1037:LeClaire, Jennifer (April 24, 2005).
627:National Association of Home Builders
390:National Association of Home Builders
221:International Green Construction Code
7:
855:
853:
823:
821:
568:National Register of Historic Places
466:National Fire Protection Association
328:National Fire Protection Association
172:International Residential Code (IRC)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1076:Gillis, Justin (January 21, 2021).
905:"International Codes and Standards"
597:American Society of Civil Engineers
557:New Jersey's Rehabilitation Subcode
277:North American Free Trade Agreement
829:"2015 International Building Code"
634:Double-loaded corridor floor plans
477:Building occupancy classifications
388:(AIA), BOMA International and the
322:Competing codes and final adoption
25:
940:Architectural Drafting and Design
566:The listing of a building on the
169:International Building Code (IBC)
386:American Institute of Architects
34:
747:"Florida Building Code Q&A"
341:Western Fire Chiefs Association
217:International Zoning Code (IZC)
45:needs additional citations for
967:Jones, A. Maurice Jr. (2021).
493:Materials used in construction
447:International Residential Code
432:. It differs from the related
413:Davis was recalled from office
1:
1136:Justus, Andrew (2022-12-20).
458:International Mechanical Code
345:Comprehensive Consensus Codes
185:International Mechanical Code
175:International Fire Code (IFC)
1260:Grabar, Henry (2021-12-23).
1186:Gordon, Wyatt (2022-05-05).
202:ICC Performance Code (ICCPC)
69:"International Code Council"
1286:293 F.3d 791 (5th Cir. 2002
1161:Lorinc, John (2022-08-19).
1043:Sacramento Business Journal
502:Means of egress (see below)
499:Already existing structures
454:International Plumbing Code
312:Uniform Building Code (UBC)
191:International Fuel Gas code
179:International Plumbing Code
140:) is an American nonprofit
18:International Building Code
1362:
481:Building heights and areas
403:Initially, under Governor
134:International Code Council
724:10.1002/9781444341188.ch6
496:Elevators and escalators
359:National Electrical Code
239:has been based on model
1341:International standards
1217:Iowa City Press-Citizen
970:Fire Protection Systems
798:Smith, Stephen (2024).
438:construction and design
434:International Fire Code
371:Uniform Mechanical Code
279:, the formation of the
591:(ASTM International),
462:National Electric Code
285:European Single Market
1120:"ICC Response Letter"
417:Arnold Schwarzenegger
367:Uniform Plumbing Code
1026:on November 9, 2012.
583:Referenced standards
54:improve this article
1300:"Bulk.resource.org"
661:, the organization
532:Existing structures
259:and throughout the
243:developed by three
147:model building code
1167:The Globe and Mail
1082:The New York Times
866:The New York Times
691:Building officials
365:Life Safety Code,
833:codes.iccsafe.org
733:978-1-4051-9219-4
603:(ANSI/AISC 360).
550:ex post facto law
484:Interior finishes
339:(ASHRAE) and the
253:state governments
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1353:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
1296:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1192:Virginia Mercury
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1019:. Archived from
1008:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
964:
955:
954:
934:
919:
918:
916:
915:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
876:
870:
869:
857:
848:
847:
845:
844:
835:. Archived from
825:
816:
815:
814:on July 8, 2024.
813:
806:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
779:
773:. Archived from
772:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
743:
737:
736:
707:
615:Code Development
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1142:Niskanen Center
1135:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1006:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
981:
966:
965:
958:
951:
936:
935:
922:
913:
911:
903:
902:
898:
889:
887:
878:
877:
873:
859:
858:
851:
842:
840:
827:
826:
819:
811:
804:
797:
796:
792:
783:
781:
777:
770:
766:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
744:
740:
734:
709:
708:
704:
699:
687:
663:Public Resource
649:
636:
617:
612:
585:
576:
534:
526:home automation
522:
509:
507:Means of egress
430:fire prevention
426:
398:Get It Together
351:, includes the
324:
305:
233:
166:
164:ICC Model Codes
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Building codes
1333:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1291:
1277:
1252:
1228:
1203:
1178:
1153:
1128:
1111:
1087:
1068:
1048:
1029:
1015:
993:
979:
956:
949:
920:
896:
871:
849:
817:
790:
759:
738:
732:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
686:
683:
674:Victor Marrero
648:
645:
635:
632:
622:New York Times
616:
613:
611:
608:
584:
581:
575:
574:Updating cycle
572:
533:
530:
528:type systems.
521:
518:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
464:, and various
425:
422:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
309:
304:
301:
281:European Union
241:building codes
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
173:
170:
165:
162:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1306:on 2008-10-15
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1016:9780471419693
1012:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
982:
980:9781284180138
976:
972:
971:
963:
961:
957:
952:
950:9781435481626
946:
942:
941:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
921:
910:
906:
900:
897:
885:
881:
875:
872:
867:
863:
856:
854:
850:
839:on 2016-10-30
838:
834:
830:
824:
822:
818:
810:
803:
802:
794:
791:
780:on 2016-12-20
776:
769:
763:
760:
748:
742:
739:
735:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:
696:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
658:
652:
646:
644:
640:
633:
631:
628:
624:
623:
614:
610:Controversies
609:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
573:
571:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
531:
529:
527:
520:Accessibility
519:
517:
513:
506:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
439:
435:
431:
423:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:(IAPMO), the
334:
329:
321:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:United States
230:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
163:
161:
158:
154:
152:
151:United States
148:
143:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2012
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1346:Safety codes
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1294:
1285:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1211:Wu, Austin.
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1096:"ICC Letter"
1090:
1081:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1032:
1021:the original
1002:
996:
984:. Retrieved
969:
939:
912:. Retrieved
908:
899:
888:. Retrieved
886:. 2024-02-05
883:
874:
865:
841:. Retrieved
837:the original
832:
809:the original
800:
793:
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
762:
750:. Retrieved
741:
715:
705:
671:
655:
653:
650:
641:
637:
620:
618:
605:
586:
577:
565:
554:
547:
543:
539:
535:
523:
514:
510:
471:
451:
437:
427:
402:
397:
383:
352:
348:
344:
325:
303:Legacy codes
297:
293:
269:
244:
234:
159:
155:
137:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
443:earthquakes
1325:Categories
1310:2008-11-01
1271:2023-03-20
1246:2023-01-16
1241:Treehugger
1222:2023-01-16
1197:2023-01-16
1172:2023-01-16
1147:2023-01-16
1105:2021-01-25
1062:2016-12-10
986:8 November
914:2023-07-27
909:ICC Global
890:2024-02-14
843:2016-12-10
784:2016-12-10
697:References
409:California
405:Gray Davis
273:free trade
257:East Coast
80:newspapers
801:Elevators
647:Copyright
354:NFPA 5000
289:Eurocodes
265:Southeast
142:standards
1331:Building
884:HuffPost
685:See also
678:a ruling
424:Overview
363:NFPA 101
245:regional
676:issued
619:A 2019
261:Midwest
231:History
94:scholar
1013:
977:
947:
752:Oct 9,
730:
659:, Inc.
460:, the
456:, the
375:NFPA 1
373:, and
223:(IgCC)
199:(IECC)
193:(IFGC)
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1266:Slate
1123:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
1007:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
347:, or
287:(the
249:local
187:(IMC)
181:(IPC)
101:JSTOR
87:books
1011:ISBN
988:2021
975:ISBN
945:ISBN
754:2016
728:ISBN
667:PDFs
593:ANSI
589:ASTM
415:and
379:ANSI
326:The
251:and
132:The
73:news
720:doi
449:).
394:AIA
138:ICC
56:by
1327::
1264:.
1239:.
1215:.
1190:.
1165:.
1140:.
1080:.
1041:.
959:^
923:^
907:.
882:.
864:.
852:^
831:.
820:^
726:,
714:,
669:.
407:,
369:,
361:,
349:C3
1313:.
1289:)
1274:.
1249:.
1225:.
1200:.
1175:.
1150:.
1108:.
1084:.
1065:.
1045:.
990:.
953:.
917:.
893:.
868:.
846:.
787:.
756:.
722::
136:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
