58:
216:
more than 60 countries were involved in the 228 international IPY projects (170 in scientific research, one in data management, and 57 in education and outreach) and related national efforts. The IPY included intensive research and observation periods in the Arctic and
Antarctic over a three-year timespan, which started 1 March 2007 and was formally concluded 12 June 2010 at the IPY Oslo Science Conference. However, many activities continued beyond that date. The IPY Science Program covered eleven areas: Polar atmosphere, Arctic ocean,
270:
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181:
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306:, Canada, with the theme âFrom knowledge to actionâ. This conference examined the global impact and implications of International Polar Year activities. The aim of the IPY Science Conference in 2012 was to help shape stewardship, sustainable development and environmental protection goals for the strategic and highly valued polar regions. In total the IPY 2012 conference received 2134 abstracts with contributions from over 45 countries.
335:
been established in 2004 by Amber Church, Tyler Kuhn, Melanie
Raymond and Hugues Lantuit to represent the needs of the youth during the fourth IPY, and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) had been established in 2006 to represent the needs and challenges faced by (post-)graduate students, post-docs, junior faculty, and research associates involved in polar research.
109:
of observations for this period. Data and images from the first IPY have recently been made available to browse and download on the internet. These records of the first IPY offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in the Arctic.
249:
chapters in five parts (Planning, Research, Observations, Outreach, and
Legacies) and brings together hundreds of contributing authors from a wide range disciplines and more than 30 countries. This broad overview demonstrates the extensive and essential contribution made by participating nations and organizations, and provides a prospective blueprint for future polar research.
286:, Norway and was organized by the WMO, ICSU, IASC and the Research Council of Norway and marked the official end of the fourth IPY. The conference aim was to celebrate and publish early results from the International Polar Year 2007â2008 (IPY) and enable direct interaction among all IPY science cluster projects. There were over 2000 participants from over 60 countries.
212:), and the organization and implementation of the main phase of this IPY took place in 2005â2009 with leadership from the newly established ICSU-WMO Joint Committee (co-chaired by Dr Michel BĂ©land and Dr Ian Allison, who was later replaced as co-chair by Prof. JerĂłnimo LĂłpez-MartĂnez), its subcommittees and the International Programme Office (led by Dr David Carlson).
843:
826:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009. This proceedings volume features the research presented at the Smithsonian at the Poles symposium, convened as part of the International Polar Year 2007â2008. Copies of this book are available for free pdf download by clicking on the included link.
4353:
334:
Following a meeting in
Stockholm at the end of September 2007, the IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) merged under a new structure while maintaining the name âAPECSâ. The IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) had
215:
The fourth IPY comprised an intense, coordinated field campaign of observations, research, and analysis. It was the largest, most comprehensive campaign ever mounted to explore the Earth's polar regions. An estimated 50,000 researchers, local observers, educators, students and support personnel from
314:
An important legacy of the IPY 2012 "From
Knowledge to Action" Conference Polar Educators Workshop, together with the education and outreach efforts of the International Polar Year 2007 â 2008, was the establishment of Polar Educators International (PEI), a vibrant network promoting polar education
108:
at
Moravian mission stations on the east coast of Labrador. Observations focused on meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure, and the motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 meteorological observatories around the world expanded the IPY programs
377:
The
International Polar Year Publications Database (IPYPD) attempts to identify and describe all publications that result from, or are about, any of the four IPYs that have been undertaken so far. The IPYPD is part of the IPY Data and Information Service (IPYDIS). The IPYPD has been created by the
148:
At an international conference of directors of meteorological services in
Copenhagen in 1928 it was decided to undertake another intensive and coordinated international research effort focused on the polar regions during 1932â1933, the 50th anniversary of the First International Polar Year. It was
22:
152:
Forty-four countries participated in the second IPY, which heralded advances in meteorology, magnetism, atmospheric science, and in the "mapping" of ionospheric phenomena that advanced radio science and technology. 27 observation stations were established in the Arctic, a vast amount of data was
248:
In 2011 the ICSU/WMO Joint
Committee for the IPY published a comprehensive summary of IPY activities entitled "Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007â2008". The report covers the development of IPY 2007â2008 for almost a decade, from 2001 to 2010. It comprises 38
85:
phenomena. Observers made coordinated geophysical measurements at multiple locations in the Arctic during the same year enabling multiple views of the same phenomena, allowing broader interpretation of the available data and validation of the results obtained.
359:
Twice yearly polar weeks continue to this day and are organized by APECS. These weeks, coinciding with the polar equinoxes, are filled with outreach activities and events designed to engage school children and the wider public in polar science.
4407:
338:
APECS aims to stimulate interdisciplinary and international research collaborations, provide opportunities for professional career development and develop effective future leaders in polar research, education and outreach.
149:
also proposed to explicitly include in the plan for the second IPY the goal to investigate how observations in the polar regions could improve the accuracy of weather forecasts and the safety of air and sea transport.
355:
To provide a platform for a continued focus on the polar regions, the IPY International
Programme Office organised Polar Weeks with the theme "What Happens at the Poles Affects Us All" in October 2009 and March 2010.
4659:
368:
Planning has begun for a fifth International Polar Year in 2032/33 following an agreement between the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).
4683:
3531:
204:(IASC), an ICSU affiliate body, promoted and helped to plan the Arctic-focused IPY research. Initial planning for the fourth IPY began in 2003 under an International Planning Group (chaired by Professor
261:, Russia, and brought together Arctic and Antarctic researchers as part of the fourth IPY. The four-day meeting comprised 29 sessions with over 1400 attendees, 550 oral presentations and 670 posters.
4611:
257:
A joint conference organized by SCAR and IASC under the overarching theme âPolar Research â Arctic and Antarctic perspectives in the International Polar Yearâ was held 8â11 July 2008 in
4293:
382:(SPRI) Library, the Discovery and Access of Historic Literature of the IPYs (DAHLI) project and NISC Export Services (NES). As of February 2016, the database contains 6,724 records.
81:, director of the German Maritime Observatory. Rather than settling for traditional individual and national efforts, they pushed for a coordinated scientific approach to researching
49:
was inspired by the IPY and was organized 75 years after the first IPY (1957â58). The fourth, and most recent, IPY covered two full annual cycles from March 2007 to March 2009.
45:, an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, motivated the endeavor in 1875, but died before it first occurred in 1882â1883. Fifty years later (1932â1933) a second IPY took place. The
315:
and research to a global community. This includes a formal network of professionals involved in science education focused on promoting excellence in teaching polar science.
588:. University of the Arctic, Rovaniemi, Finland /CCI Press (Printed Version), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for International Polar Year 2007â2008.
4431:
832:
Allison, I. et al. 2007. The scope of science for the International Polar Year 2007â2008. WMO Technical Document, 1364. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization. 79 p.
4539:
4137:
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161:, the plan of erecting a network of stations in Antarctica had to be abandoned. Also, a great amount of data generated in this year was lost due to Second World War.
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197:
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240:, Earth structure and geodynamics at the poles, Polar terrestrial ecology and biodiversity, Polar societies and social processes and Human health.
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Historical Arctic data and images from the explorers of the First International Polar Year are available for browsing and download, from NOAA
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Krupnik, I., Allison, I., Bell, R., Cutler, P., Hik, D., LĂłpez-MartĂnez, J., Rachold, V., Sarukhanian, E. & Summerhayes, C. Eds. 2011.
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Building on the previous IPY Science Conference in Oslo, the IPY steering committee organized a science conference (22â27 April 2012) in
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200:(SCAR), an interdisciplinary body of ICSU assumed responsibility for coordinating all IPY-related Antarctic research, and the
57:
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170:
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of the Earth needed more study. The availability of airplanes, motorized sea and land transport and new instruments like
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137:, radio and electric power and telephone lines convinced engineers and scientists of the fact that the electrical
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93:, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States.
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2014:
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Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS), the Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP), the
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collected and a world data center was created under the organization that eventually came to be called the
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An IPY initiative to investigate the distribution and abundance of Antarctica's vast marine biodiversity.
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Allison, I. et al. 2009. The State of Polar Research. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization. 12 p.
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343:, as the Founding Director of APECS, established the organisations first international secretariat in
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It took seven years to organize the first IPY which had eleven participating nations: the
2609:
877:
781:
Polar Science and Global Climate: An International Resource for Education & Outreach
319:, co-chair of the IPY Education and Outreach Committee was one of the founding members.
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1337:
1325:
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1100:
1053:
918:
First International Polar Year 1881â1884: Arctic Climate in Historical Perspective
205:
38:
62:
4091:
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3939:
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IPY Interview and Article Series â SciencePoles â International Polar Foundation
728:
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142:
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37:) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research focus on the
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633:
488:
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237:
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1801:
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165:
International Geophysical Year (1957â58) (Also referred to as the Third IPY)
134:
101:
962:
The International Polar Year (IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study
823:
Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science
887:
Features IPY research related to the six poles of the Earth, Moon and Mars
842:
579:
Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007â2008
3344:
751:"Association of Polar Early Career Scientists â International Polar Week"
225:
105:
966:
3971:
3351:
2138:
1616:
1592:
1580:
129:(WMO), proposed and promoted the second IPY (1932â1933). Shortly after
125:
The International Meteorological Organization, the predecessor of the
2217:
1542:
979:
Ninth International Conference on Permafrost â June 29 â July 3, 2008
97:
82:
994:
967:
Polar Research Information from Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution
1603:
288:
268:
179:
116:
56:
900:
874:
Features IPY activities supported by the United States Government
602:
500:
283:
4119:
2794:
1036:
998:
866:
855:
U.S. National Research Council International Polar Year website
854:
253:
SCAR/IASC Open Science Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2008
990:
Encyclopedia Arctica: First International Polar Year (1882â83)
4312:
Peoplesâ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War
801:"Planning for the 5th International Polar Year (IPY) 2032â33"
654:
599:"IPY Montreal â Polar Year Conference for medical treatments"
104:. Six additional meteorological stations were organized by
820:
Krupnik, Igor, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller, eds.
467:
16:
Efforts with intensive research focus on the polar regions
121:
Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 1932â33 Polar Year
96:
The aforementioned countries operated 12 stations in the
675:
525:
323:
The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS)
293:
Peter Harrison opens the IPY 2012 conference in Montreal
69:
The First International Polar Year was proposed by an
923:
676:"Association of Polar Early Career Scientists â Home"
550:
364:
A Planned Fifth International Polar Year (2032â2033)
3772:
3503:
3090:
2830:
2203:
1734:
1579:
1077:
906:
Canada and the International Polar Year Application
404:
The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs)
282:The IPY Science Conference was held 8â12 June in
464:"International Polar Year Publications Database"
188:The fourth IPY (2007â2008) was sponsored by the
4246:Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa
941:International Action on Global Warming project.
551:"Home â International Arctic Science Committee"
176:The Fourth International Polar Year (2007â2008)
113:The Second International Polar Year (1932â1933)
373:International Polar Year Publications Database
53:The First International Polar Year (1882â1883)
4131:
1010:
954:'s Dan Zwartz, an Earth Scientist working in
8:
4660:Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
4204:Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice
329:Association of Polar Early Career Scientists
145:enabled these phenomena to be investigated.
331:(APECS) was founded during the fourth IPY.
4684:Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development
4408:Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition
4138:
4124:
4116:
2804:
2791:
1046:
1033:
1017:
1003:
995:
198:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
939:Association of Science-Technology Centers
4075:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
20:
3650:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
458:
456:
390:
4738:Volunteers for Sustainable Development
4588:Solidarity with the Palestinian People
573:
571:
202:International Arctic Science Committee
655:"PEI â Polar Educators International"
7:
848:International Polar Year (2007-2008)
4672:Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture
4618:Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
4612:Sustainable Tourism for Development
3436:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1633:Norse colonization of North America
2965:United States Exploring Expedition
932:2007 Stamp sheet commemorating IPY
489:The First International Polar Year
14:
4750:Sustainable and Resilient Tourism
4039:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
3407:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
194:World Meteorological Organization
190:International Council for Science
155:World Meteorological Organization
127:World Meteorological Organization
4702:Dialogue as a Guarantee of Peace
4690:Sustainable Mountain Development
3933:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3326:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
841:
273:Joint Committee at IPY Oslo 2010
924:Census of Antarctic Marine Life
4582:Small Island Developing States
901:International Polar Foundation
380:Scott Polar Research Institute
171:International Geophysical Year
47:International Geophysical Year
1:
3312:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3247:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
867:International Polar Year site
310:Polar Educators International
4420:Sport and Physical Education
4366:Dialogue among Civilizations
3669:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3485:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
3291:French Antarctic Expeditions
3221:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3107:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1225:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
643:– via www.youtube.com.
4732:Rangelands and Pastoralists
4648:Elimination of Child Labour
4432:Deserts and Desertification
4354:Mobilization against Racism
4300:Sport and the Olympic Ideal
4168:Health and Medical Research
2754:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2433:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1298:Andrée's balloon expedition
725:"International Polar Weeks"
634:"Polar Educators Workshops"
77:, in 1875 and organized by
4798:
4546:Sustainable Energy for All
1955:Franklin's lost expedition
1655:Christian IV's expeditions
4540:People of African Descent
4516:Rapprochement of Cultures
4294:World's Indigenous People
4157:
2807:
2803:
2790:
2309:Great Northern Expedition
1985:RaeâRichardson expedition
1185:British Arctic Expedition
1049:
1045:
1032:
911:21 September 2010 at the
860:15 September 2012 at the
412:10.1007/978-3-642-12402-0
351:International Polar Weeks
347:, Norway during the IPY.
184:Press conference IPY 2008
133:, mysterious behavior in
31:International Polar Years
4276:Shelter for the Homeless
3593:British Antarctic Survey
3587:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2832:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
930:US Postal Service Stamps
883:20 December 2014 at the
4069:Pole of inaccessibility
3732:Antarctic Treaty System
2073:2nd Grinnell expedition
265:IPY Science Conferences
91:Austro-Hungarian Empire
4720:Glaciers' Preservation
4324:Eradication of Poverty
584:6 October 2016 at the
298:Montréal, Canada, 2012
294:
274:
236:aquatic environments,
185:
122:
66:
26:
4654:Fruits and Vegetables
4636:Nurse and the Midwife
4486:Human Rights Learning
3739:Transglobe Expedition
3638:Operation Deep Freeze
3047:Challenger expedition
1913:Coppermine expedition
1434:Drifting ice stations
850:at Wikimedia Commons
701:"APECS Press Release"
406:. From Pole to Pole.
292:
272:
183:
120:
60:
24:
4630:Indigenous Languages
4252:World Communications
972:13 July 2007 at the
505:ipy.arcticportal.org
440:ipy.arcticportal.org
4147:International years
3909:South magnetic pole
2575:Brusilov expedition
1684:Danish colonization
1122:North magnetic pole
891:NOAA IPY activities
807:. 13 December 2022.
605:on 8 September 2019
470:on 10 November 2016
222:Greenland ice sheet
100:and two in the sub-
4782:Antarctic research
4149:proclaimed by the
3600:Operation Windmill
3581:Operation Highjump
2556:Rusanov expedition
2461:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2205:North East Passage
2009:McClure expedition
779:Kaiser, B. (2010)
761:on 16 October 2019
295:
275:
186:
123:
67:
27:
4759:
4758:
4564:Water Cooperation
4384:Cultural Heritage
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
3567:Operation Tabarin
3429:Far Eastern Party
3275:Nimrod Expedition
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2345:M. Pronchishcheva
2267:Siberian Cossacks
1736:Northwest Passage
1069:Research stations
1026:Polar exploration
846:Media related to
526:"Welcome to SCAR"
421:978-3-642-12401-3
400:LĂŒdecke, Cornelia
278:Oslo, Norway 2010
61:Polar Station in
4789:
4396:Kyrgyz Statehood
4342:Culture of Peace
4240:Disabled Persons
4216:World Population
4140:
4133:
4126:
4117:
3614:Ronne Expedition
3099:
3093:
2957:Dumont d'Urville
2805:
2792:
2340:V. Pronchishchev
1047:
1034:
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
878:NASA IPY Website
845:
809:
808:
797:
791:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
757:. Archived from
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
731:on 3 August 2016
727:. Archived from
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
705:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
601:. Archived from
595:
589:
575:
566:
565:
563:
561:
547:
541:
540:
538:
536:
522:
516:
515:
513:
511:
497:
491:
486:
480:
479:
477:
475:
466:. Archived from
460:
451:
450:
448:
446:
432:
426:
425:
395:
159:Great Depression
71:Austro-Hungarian
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4777:Arctic research
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4714:Peace and Trust
4666:Peace and Trust
4576:Crystallography
4153:
4144:
4114:
4101:
3776:
3768:
3644:McMurdo Station
3513:Modern research
3511:
3499:
3234:O. Nordenskjöld
3097:
3091:
3086:
3002:Ross expedition
2826:
2799:
2778:
2207:
2199:
1740:Northern Canada
1738:
1730:
1583:
1575:
1081:
1073:
1041:
1028:
1023:
974:Wayback Machine
913:Wayback Machine
885:Wayback Machine
862:Wayback Machine
839:
817:
815:Further reading
812:
799:
798:
794:
778:
774:
764:
762:
749:
748:
744:
734:
732:
723:
722:
718:
708:
706:
703:
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
674:
673:
669:
659:
657:
653:
652:
648:
638:
636:
632:
629:Wayback Machine
622:
618:
608:
606:
597:
596:
592:
586:Wayback Machine
576:
569:
559:
557:
549:
548:
544:
534:
532:
524:
523:
519:
509:
507:
501:"IPY 2007â2008"
499:
498:
494:
487:
483:
473:
471:
462:
461:
454:
444:
442:
434:
433:
429:
422:
402:, eds. (2010).
397:
396:
392:
388:
375:
366:
353:
325:
312:
300:
280:
267:
255:
246:
192:(ICSU) and the
178:
167:
115:
73:naval officer,
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4795:
4793:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4772:Earth sciences
4764:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4570:Family Farming
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4498:Reconciliation
4495:
4492:Natural Fibres
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4438:Dolphin (UNEP)
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4264:United Nations
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4228:Anti-Apartheid
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:United Nations
4145:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:Vostok Station
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:Cherry-Garrard
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3852:Southern Cross
3848:
3847:
3846:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3782:
3780:
3774:Farthest South
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3471:Ross Sea party
3467:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3165:Southern Cross
3158:Southern Cross
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3102:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3023:
3017:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:Bellingshausen
2894:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2209:Russian Arctic
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1651:
1646:
1644:SnÊbjörn galti
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1079:Farthest North
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
999:
993:
992:
987:
984:About the IPYs
981:
976:
964:
959:
945:Polar Passport
942:
933:
927:
921:
915:
903:
898:
893:
888:
875:
872:US IPY Website
869:
864:
838:
837:External links
835:
834:
833:
830:
827:
816:
813:
811:
810:
805:public.wmo.int
792:
772:
742:
716:
692:
667:
646:
616:
590:
567:
542:
517:
492:
481:
452:
427:
420:
389:
387:
384:
374:
371:
365:
362:
352:
349:
341:Jenny Baeseman
324:
321:
317:Louise Huffman
311:
308:
299:
296:
279:
276:
266:
263:
259:St. Petersburg
254:
251:
245:
242:
218:Southern Ocean
177:
174:
166:
163:
114:
111:
79:Georg Neumayer
75:Karl Weyprecht
54:
51:
43:Karl Weyprecht
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4794:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:Older Persons
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:Book (UNESCO)
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4162:World Refugee
4160:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
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3192:Discovery Hut
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2722:A. Sibiryakov
2719:
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2694:Glavsevmorput
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2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
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1997:
1996:J. Richardson
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1758:M. Corte-Real
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1753:G. Corte-Real
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1676:C. Richardson
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1485:Georgiy Sedov
1481:
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1389:
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1372:Riiser-Larsen
1370:
1368:
1365:
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1355:
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796:
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789:9781849595933
786:
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746:
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730:
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531:
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485:
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469:
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459:
457:
453:
441:
437:
436:"IPY History"
431:
428:
423:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:Susan, Barr;
394:
391:
385:
383:
381:
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213:
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182:
175:
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164:
162:
160:
157:. Due to the
156:
150:
146:
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136:
132:
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119:
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107:
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99:
94:
92:
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76:
72:
64:
59:
52:
50:
48:
44:
40:
39:polar regions
36:
32:
23:
19:
4744:Woman Farmer
4726:Cooperatives
4642:Plant Health
4552:Cooperatives
4510:Biodiversity
4468:Planet Earth
4443:
4348:Thanksgiving
4192:Human Rights
4174:Co-operation
4067:
4055:Pole of Cold
4053:
3979:
3970:
3938:
3931:
3907:
3878:
3864:
3858:Borchgrevink
3850:
3837:
3822:
3802:
3787:
3756:
3737:
3730:
3714:
3700:
3691:
3674:
3667:
3648:
3636:
3612:
3598:
3591:
3579:
3565:
3551:
3537:
3530:
3504:
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3483:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3442:
3434:
3427:
3414:
3405:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3343:
3331:
3324:
3310:
3298:Pourquoi-Pas
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3268:Orcadas Base
3266:
3258:
3245:
3239:C. A. Larsen
3227:
3219:
3205:
3198:
3185:
3177:
3171:Borchgrevink
3164:
3156:
3113:
3105:
3080:C. A. Larsen
3073:
3054:
3045:
3027:
3009:
3000:
2987:
2972:
2963:
2950:
2911:
2897:
2890:
2871:
2856:
2766:
2759:
2742:
2735:
2721:
2706:
2692:
2679:
2654:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2580:
2573:
2554:
2520:
2518:
2504:
2502:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2452:
2450:
2431:
2307:
2265:
2248:
2216:
2180:
2178:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2136:
2122:
2109:
2094:
2080:
2071:
2058:
2029:
2017:Investigator
2016:
2007:
1983:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1911:
1888:
1873:
1858:
1828:
1813:
1783:
1702:
1682:
1653:
1649:Erik the Red
1631:
1609:
1602:
1559:submersibles
1556:
1550:Arktika 2007
1548:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1439:
1432:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1349:
1347:
1318:
1315:
1304:S. A. Andrée
1296:
1283:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1223:
1205:
1192:
1183:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1120:
936:Project IGLO
840:
822:
804:
795:
775:
763:. Retrieved
759:the original
754:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:the original
719:
707:. Retrieved
695:
683:. Retrieved
680:www.apecs.is
679:
670:
658:. Retrieved
649:
637:. Retrieved
625:Ghostarchive
623:Archived at
619:
607:. Retrieved
603:the original
593:
558:. Retrieved
554:
545:
533:. Retrieved
529:
520:
508:. Retrieved
504:
495:
484:
472:. Retrieved
468:the original
443:. Retrieved
439:
430:
403:
393:
376:
367:
358:
354:
337:
333:
326:
313:
301:
281:
256:
247:
228:, Antarctic
214:
206:Chris Rapley
187:
168:
151:
147:
124:
95:
88:
68:
34:
30:
28:
18:
4524:(2010â2011)
4446:(2007â2008)
4440:(2007â2008)
4426:Microcredit
4230:(1978-1979)
4164:(1959-1960)
3758:Lake Vostok
3708:Tryoshnikov
3630:Schlossbach
3521:Christensen
3463:James Caird
3384:E. R. Evans
3150:Dobrowolski
3120:de Gerlache
2822:Expeditions
2708:Aviaarktika
2662:Samoylovich
2533:Kolomeitsev
2427:Middendorff
2387:Gedenshtrom
1807:I. Fyodorov
1569:Chilingarov
1457:E. Fyodorov
1064:Expeditions
950:'s blog by
735:29 November
474:29 November
224:and Arctic
196:(WMO). The
143:radiosondes
131:World War I
4766:Categories
4624:Moderation
4456:Sanitation
4450:The Potato
4390:Freshwater
4372:Ecotourism
4360:Volunteers
4180:Rice (FAO)
3981:Terra Nova
3886:Shackleton
3829:J. C. Ross
3788:Resolution
3778:South Pole
3553:New Swabia
3477:Mackintosh
3449:Shackleton
3368:Terra Nova
3361:Terra Nova
3095:Heroic Age
3055:Challenger
3015:J. C. Ross
2925:Bransfield
2857:Resolution
2772:icebreaker
2736:Chelyuskin
2477:expedition
2455:Expedition
2397:Matyushkin
2355:Kh. Laptev
2350:Chelyuskin
2244:Heemskerck
2234:Chancellor
2229:Willoughby
2224:Koch boats
2167:Stefansson
2101:McClintock
2065:Inglefield
1907:J. C. Ross
1814:Resolution
1666:Cunningham
1564:Sagalevich
1253:expedition
1212:Stephenson
1172:C. F. Hall
1159:expedition
1133:J. C. Ross
1096:Heemskerck
1083:North Pole
956:Antarctica
783:, Pearson
765:16 October
709:16 October
685:16 October
660:16 October
639:16 October
609:16 October
560:16 October
535:16 October
510:16 October
445:16 October
386:References
244:IPY Report
238:Permafrost
234:Subglacial
230:ice sheets
210:Robin Bell
139:geophysics
4534:Chemistry
4480:Astronomy
4462:Languages
4378:Mountains
4318:Tolerance
4234:The Child
4198:Education
4080:Tolstikov
3866:Discovery
3836:HMS
3821:HMS
3803:Adventure
3801:HMS
3786:HMS
3722:Tolstikov
3443:Endurance
3228:Antarctic
3213:Drygalski
3186:Discovery
3179:Discovery
3140:Arctowski
3053:HMS
3026:HMS
3020:Abernethy
3008:HMS
2986:USS
2973:Vincennes
2971:USS
2951:Astrolabe
2891:San Telmo
2872:Adventure
2870:HMS
2855:HMS
2850:Kerguelen
2812:Continent
2797:Antarctic
2674:Urvantsev
2632:Vilkitsky
2485:Jeannette
2483:USS
2475:Jeannette
2439:Weyprecht
2417:Pakhtusov
2367:Chichagov
2360:D. Laptev
2303:Permyakov
2278:Stadukhin
2273:Perfilyev
2250:Mangazeya
2188:H. Larsen
2153:Rasmussen
2108:HMS
2079:USS
2028:HMS
2015:HMS
1979:Collinson
1969:HMS
1961:HMS
1939:HMS
1887:HMS
1872:HMS
1857:HMS
1842:Mackenzie
1829:Discovery
1827:HMS
1812:HMS
1784:Discovery
1763:Frobisher
1726:Rasmussen
1639:Gunnbjörn
1585:Greenland
1514:USS
1505:USS
1377:Ellsworth
1319:Roosevelt
1249:Nansen's
1206:Discovery
1204:HMS
1191:HMS
1138:Abernethy
1106:Marmaduke
986:from NOAA
948:Questacon
555:iasc.info
135:telegraph
102:Antarctic
63:SodankylÀ
4708:Camelids
4504:Seafarer
4282:Literacy
4092:A. Fuchs
4049:V. Fuchs
4029:McKinley
3992:E. Evans
3951:Bjaaland
3946:Amundsen
3896:Marshall
3809:Furneaux
3661:V. Fuchs
3625:E. Ronne
3620:F. Ronne
3559:Ritscher
3413:SY
3401:Filchner
3345:Framheim
3339:Amundsen
3145:RacoviÈÄ
3130:Amundsen
3125:Lecointe
2994:Ringgold
2988:Porpoise
2878:Furneaux
2714:Shevelev
2669:Begichev
2648:Amundsen
2610:NagĂłrski
2588:Brusilov
2582:Sv. Anna
2496:Melville
2466:Palander
2422:Tsivolko
2382:Sannikov
2377:Billings
2320:Chirikov
2239:Barentsz
2181:St. Roch
2172:Bartlett
2146:Amundsen
2130:Sverdrup
2030:Resolute
1919:Franklin
1847:Kotzebue
1714:Sverdrup
1697:Scoresby
1671:Lindenov
1522:Plaisted
1507:Nautilus
1452:Shirshov
1426:Belyakov
1421:Baydukov
1395:Nautilus
1357:Amundsen
1317:SS
1276:Sverdrup
1271:Johansen
1241:Brainard
1236:Lockwood
1091:Barentsz
970:Archived
909:Archived
881:Archived
858:Archived
755:apecs.is
627:and the
582:Archived
304:Montréal
226:glaciers
106:Neumayer
4696:Millets
4528:Forests
4474:Gorilla
4414:Physics
4186:Tourist
4097:Messner
4044:Hillary
4024:Balchen
3972:Polheim
3966:Wisting
3844:Crozier
3816:Weddell
3794:J. Cook
3764:Kapitsa
3745:Fiennes
3687:Klenova
3656:Hillary
3606:Ketchum
3532:BANZARE
3507:·
3352:Polheim
3318:Shirase
3304:Charcot
3114:Belgica
3033:Crozier
2945:Morrell
2940:Weddell
2918:Lazarev
2863:J. Cook
2817:History
2767:Arktika
2743:Krassin
2728:Voronin
2700:Schmidt
2686:Ushakov
2625:Vaygach
2593:Albanov
2562:Rusanov
2543:Kolchak
2538:Matisen
2512:Makarov
2491:De Long
2392:Wrangel
2372:Lyakhov
2325:Malygin
2283:Dezhnev
2110:Pandora
2081:Advance
2048:Kennedy
2043:Belcher
2036:Kellett
2023:McClure
1947:Beechey
1941:Blossom
1934:Simpson
1902:Crozier
1895:Hoppner
1852:J. Ross
1820:J. Cook
1768:Gilbert
1661:J. Hall
1627:IngĂłlfr
1617:Naddodd
1611:Vikings
1598:Brendan
1593:Pytheas
1581:Iceland
1535:Arktika
1527:Herbert
1492:Badygin
1462:Krenkel
1447:Papanin
1416:Chkalov
1402:Wilkins
1367:Wisting
1311:F. Cook
1217:Markham
1177:Bessels
1166:Polaris
1157:Polaris
1128:J. Ross
1111:Carolus
1059:History
208:and Dr
4752:(2027)
4746:(2026)
4740:(2026)
4734:(2026)
4728:(2025)
4722:(2025)
4716:(2025)
4710:(2024)
4704:(2023)
4698:(2023)
4692:(2022)
4686:(2022)
4680:(2022)
4674:(2022)
4668:(2021)
4662:(2021)
4656:(2021)
4650:(2021)
4644:(2020)
4638:(2020)
4632:(2019)
4626:(2019)
4620:(2019)
4614:(2017)
4608:(2016)
4606:Pulses
4602:(2015)
4596:(2015)
4590:(2014)
4584:(2014)
4578:(2014)
4572:(2014)
4566:(2013)
4560:(2013)
4558:Quinoa
4554:(2012)
4548:(2012)
4542:(2011)
4536:(2011)
4530:(2011)
4518:(2010)
4512:(2010)
4506:(2010)
4500:(2009)
4494:(2009)
4488:(2009)
4482:(2009)
4476:(2009)
4470:(2008)
4464:(2008)
4458:(2008)
4452:(2008)
4434:(2006)
4428:(2005)
4422:(2005)
4416:(2005)
4410:(2004)
4404:(2004)
4398:(2003)
4392:(2003)
4386:(2002)
4380:(2002)
4374:(2002)
4368:(2001)
4362:(2001)
4356:(2001)
4350:(2000)
4344:(2000)
4338:(1999)
4332:(1998)
4326:(1996)
4320:(1995)
4314:(1995)
4308:(1994)
4306:Family
4302:(1994)
4296:(1993)
4290:(1992)
4284:(1990)
4278:(1987)
4272:(1986)
4266:(1985)
4260:(1985)
4254:(1983)
4248:(1982)
4242:(1981)
4236:(1979)
4224:(1975)
4218:(1974)
4212:(1972)
4206:(1971)
4200:(1970)
4194:(1968)
4188:(1967)
4182:(1966)
4176:(1965)
4170:(1961)
4007:Bowers
4002:Wilson
3961:Hassel
3956:Helmer
3925:Mackay
3915:Mawson
3880:Nimrod
3838:Terror
3823:Erebus
3750:Burton
3545:Rymill
3421:Mawson
3415:Aurora
3394:Lashly
3379:Wilson
3282:Nimrod
3259:Scotia
3066:Murray
3041:Cooper
3028:Terror
3010:Erebus
2979:Wilkes
2930:Palmer
2898:Vostok
2845:Bouvet
2769:-class
2749:Gakkel
2617:Taymyr
2598:Konrad
2567:Kuchin
2505:Yermak
2412:Lavrov
2330:Ovtsyn
2315:Bering
2293:Ivanov
2256:Hudson
2218:Pomors
2195:Cowper
2160:Karluk
2059:Isabel
2053:Bellot
2003:Austin
1971:Terror
1963:Erebus
1859:Griper
1835:Clerke
1795:Baffin
1778:Hudson
1709:Nansen
1622:GarĂ°ar
1543:Barneo
1410:ANT-25
1386:Italia
1362:Nobile
1331:Henson
1290:Amedeo
1266:Nansen
1231:Greely
1101:Hudson
1039:Arctic
787:
418:
345:TromsĂž
98:Arctic
83:Arctic
65:(1894)
4678:Glass
4600:Light
4522:Youth
4444:Polar
4330:Ocean
4288:Space
4270:Peace
4258:Youth
4222:Women
4087:Crary
4034:Dufek
3997:Oates
3987:Scott
3920:David
3901:Adams
3872:Barne
3693:Mirny
3682:Somov
3492:Quest
3389:Crean
3374:Scott
3253:Bruce
3207:Gauss
3200:Gauss
3074:Jason
3061:Nares
2935:Davis
2912:Mirny
2885:Smith
2840:Roché
2760:Lenin
2680:Sadko
2605:Wiese
2550:Sedov
2521:Zarya
2444:Payer
2407:Litke
2402:Anjou
2335:Minin
2298:Vagin
2288:Popov
2261:Poole
2116:Young
1929:Dease
1874:Hecla
1865:Parry
1790:Bylot
1773:Davis
1748:Cabot
1721:Peary
1703:Jason
1690:Egede
1604:Papar
1516:Skate
1497:Wiese
1477:NP-37
1470:NP-36
1350:Norge
1338:Sedov
1326:Peary
1284:Jason
1199:Nares
1193:Alert
1148:Hayes
1116:Parry
1054:Ocean
704:(PDF)
4594:Soil
4402:Rice
4019:Byrd
3940:Fram
3891:Wild
3573:Marr
3539:BGLE
3526:Byrd
3454:Wild
3333:Fram
3135:Cook
2656:AARI
2641:Maud
2528:Toll
2453:Vega
2139:GjĂža
2124:Fram
2087:Kane
1924:Back
1889:Fury
1880:Lyon
1802:Munk
1441:NP-1
1343:Byrd
1260:Fram
1251:Fram
1143:Kane
785:ISBN
767:2019
737:2016
711:2019
687:2019
662:2019
641:2019
611:2019
562:2019
537:2019
530:SCAR
512:2019
476:2016
447:2019
416:ISBN
327:The
284:Oslo
169:See
29:The
25:Logo
3716:3rd
3702:2nd
3676:1st
3509:IGY
3505:IPY
2095:Fox
1991:Rae
1557:Mir
1533:NS
952:ANU
408:doi
35:IPY
4768::
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455:^
438:.
414:.
232:,
220:,
41:.
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4125:v
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3022:)
3013:(
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
958:.
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713:.
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424:.
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33:(
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