421:(1941) against racial discrimination in the US defense industry. However, "black union members were a minuscule group within the ILWU hierarchy", with the few exceptions concentrated in the Oakland locale, which had an even larger black membership than San Francisco. Also, by the own admission of Richard Lynden, the San Francisco locale's president, the ILWU failed to work on the upgrading (promotion) of its black members. Still, in the judgement of historian Albert S. Broussard, "as far as blacks were concerned, the ILWU stood head and shoulders above other Bay Area locals in virtually every respect" during World War II. As the union extended membership to more and more workers during the war, it would experience incredible growth. Counting roughly 25,000 dues paying members at its inception, the union's rolls expanded to over 65,000 at the end of World War II due to a boost in wartime production and a successful campaign to organize warehouse workers away from the ports.
640:
697:
unsafe circumstances arise ... the union must protect the safety of its members in the workplace." An ILWU spokesman said workers were not prepared to become involved because of safety issues related to the size of the demonstration and the heavy police presence. However, several news reports and blogs claimed that some members from ILWU Locals 34 and 10 openly supported the protesters. On August 21, the
349:, made contacts with like-minded activists at other ports. They pressed demands for a coastwide contract, a union-run hiring hall and an industrywide waterfront federation and led the membership in rejecting the weak "gentlemen's agreement" that the conservative ILA leadership had negotiated with the employers. When the employers offered to arbitrate, but only on the condition that the union agree to the
409:
544:
510:
790:, ILWU said that their members will not load or unload any Russian cargo in 29 ports across the United States. The president said that "“With this action in solidarity with the people of Ukraine, we send a message that we unequivocally condemn the Russian invasion." The ILWU was part of the global industrial boycott of port and maritime workers against Russian-flagged ships and cargo.
883:
297:
676:(AFL-CIO). The ILWU said that members of other AFL–CIO unions were crossing its picket lines, and the AFL–CIO had done nothing to stop it. The ILWU also cited the AFL–CIO's willingness to compromise on key policies such as labor law reform, immigration reform, and health care reform. The longshoremen's union said it would become an independent union.
38:
451:
Expulsion had no real effect, however, on either the ILWU or
Bridges' power within it. The organization continued to negotiate agreements, with less strife than in the 1930s and 1940s, and Bridges continued to be reelected without serious opposition. The International Fishermen and Allied Workers of
318:
Longshoremen on the West Coast ports had either been unorganized or represented by company unions since the years immediately after World War I, when the shipping companies and stevedoring firms had imposed the open shop after a series of failed strikes. Longshoremen in San
Francisco, then the major
1669:
The date is known as "Juneteenth" and saw 29 ports shut down for eight hours as the
International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) pledged support for all those fighting structural racism and inequality. It followed a previous stoppage on June 9 when union members downed tools for eight minutes
459:
Bridges had difficulty giving up his position in the ILWU, even though he explored the possibility of merging it with the ILA or the
Teamsters in the early 1970s. He finally retired in 1977, but only after ensuring that Louis Goldblatt, the long-time Secretary-Treasurer of the union and his logical
395:
The union won most of its demands in that arbitration proceeding. Those it did not win outright it gained through hundreds of job actions after the strikers returned to work, as the union gradually wrested control over the pace of work and the employer's power to hire and fire from the shipping and
455:
The agreement, however, highlighted the lesser status that less senior members, known as "B-men", enjoyed. Bridges reacted uncharacteristically defensively to these workers' complaints, which were given additional sting by the fact that many of the "B-men" were black. The additional longshore work
452:
America joined with the union in the 1950s. The union negotiated a groundbreaking agreement in 1960 that permitted the extensive mechanization of the docks, significantly reducing the number of longshore workers in return for generous job guarantees and benefits for those displaced by the changes.
1639:
A federal judge has ruled that the union owes ICTSI "the lost profits, lower operating costs, or both that would be reasonably anticipated 'but for' ILWU's unlawful labor practices." In court papers filed Friday, ICTSI placed its damages at between $ 42 million and $ 142 million, which the union
696:
participated. The AROC claimed to have been supported by ILWU dockworkers who refused to unload the ship's cargo, stating that "Workers honored our picket and stood on the side of justice." However, the union denied this saying it had taken no position on the conflict in Gaza "but in cases when
1127:
In 2017, ICTSI Oregon paid $ 20 million to exit its 25-year lease to operate the terminal, an expense included in the $ 135 million in damages the company sought from the union. ... The jury took just 3 1/2 hours to return the verdict and $ 94-million award, with the ILWU liable for 55% of the
1099:
But the port workers — who still queue up at hiring halls daily for work and spend years earning full membership — stand guard over a crucial chokepoint in the global economy. For decades these "lords of the docks" have been paid like blue-collar royalty. ... The first was negotiating a single
1152:
The longshore union has become the aristocrat of the working class; a top member can earn over well over $ 100,000 a year with excellent benefits. The jobs are so good that it's almost as tough to get in the ILWU as it is to get into
Stanford; thousands apply for vacancies, sometimes tens of
740:, while "clerks" earned an average of $ 153,000 in Seattle and $ 159,000 in Tacoma, and "foremen" in Seattle and Tacoma averaged $ 204,000. The union stated that this average pay does not include "casual" (part-time) workers, who are not union members and earn a minimum of $ 26 per hour.
655:
a 'No Peace, No Work' holiday." On May 1, more than 10,000 ILWU members from all 29 West Coast ports voluntarily stopped work, with some attending rallies held by the ILWU where the union called for working-class people to withhold their labor to protest the war. The employer, the
2217:
757:
terminal, and resulted in all shippers ceasing to use the terminal. In March 2020, the judge reduced the amount to $ 19 million. ICTS declined the reduced award, and opted to continue litigating its claims of $ 42 - $ 142 million in a trial scheduled for
February 2024.
1582:
The jury found the
International Longshore and Warehouse Union and Local 8, the Portland chapter, engaged in unlawful labor practices at times between Aug. 14, 2013 and March 31, 2017. The jury also found those labor practices were a major factor in causing damages to
456:
produced by the
Vietnam War allowed Bridges to meet the challenge by opening up more jobs and making determined efforts to recruit black applicants. The ILWU later faced similar challenges from women, who found it even harder to enter the industry and the union.
2272:
1128:
damages and
Portland Local 8 the other 45%. The union has about $ 20 million in assets, and Local 8 has $ 150,000, according to federal filings. Longshore workers at a recent caucus meeting in San Francisco reportedly preferred bankruptcy to assessing members.
416:
The ILWU admitted
African Americans in the 1930s, and during World War II its San Francisco section alone had an estimated 800 black members, at a time when most San Francisco unions excluded black workers and resisted implementation of President Roosevelt's
804:
From July 1 to July 13, workers went on strike freezing the movement of billions of dollars worth of cargo at Canada's busiest ports. The union rejected a number of offers before voting to ratify the new deal in August. The union priorities were to address
2267:
2212:
2309:
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Central Labor Councils voted to call a general strike in support of the longshoremen, shutting down much of San Francisco and the Bay Area for four days, ending with the union's agreement to arbitrate the remaining issues in dispute.
1100:
contract covering every port from San Diego to Bellingham, Wash. That prevents shippers from playing one West Coast port against another, as sometimes happens on the East Coast, said Peter Olney, a former organizing director at ILWU.
660:, filed a complaint against the Union for conducting what it saw as an illegal work stoppage. The court agreed with the PMA and determined that the ILWU had conducted a "secondary boycott" against the PMA, which is illegal under the
752:
Oregon, won a $ 94 million jury trial verdict against ILWU for unlawful labor practices including "work stoppages, slowdowns, ‘safety gimmicks’ and other coercive actions" which occurred between August 2013 and March 2017 at the
2202:
673:
475:
The ILWU disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO on August 30, 2013, accusing the AFL–CIO of unwillingness to punish other unions when their members crossed ILWU picket lines and over federal legislative policy issues.
2252:
2481:
2061:
2237:
484:
The ILWU Coast Longshore Division (CLD) is the division of the union that represents (as of 2024) more than 20,000 dockworkers along the West Coast, formed in 1952 as the ILWU was expanding from
2207:
2164:
604:. The union has documented that productivity was in fact stable at that time, while the employer claims to have contradictory data. The employers responded to the slowdown with a
380:
in San Francisco between police and strikers. Two strikers were killed on July 5 by a policeman's shotgun blast into a crowd of picketers and onlookers. This incident is known as
2287:
2461:
2242:
1991:
2282:
2227:
2179:
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port on the coast, were required to go through a hiring hall operated by a company union, known as the "blue book" system for the color of the union's membership book.
2114:
1829:
1303:
2159:
2247:
2119:
713:
July 1, 2014, months-long contract negotiations with the Pacific Maritime Association were characterized by backups in West Coast ports and mutual accusations of a
717:. Base pay was about $ 35 an hour. In Southern California, the lockout slowdown caused more than twenty-five cargo ships to idle off the coast, affecting over 700
2425:
2149:
2104:
2036:
464:
137:
631:
reached a tentative agreement for a new six-year Longshore Contract in July 2008. In the following weeks, the ILWU membership voted to approve the new contract.
600:
The ILWU was accused of engaging in a slowdown of work on docks in 2002, as an alternative to a strike, to support its contract demands in negotiations with the
624:, which would effectively prevent longshore workers from striking. (This is a long-time goal of the PMA and other companies whose workers the ILWU represents.)
2139:
1451:
2506:
1930:
1732:
463:
The Inlandboatmen's Union, whose members operate tugs, barges, passenger ferries and other vessels on the West Coast, and who had formerly been part of the
2304:
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2144:
335:
238:
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2192:
1707:
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837:
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1956:
1543:
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1984:
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2021:
1622:
2109:
1355:
1067:
430:
1487:
1141:
2491:
2435:
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had attempted to organize longshoremen, sailors and fishermen in the 1920s. A number of former IWW members and other militants, such as
2501:
2324:
2124:
2031:
1924:
901:
692:
instigated by the Arab Resource and Organizing Center (AROC). Approximately 500 protesters opposed to Israeli military actions in the
2471:
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2066:
1977:
1467:
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996:
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242:
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1952:
787:
339:
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1960:
323:
218:
17:
1964:
1307:
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In 2014, when the Pacific Maritime Association reported that the nationwide average ILWU union member earned $ 147,000, the
651:, the ILWU encouraged longshore workers to "shut down all West Coast ports" by walking off the job on May 1, 2008, to "make
639:
1400:
284:; its 15,000 dockworkers were paid an average of $ 171,000 in 2019. The union has been described as "the aristocrat of the
2089:
2026:
652:
643:
Longshore worker and crane operator Al Webster joined the Seattle march on May 1, 2007 to call for an end to the Iraq war.
376:. When the employers made a show of force in order to reopen the port in San Francisco, a pitched battle broke out on the
1854:
2051:
2016:
710:
661:
657:
628:
617:
601:
364:, on May 15, the employers' private guards shot and killed two strikers. Similar battles broke out in San Francisco and
269:
2420:
2367:
814:
1371:
Mongelluzzo, Bill. "(Ports) No help from Washington: congressional action to rein in the ILWU would face long odds"
1116:
1043:
2385:
2071:
1604:
1576:
810:
377:
2197:
2134:
1455:
754:
1281:
288:" and their members "lords of the docks" for their high pay and power over a choke point of the global economy.
2000:
1071:
969:
821:
767:
132:
2440:
888:
387:
When the National Guard moved in to patrol the waterfront, the picketers pulled back. The San Francisco and
616:
against both the employers and the union, and threatened to move longshore workers from coverage under the
400:. Union members also engaged in a number of sympathy strikes in support of other maritime unions' demands.
2430:
1931:
Collection Guide to the 1934 International Longshoremen's Association and General Strikes of San Francisco
467:, merged with the ILWU in 1980. The ILWU rejoined the AFL–CIO in 1988, and disaffiliated with it in 2013.
277:
1153:
thousands. "These are dream blue-collar jobs," said Craig Merrilees, the union's communications director.
1088:
833:
771:
361:
1855:"Labour minister threatens possibility of imposed agreement after B.C. port workers reject latest deal"
1599:
613:
1513:
627:
The Longshore Contract that resulted from 2002 negotiations expired on July 1, 2008. The ILWU and the
356:
The strike was a violent one: When strikers attacked the stockade in which the employers were housing
1934:
1805:
418:
840:
concerning the amount of its liability for its 2012 illegal work stoppages at the Port of Portland.
556:
522:
2339:
2329:
2319:
799:
373:
365:
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at all 29 of the U.S.'s Pacific Coast ports in solidarity with the protests sweeping the nation.
722:
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69:
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1227:
1883:
1405:
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1237:
1121:
1093:
1007:
992:
977:
959:
944:
918:
817:
621:
1830:"Trudeau convenes incident response group after B.C. port union issues renewed strike notice"
1733:"Defiant dock workers around the world are refusing to unload some oil shipments. Here's why"
2373:
441:
369:
230:
1359:
1257:
701:
docked at a different terminal, where two dozen longshoremen unloaded the cargo overnight.
1920:
1757:"B.C. port strike: Federal labour minister launches review to uncover 'structural issues'"
1426:
689:
342:
in 1933 led to an explosion in union membership in the ILA among West Coast longshoremen.
1708:"Longshore union says it stands in solidarity with Ukraine, stops handling Russian cargo"
929:
2397:
2297:
609:
388:
357:
246:
2455:
2391:
2355:
1548:
850:
729:
346:
345:
Those activists, known as the "Albion Hall group" after their usual meeting place in
327:
300:
285:
250:
222:
79:
2379:
331:
1229:
Black San Francisco : the struggle for racial equality in the West, 1900-1954
1117:"How a feud over two jobs tipped the West Coast longshore union toward bankruptcy"
552:
518:
258:
941:
Reds or Rackets?: The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront
408:
397:
265:
214:
210:
2403:
2334:
878:
775:
693:
485:
254:
114:
83:
1600:"Federal Judge Reduces Lawsuit Payout To Former Portland Terminal 6 Operator"
1051:
806:
350:
281:
66:
1969:
296:
1004:
A Terrible Anger: The 1934 Waterfront and General Strikes in San Francisco
732:
found that in 2013 "longshore employees" earned an average of $ 85,000 in
1427:"Demonstration on U.S. dock prevents workers from unloading Israeli ship"
974:
Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen and Unionism in the 1930s
714:
648:
273:
882:
1953:
International Longshore and Warehouse Union Archives and Oral Histories
1472:
733:
1488:"Simmering Labor Fight Brings Crippling Delays to West Coast Seaports"
551:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
517:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
37:
1623:"West Coast dockworkers union files for bankruptcy over port lawsuit"
1452:"Blocked Israeli cargo ship in Calif. unloads after deking activists"
1165:
1146:
782:
2022 industrial action in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
737:
718:
234:
226:
1782:"Terms of deal that ended B.C. port strike revealed | Globalnews.ca"
1670:
and 46 seconds in silent tribute to George Floyd during his funeral.
1329:
674:
American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations
2094:
1572:"Jury Awards Former Portland Container Ship Operator $ 93 Million"
638:
407:
295:
1806:"More than 7,000 B.C. port workers now on strike | Globalnews.ca"
1947:
International Longshore and Warehouse Union Library and Archives
1654:"29 US ports shut down as dockers strike in solidarity with BLM"
915:
The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941
612:
administration sought a national emergency injunction under the
1973:
1683:"20,000 West Coast port workers refuse to handle Russian cargo"
820:
stated all options were available, leaving the possibility for
18:
International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union
537:
503:
1544:"Seattle, Tacoma dockworkers earn less than reported average"
1284:. International Longshore and Warehouse Union. 29 August 2013
836:, stating it can no longer afford to keep fighting claims by
956:
Harry Bridges, The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the U.S
1946:
824:, but it was ultimately not needed to resolve the dispute.
1468:"Israeli ship's U-turn back to Oakland thwarts protesters"
943:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992.
245:, a three-month-long strike that culminated in a four-day
917:. Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970.
353:, the union struck every West Coast port on May 9, 1934.
1913:
1232:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. pp.
1089:"Small but powerful union is at center of port dispute"
1044:
Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax
2482:
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2023
1006:. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
813:
and port automation and contracting out work. Federal
460:
successor, was denied the opportunity to replace him.
188:
1258:"ILWU locals map - Mapping American Social Movements"
1166:"The hiring hall -- the heart and muscle of the ILWU"
976:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
425:
Participation in Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954
991:. New York: International Publishers Company, 1996.
2413:
2348:
2178:
2080:
2007:
1193:Robert Brenner and Suzi Weissman (August 6, 2014).
334:after coming to the United States, soon joined the
183:
170:
159:
146:
125:
113:
103:
90:
75:
62:
44:
1514:"Sailors stuck at sea turn to basketball and beer"
1617:
1615:
1593:
1591:
748:In November 2019, a terminal operations company,
1955:at various universities in California including
1537:
1535:
1142:"When S.F. waterfront was scene of bloody riots"
1110:
1108:
1082:
1080:
958:. Rev. ed. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1977.
688:was the subject of a major demonstration at the
672:In August 2013, the ILWU disaffiliated from the
608:, disallowing the workers to do their jobs. The
384:and is commemorated every year by ILWU members.
1401:"Longshore union pulls out of national AFL-CIO"
1330:"About the CLD | ILWU Coast Longshore Division"
1304:"Longshore union pulls out of national AFL-CIO"
396:stevedoring companies through the mechanism of
237:; on the East Coast, the dominant union is the
2426:International Labor Communications Association
465:Seafarers International Union of North America
404:World War II, integration of African Americans
257:, and the Bay Area. It disaffiliated from the
241:. The union was established in 1937 after the
1985:
1188:
1186:
8:
1927:, focuses on the ILWU and the US West Coast.
762:2020 George Floyd & Juneteenth shutdowns
30:
2462:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
1048:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
203:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
138:International Transport Workers' Federation
121:Pacific Longshoremen's Memorial Association
31:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
1992:
1978:
1970:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
709:After expiration of its contract with the
447:Survival outside CIO and return to AFL–CIO
29:
1087:Logan, Tim; Khouri, Andrew (2015-02-17).
750:International Container Terminal Services
330:, an Australian-born sailor who became a
336:International Longshoremen's Association
239:International Longshoremen's Association
119:International Longshore & Warehouse,
1957:California State University, Northridge
1347:
1345:
1024:
832:On October 1, 2023, the ILWU filed for
268:, has a single labor contract with the
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
766:ILWU members stood by in memorial for
684:In August 2014, the Israeli-owned ZIM
744:2019 unlawful labor practices lawsuit
7:
1356:Office of Labor-Management Standards
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1068:Office of Labor-Management Standards
431:Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954
2507:Labour disputes in British Columbia
1399:staff, Seattle Times (2013-08-31).
897:Los Angeles Port Police Association
1925:Waterfront Workers History Project
1921:Longshore Workers and Their Unions
1486:Erik Eckholm (February 12, 2015).
902:Waterfront Workers History Project
772:protest the murder of George Floyd
412:ILWU headquarters in San Francisco
276:on the west coast of the US, from
25:
2497:Trade unions in the United States
2467:1937 establishments in California
1282:"ILWU disafilliates from AFL-CIO"
314:1934 West Coast waterfront strike
308:1934 West Coast Waterfront strike
243:1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike
2487:Trade unions established in 1937
1542:Garnick, Coral (March 4, 2015).
1306:. 31 August 2013. Archived from
881:
788:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
668:2013 disaffiliation from AFL-CIO
542:
508:
340:National Industrial Recovery Act
36:
1961:University of California, Davis
1652:Sweeney, Steve (19 June 2020).
471:Disaffiliation from the AFL–CIO
324:Industrial Workers of the World
1965:San Francisco State University
930:"Dockworkers Protest Iraq War"
925:. (Originally published 1969.)
534:Finances (US records; ×$ 1000)
303:led the ILWU from 1934 to 1977
1:
1570:Wilson, Conrad (2019-11-05).
1226:Broussard, Albert S. (1993).
928:Holusha, John (May 2, 2008).
1888:Pacific Maritime Association
1512:Nash, James (6 March 2015).
1195:"Unions That Used to Strike"
1140:Nolte, Carl (July 5, 2014).
1115:Read, Richard (2019-11-29).
711:Pacific Maritime Association
662:National Labor Relations Act
658:Pacific Maritime Association
618:National Labor Relations Act
602:Pacific Maritime Association
270:Pacific Maritime Association
264:The union, which still uses
2421:Canadian Congress of Labour
213:which primarily represents
2523:
2492:Trade unions in California
2477:Port workers' trade unions
1605:Oregon Public Broadcasting
1577:Oregon Public Broadcasting
797:
680:2014 Israeli ship standoff
635:2008 May Day work stoppage
439:
428:
311:
27:North American labor union
2502:Labour disputes in Canada
2436:Trades and Labor Congress
2037:Newfoundland and Labrador
1456:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1074:submitted March 31, 2021.
755:Port of Portland (Oregon)
596:2002 slowdown and lockout
35:
2472:Canadian Labour Congress
2180:International affiliates
2001:Canadian Labour Congress
1373:Journal of Commerce Week
1358:. File number 000-202. (
822:back-to-work legislation
587:
581:
575:
569:
488:to other industries.
133:Canadian Labour Congress
2010:territorial federations
1627:The Wall Street Journal
1458:(JTA), August 21, 2014.
1070:. File number 000-202.
889:Organized labour portal
500:Membership (US records)
261:on August 30, 2013.
1352:US Department of Labor
1064:US Department of Labor
861:1994: Brian McWilliams
828:2023 bankruptcy filing
705:2014–2015 negotiations
644:
620:to coverage under the
413:
338:, when passage of the
304:
278:Bellingham, Washington
50:; 87 years ago
2441:Workers' Unity League
1518:The Salt Lake Tribune
834:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
642:
411:
362:San Pedro, California
299:
2057:Prince Edward Island
1941:Archival collections
1935:The Bancroft Library
1262:depts.washington.edu
1054:. December 31, 2014.
492:21st century history
419:Executive Order 8802
292:20th century history
272:which covers all 29
48:August 11, 1937
2082:National affiliates
1884:"Industry Overview"
939:Kimeldorf, Howard.
800:2023 BC Port strike
794:2023 BC Port Strike
786:In response to the
774:and for 8 hours on
589: Disbursements
480:Dockworker division
374:Seattle, Washington
366:Oakland, California
32:
1492:The New York Times
1476:, August 21, 2014.
1431:San Francisco Star
954:Larrowe, Charles.
934:The New York Times
913:Bernstein, Irvin.
870:2018: Willie Adams
867:2006: Bob McElrath
855:1977: Jimmy Herman
723:Overseas Filipinos
647:In protest of the
645:
414:
305:
70:labor organization
2449:
2448:
2042:Northwest/Nunavut
1629:. October 1, 2023
1406:The Seattle Times
1386:"Mynlrb.nlrb.gov"
1375:November 04, 2002
1122:Los Angeles Times
1094:Los Angeles Times
1002:Selvin, David F.
864:2000: Jim Spinoza
858:1991: David Arian
736:and $ 114,000 in
622:Railway Labor Act
577: Liabilities
564:
563:
530:
529:
199:
198:
16:(Redirected from
2514:
2374:Dennis McDermott
2362:Donald MacDonald
2022:British Columbia
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1917:
1916:
1914:Official website
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1880:
1863:
1862:
1861:. July 29, 2023.
1851:
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2218:Boilermakers
2067:Saskatchewan
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
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1838:. Retrieved
1836:. 2023-07-19
1833:
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1813:. Retrieved
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1763:. 2023-08-09
1760:
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1736:
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1714:. 2022-03-09
1711:
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1689:. 2022-03-03
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1658:Morning Star
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1497:February 13,
1495:. Retrieved
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1435:. Retrieved
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1404:
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1333:. Retrieved
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
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1204:February 13,
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1175:February 13,
1173:. Retrieved
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987:Quin, Mike.
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571: Assets
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398:hiring halls
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332:longshoreman
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266:hiring halls
263:
215:dock workers
206:
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