69:
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more than 60 countries were involved in the 228 international IPY projects (170 in scientific research, one in data management, and 57 in education and outreach) and related national efforts. The IPY included intensive research and observation periods in the Arctic and
Antarctic over a three-year timespan, which started 1 March 2007 and was formally concluded 12 June 2010 at the IPY Oslo Science Conference. However, many activities continued beyond that date. The IPY Science Program covered eleven areas: Polar atmosphere, Arctic ocean,
281:
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317:, Canada, with the theme âFrom knowledge to actionâ. This conference examined the global impact and implications of International Polar Year activities. The aim of the IPY Science Conference in 2012 was to help shape stewardship, sustainable development and environmental protection goals for the strategic and highly valued polar regions. In total the IPY 2012 conference received 2134 abstracts with contributions from over 45 countries.
346:
been established in 2004 by Amber Church, Tyler Kuhn, Melanie
Raymond and Hugues Lantuit to represent the needs of the youth during the fourth IPY, and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) had been established in 2006 to represent the needs and challenges faced by (post-)graduate students, post-docs, junior faculty, and research associates involved in polar research.
120:
of observations for this period. Data and images from the first IPY have recently been made available to browse and download on the internet. These records of the first IPY offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in the Arctic.
260:
chapters in five parts (Planning, Research, Observations, Outreach, and
Legacies) and brings together hundreds of contributing authors from a wide range disciplines and more than 30 countries. This broad overview demonstrates the extensive and essential contribution made by participating nations and organizations, and provides a prospective blueprint for future polar research.
297:, Norway and was organized by the WMO, ICSU, IASC and the Research Council of Norway and marked the official end of the fourth IPY. The conference aim was to celebrate and publish early results from the International Polar Year 2007â2008 (IPY) and enable direct interaction among all IPY science cluster projects. There were over 2000 participants from over 60 countries.
223:), and the organization and implementation of the main phase of this IPY took place in 2005â2009 with leadership from the newly established ICSU-WMO Joint Committee (co-chaired by Dr Michel BĂ©land and Dr Ian Allison, who was later replaced as co-chair by Prof. JerĂłnimo LĂłpez-MartĂnez), its subcommittees and the International Programme Office (led by Dr David Carlson).
854:
837:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009. This proceedings volume features the research presented at the Smithsonian at the Poles symposium, convened as part of the International Polar Year 2007â2008. Copies of this book are available for free pdf download by clicking on the included link.
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345:
Following a meeting in
Stockholm at the end of September 2007, the IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) merged under a new structure while maintaining the name âAPECSâ. The IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) had
226:
The fourth IPY comprised an intense, coordinated field campaign of observations, research, and analysis. It was the largest, most comprehensive campaign ever mounted to explore the Earth's polar regions. An estimated 50,000 researchers, local observers, educators, students and support personnel from
325:
An important legacy of the IPY 2012 "From
Knowledge to Action" Conference Polar Educators Workshop, together with the education and outreach efforts of the International Polar Year 2007 â 2008, was the establishment of Polar Educators International (PEI), a vibrant network promoting polar education
119:
at
Moravian mission stations on the east coast of Labrador. Observations focused on meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure, and the motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 meteorological observatories around the world expanded the IPY programs
388:
The
International Polar Year Publications Database (IPYPD) attempts to identify and describe all publications that result from, or are about, any of the four IPYs that have been undertaken so far. The IPYPD is part of the IPY Data and Information Service (IPYDIS). The IPYPD has been created by the
159:
At an international conference of directors of meteorological services in
Copenhagen in 1928 it was decided to undertake another intensive and coordinated international research effort focused on the polar regions during 1932â1933, the 50th anniversary of the First International Polar Year. It was
33:
163:
Forty-four countries participated in the second IPY, which heralded advances in meteorology, magnetism, atmospheric science, and in the "mapping" of ionospheric phenomena that advanced radio science and technology. 27 observation stations were established in the Arctic, a vast amount of data was
259:
In 2011 the ICSU/WMO Joint
Committee for the IPY published a comprehensive summary of IPY activities entitled "Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007â2008". The report covers the development of IPY 2007â2008 for almost a decade, from 2001 to 2010. It comprises 38
96:
phenomena. Observers made coordinated geophysical measurements at multiple locations in the Arctic during the same year enabling multiple views of the same phenomena, allowing broader interpretation of the available data and validation of the results obtained.
370:
Twice yearly polar weeks continue to this day and are organized by APECS. These weeks, coinciding with the polar equinoxes, are filled with outreach activities and events designed to engage school children and the wider public in polar science.
4418:
349:
APECS aims to stimulate interdisciplinary and international research collaborations, provide opportunities for professional career development and develop effective future leaders in polar research, education and outreach.
160:
also proposed to explicitly include in the plan for the second IPY the goal to investigate how observations in the polar regions could improve the accuracy of weather forecasts and the safety of air and sea transport.
366:
To provide a platform for a continued focus on the polar regions, the IPY International
Programme Office organised Polar Weeks with the theme "What Happens at the Poles Affects Us All" in October 2009 and March 2010.
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379:
Planning has begun for a fifth International Polar Year in 2032/33 following an agreement between the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).
4694:
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215:(IASC), an ICSU affiliate body, promoted and helped to plan the Arctic-focused IPY research. Initial planning for the fourth IPY began in 2003 under an International Planning Group (chaired by Professor
272:, Russia, and brought together Arctic and Antarctic researchers as part of the fourth IPY. The four-day meeting comprised 29 sessions with over 1400 attendees, 550 oral presentations and 670 posters.
4622:
268:
A joint conference organized by SCAR and IASC under the overarching theme âPolar Research â Arctic and Antarctic perspectives in the International Polar Yearâ was held 8â11 July 2008 in
4304:
393:(SPRI) Library, the Discovery and Access of Historic Literature of the IPYs (DAHLI) project and NISC Export Services (NES). As of February 2016, the database contains 6,724 records.
92:, director of the German Maritime Observatory. Rather than settling for traditional individual and national efforts, they pushed for a coordinated scientific approach to researching
60:
was inspired by the IPY and was organized 75 years after the first IPY (1957â58). The fourth, and most recent, IPY covered two full annual cycles from March 2007 to March 2009.
56:, an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, motivated the endeavor in 1875, but died before it first occurred in 1882â1883. Fifty years later (1932â1933) a second IPY took place. The
326:
and research to a global community. This includes a formal network of professionals involved in science education focused on promoting excellence in teaching polar science.
599:. University of the Arctic, Rovaniemi, Finland /CCI Press (Printed Version), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for International Polar Year 2007â2008.
4442:
843:
Allison, I. et al. 2007. The scope of science for the International Polar Year 2007â2008. WMO Technical Document, 1364. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization. 79 p.
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172:, the plan of erecting a network of stations in Antarctica had to be abandoned. Also, a great amount of data generated in this year was lost due to Second World War.
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208:
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251:, Earth structure and geodynamics at the poles, Polar terrestrial ecology and biodiversity, Polar societies and social processes and Human health.
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Historical Arctic data and images from the explorers of the First International Polar Year are available for browsing and download, from NOAA
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Krupnik, I., Allison, I., Bell, R., Cutler, P., Hik, D., LĂłpez-MartĂnez, J., Rachold, V., Sarukhanian, E. & Summerhayes, C. Eds. 2011.
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Building on the previous IPY Science Conference in Oslo, the IPY steering committee organized a science conference (22â27 April 2012) in
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211:(SCAR), an interdisciplinary body of ICSU assumed responsibility for coordinating all IPY-related Antarctic research, and the
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of the Earth needed more study. The availability of airplanes, motorized sea and land transport and new instruments like
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2006:
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148:, radio and electric power and telephone lines convinced engineers and scientists of the fact that the electrical
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2019:
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104:, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States.
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Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS), the Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP), the
101:
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collected and a world data center was created under the organization that eventually came to be called the
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An IPY initiative to investigate the distribution and abundance of Antarctica's vast marine biodiversity.
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Allison, I. et al. 2009. The State of Polar Research. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization. 12 p.
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354:, as the Founding Director of APECS, established the organisations first international secretariat in
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It took seven years to organize the first IPY which had eleven participating nations: the
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Polar Science and Global Climate: An International Resource for Education & Outreach
330:, co-chair of the IPY Education and Outreach Committee was one of the founding members.
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929:
First International Polar Year 1881â1884: Arctic Climate in Historical Perspective
216:
49:
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IPY Interview and Article Series â SciencePoles â International Polar Foundation
739:
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48:) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research focus on the
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248:
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International Geophysical Year (1957â58) (Also referred to as the Third IPY)
145:
112:
973:
The International Polar Year (IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study
834:
Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science
898:
Features IPY research related to the six poles of the Earth, Moon and Mars
853:
590:
Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007â2008
3355:
762:"Association of Polar Early Career Scientists â International Polar Week"
236:
116:
977:
3982:
3362:
2149:
1627:
1603:
1591:
140:(WMO), proposed and promoted the second IPY (1932â1933). Shortly after
136:
The International Meteorological Organization, the predecessor of the
2228:
1553:
990:
Ninth International Conference on Permafrost â June 29 â July 3, 2008
108:
93:
1005:
978:
Polar Research Information from Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution
1614:
299:
279:
190:
127:
67:
911:
885:
Features IPY activities supported by the United States Government
613:
511:
294:
4130:
2805:
1047:
1009:
877:
866:
U.S. National Research Council International Polar Year website
865:
264:
SCAR/IASC Open Science Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2008
1001:
Encyclopedia Arctica: First International Polar Year (1882â83)
4323:
Peoplesâ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War
812:"Planning for the 5th International Polar Year (IPY) 2032â33"
665:
610:"IPY Montreal â Polar Year Conference for medical treatments"
115:. Six additional meteorological stations were organized by
831:
Krupnik, Igor, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller, eds.
478:
27:
Efforts with intensive research focus on the polar regions
132:
Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 1932â33 Polar Year
107:
The aforementioned countries operated 12 stations in the
686:
536:
334:
The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS)
304:
Peter Harrison opens the IPY 2012 conference in Montreal
80:
The First International Polar Year was proposed by an
934:
687:"Association of Polar Early Career Scientists â Home"
561:
375:
A Planned Fifth International Polar Year (2032â2033)
3783:
3514:
3101:
2841:
2214:
1745:
1590:
1088:
917:
Canada and the International Polar Year Application
415:
The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs)
293:The IPY Science Conference was held 8â12 June in
475:"International Polar Year Publications Database"
199:The fourth IPY (2007â2008) was sponsored by the
4257:Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa
952:International Action on Global Warming project.
562:"Home â International Arctic Science Committee"
187:The Fourth International Polar Year (2007â2008)
124:The Second International Polar Year (1932â1933)
384:International Polar Year Publications Database
64:The First International Polar Year (1882â1883)
4142:
1021:
965:'s Dan Zwartz, an Earth Scientist working in
8:
4671:Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
4215:Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice
340:Association of Polar Early Career Scientists
156:enabled these phenomena to be investigated.
342:(APECS) was founded during the fourth IPY.
4695:Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development
4419:Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition
4149:
4135:
4127:
2815:
2802:
1057:
1044:
1028:
1014:
1006:
209:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
950:Association of Science-Technology Centers
4086:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
31:
3661:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
469:
467:
401:
18:International Polar Year Investigations
4749:Volunteers for Sustainable Development
4599:Solidarity with the Palestinian People
584:
582:
213:International Arctic Science Committee
666:"PEI â Polar Educators International"
7:
859:International Polar Year (2007-2008)
4683:Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture
4629:Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
4623:Sustainable Tourism for Development
3447:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1644:Norse colonization of North America
2976:United States Exploring Expedition
943:2007 Stamp sheet commemorating IPY
500:The First International Polar Year
25:
4761:Sustainable and Resilient Tourism
4050:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
3418:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
205:World Meteorological Organization
201:International Council for Science
166:World Meteorological Organization
138:World Meteorological Organization
4713:Dialogue as a Guarantee of Peace
4701:Sustainable Mountain Development
3944:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3337:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
852:
284:Joint Committee at IPY Oslo 2010
935:Census of Antarctic Marine Life
4593:Small Island Developing States
912:International Polar Foundation
391:Scott Polar Research Institute
182:International Geophysical Year
58:International Geophysical Year
1:
3323:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3258:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
878:International Polar Year site
321:Polar Educators International
4431:Sport and Physical Education
4377:Dialogue among Civilizations
3680:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3496:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
3302:French Antarctic Expeditions
3232:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3118:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1236:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
654:– via www.youtube.com.
4743:Rangelands and Pastoralists
4659:Elimination of Child Labour
4443:Deserts and Desertification
4365:Mobilization against Racism
4311:Sport and the Olympic Ideal
4179:Health and Medical Research
2765:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2444:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1309:Andrée's balloon expedition
736:"International Polar Weeks"
645:"Polar Educators Workshops"
88:, in 1875 and organized by
4809:
4557:Sustainable Energy for All
1966:Franklin's lost expedition
1666:Christian IV's expeditions
4551:People of African Descent
4527:Rapprochement of Cultures
4305:World's Indigenous People
4168:
2818:
2814:
2801:
2320:Great Northern Expedition
1996:RaeâRichardson expedition
1196:British Arctic Expedition
1060:
1056:
1043:
922:21 September 2010 at the
871:15 September 2012 at the
423:10.1007/978-3-642-12402-0
362:International Polar Weeks
358:, Norway during the IPY.
195:Press conference IPY 2008
144:, mysterious behavior in
42:International Polar Years
4287:Shelter for the Homeless
3604:British Antarctic Survey
3598:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2843:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
941:US Postal Service Stamps
894:20 December 2014 at the
4080:Pole of inaccessibility
3743:Antarctic Treaty System
2084:2nd Grinnell expedition
276:IPY Science Conferences
102:Austro-Hungarian Empire
4731:Glaciers' Preservation
4335:Eradication of Poverty
595:6 October 2016 at the
309:Montréal, Canada, 2012
305:
285:
247:aquatic environments,
196:
133:
77:
37:
4665:Fruits and Vegetables
4647:Nurse and the Midwife
4497:Human Rights Learning
3750:Transglobe Expedition
3649:Operation Deep Freeze
3058:Challenger expedition
1924:Coppermine expedition
1445:Drifting ice stations
861:at Wikimedia Commons
712:"APECS Press Release"
417:. From Pole to Pole.
303:
283:
194:
131:
71:
35:
4641:Indigenous Languages
4263:World Communications
983:13 July 2007 at the
516:ipy.arcticportal.org
451:ipy.arcticportal.org
4158:International years
3920:South magnetic pole
2586:Brusilov expedition
1695:Danish colonization
1133:North magnetic pole
902:NOAA IPY activities
818:. 13 December 2022.
616:on 8 September 2019
481:on 10 November 2016
233:Greenland ice sheet
111:and two in the sub-
4793:Antarctic research
4160:proclaimed by the
3611:Operation Windmill
3592:Operation Highjump
2567:Rusanov expedition
2472:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2216:North East Passage
2020:McClure expedition
790:Kaiser, B. (2010)
772:on 16 October 2019
306:
286:
197:
134:
78:
38:
4770:
4769:
4575:Water Cooperation
4395:Cultural Heritage
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
3578:Operation Tabarin
3440:Far Eastern Party
3286:Nimrod Expedition
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2356:M. Pronchishcheva
2278:Siberian Cossacks
1747:Northwest Passage
1080:Research stations
1037:Polar exploration
857:Media related to
537:"Welcome to SCAR"
432:978-3-642-12401-3
411:LĂŒdecke, Cornelia
289:Oslo, Norway 2010
72:Polar Station in
16:(Redirected from
4800:
4407:Kyrgyz Statehood
4353:Culture of Peace
4251:Disabled Persons
4227:World Population
4151:
4144:
4137:
4128:
3625:Ronne Expedition
3110:
3104:
2968:Dumont d'Urville
2816:
2803:
2351:V. Pronchishchev
1058:
1045:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1007:
889:NASA IPY Website
856:
820:
819:
808:
802:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
768:. Archived from
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
742:on 3 August 2016
738:. Archived from
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
716:
708:
702:
701:
699:
697:
683:
677:
676:
674:
672:
662:
656:
655:
653:
651:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
612:. Archived from
606:
600:
586:
577:
576:
574:
572:
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
533:
527:
526:
524:
522:
508:
502:
497:
491:
490:
488:
486:
477:. Archived from
471:
462:
461:
459:
457:
443:
437:
436:
406:
170:Great Depression
82:Austro-Hungarian
21:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4788:Arctic research
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4725:Peace and Trust
4677:Peace and Trust
4587:Crystallography
4164:
4155:
4125:
4112:
3787:
3779:
3655:McMurdo Station
3524:Modern research
3522:
3510:
3245:O. Nordenskjöld
3108:
3102:
3097:
3013:Ross expedition
2837:
2810:
2789:
2218:
2210:
1751:Northern Canada
1749:
1741:
1594:
1586:
1092:
1084:
1052:
1039:
1034:
985:Wayback Machine
924:Wayback Machine
896:Wayback Machine
873:Wayback Machine
850:
828:
826:Further reading
823:
810:
809:
805:
789:
785:
775:
773:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
714:
710:
709:
705:
695:
693:
685:
684:
680:
670:
668:
664:
663:
659:
649:
647:
643:
640:Wayback Machine
633:
629:
619:
617:
608:
607:
603:
597:Wayback Machine
587:
580:
570:
568:
560:
559:
555:
545:
543:
535:
534:
530:
520:
518:
512:"IPY 2007â2008"
510:
509:
505:
498:
494:
484:
482:
473:
472:
465:
455:
453:
445:
444:
440:
433:
413:, eds. (2010).
408:
407:
403:
399:
386:
377:
364:
336:
323:
311:
291:
278:
266:
257:
203:(ICSU) and the
189:
178:
126:
84:naval officer,
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4783:Earth sciences
4775:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4581:Family Farming
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4509:Reconciliation
4506:
4503:Natural Fibres
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4449:Dolphin (UNEP)
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4275:United Nations
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4239:Anti-Apartheid
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:United Nations
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:Vostok Station
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4023:Cherry-Garrard
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3863:Southern Cross
3859:
3858:
3857:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3793:
3791:
3785:Farthest South
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3746:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3482:Ross Sea party
3478:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3176:Southern Cross
3169:Southern Cross
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3113:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3034:
3028:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2915:Bellingshausen
2905:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2220:Russian Arctic
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1662:
1657:
1655:SnÊbjörn galti
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:Farthest North
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:About the IPYs
992:
987:
975:
970:
956:Polar Passport
953:
944:
938:
932:
926:
914:
909:
904:
899:
886:
883:US IPY Website
880:
875:
849:
848:External links
846:
845:
844:
841:
838:
827:
824:
822:
821:
816:public.wmo.int
803:
783:
753:
727:
703:
678:
657:
627:
601:
578:
553:
528:
503:
492:
463:
438:
431:
400:
398:
395:
385:
382:
376:
373:
363:
360:
352:Jenny Baeseman
335:
332:
328:Louise Huffman
322:
319:
310:
307:
290:
287:
277:
274:
270:St. Petersburg
265:
262:
256:
253:
229:Southern Ocean
188:
185:
177:
174:
125:
122:
90:Georg Neumayer
86:Karl Weyprecht
65:
62:
54:Karl Weyprecht
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4805:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:Older Persons
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:Book (UNESCO)
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:World Refugee
4171:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
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3203:Discovery Hut
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2733:A. Sibiryakov
2730:
2726:
2723:
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2720:
2716:
2712:
2709:
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2707:
2706:
2705:Glavsevmorput
2702:
2698:
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2125:
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2110:
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2103:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:J. Richardson
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
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1970:
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1956:
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1769:M. Corte-Real
1767:
1765:
1764:G. Corte-Real
1762:
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1687:C. Richardson
1685:
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1520:
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1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:Georgiy Sedov
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
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1418:
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1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Riiser-Larsen
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
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1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
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1311:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
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1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
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1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1169:
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1160:
1157:
1155:
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1142:
1140:
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1130:
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1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
968:
964:
960:
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954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
862:
860:
855:
847:
842:
839:
836:
835:
830:
829:
825:
817:
813:
807:
804:
801:
800:9781849595933
797:
793:
787:
784:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
741:
737:
731:
728:
713:
707:
704:
692:
688:
682:
679:
667:
661:
658:
646:
641:
637:
631:
628:
615:
611:
605:
602:
598:
594:
591:
585:
583:
579:
567:
563:
557:
554:
542:
538:
532:
529:
517:
513:
507:
504:
501:
496:
493:
480:
476:
470:
468:
464:
452:
448:
447:"IPY History"
442:
439:
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:Susan, Barr;
405:
402:
396:
394:
392:
383:
381:
374:
372:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
347:
343:
341:
333:
331:
329:
320:
318:
316:
308:
302:
298:
296:
288:
282:
275:
273:
271:
263:
261:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
193:
186:
184:
183:
175:
173:
171:
168:. Due to the
167:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
130:
123:
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
70:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
50:polar regions
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
4755:Woman Farmer
4737:Cooperatives
4653:Plant Health
4563:Cooperatives
4521:Biodiversity
4479:Planet Earth
4454:
4359:Thanksgiving
4203:Human Rights
4185:Co-operation
4078:
4066:Pole of Cold
4064:
3990:
3981:
3949:
3942:
3918:
3889:
3875:
3869:Borchgrevink
3861:
3848:
3833:
3813:
3798:
3767:
3748:
3741:
3725:
3711:
3702:
3685:
3678:
3659:
3647:
3623:
3609:
3602:
3590:
3576:
3562:
3548:
3541:
3515:
3502:
3494:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3425:
3416:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3354:
3342:
3335:
3321:
3309:Pourquoi-Pas
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3279:Orcadas Base
3277:
3269:
3256:
3250:C. A. Larsen
3238:
3230:
3216:
3209:
3196:
3188:
3182:Borchgrevink
3175:
3167:
3124:
3116:
3091:C. A. Larsen
3084:
3065:
3056:
3038:
3020:
3011:
2998:
2983:
2974:
2961:
2922:
2908:
2901:
2882:
2867:
2777:
2770:
2753:
2746:
2732:
2717:
2703:
2690:
2665:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2591:
2584:
2565:
2531:
2529:
2515:
2513:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2463:
2461:
2442:
2318:
2276:
2259:
2227:
2191:
2189:
2169:
2168:
2148:
2147:
2133:
2120:
2105:
2091:
2082:
2069:
2040:
2028:Investigator
2027:
2018:
1994:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1951:
1922:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1839:
1824:
1794:
1713:
1693:
1664:
1660:Erik the Red
1642:
1620:
1613:
1570:submersibles
1567:
1561:Arktika 2007
1559:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1450:
1443:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1360:
1358:
1329:
1326:
1315:S. A. Andrée
1307:
1294:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1234:
1216:
1203:
1194:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1131:
947:Project IGLO
851:
833:
815:
806:
786:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
765:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
730:
718:. Retrieved
706:
694:. Retrieved
691:www.apecs.is
690:
681:
669:. Retrieved
660:
648:. Retrieved
636:Ghostarchive
634:Archived at
630:
618:. Retrieved
614:the original
604:
569:. Retrieved
565:
556:
544:. Retrieved
540:
531:
519:. Retrieved
515:
506:
495:
483:. Retrieved
479:the original
454:. Retrieved
450:
441:
414:
404:
387:
378:
369:
365:
348:
344:
337:
324:
312:
292:
267:
258:
239:, Antarctic
225:
217:Chris Rapley
198:
179:
162:
158:
135:
106:
99:
79:
45:
41:
39:
29:
4535:(2010â2011)
4457:(2007â2008)
4451:(2007â2008)
4437:Microcredit
4241:(1978-1979)
4175:(1959-1960)
3769:Lake Vostok
3719:Tryoshnikov
3641:Schlossbach
3532:Christensen
3474:James Caird
3395:E. R. Evans
3161:Dobrowolski
3131:de Gerlache
2833:Expeditions
2719:Aviaarktika
2673:Samoylovich
2544:Kolomeitsev
2438:Middendorff
2398:Gedenshtrom
1818:I. Fyodorov
1580:Chilingarov
1468:E. Fyodorov
1075:Expeditions
961:'s blog by
746:29 November
485:29 November
235:and Arctic
207:(WMO). The
154:radiosondes
142:World War I
4777:Categories
4635:Moderation
4467:Sanitation
4461:The Potato
4401:Freshwater
4383:Ecotourism
4371:Volunteers
4191:Rice (FAO)
3992:Terra Nova
3897:Shackleton
3840:J. C. Ross
3799:Resolution
3789:South Pole
3564:New Swabia
3488:Mackintosh
3460:Shackleton
3379:Terra Nova
3372:Terra Nova
3106:Heroic Age
3066:Challenger
3026:J. C. Ross
2936:Bransfield
2868:Resolution
2783:icebreaker
2747:Chelyuskin
2488:expedition
2466:Expedition
2408:Matyushkin
2366:Kh. Laptev
2361:Chelyuskin
2255:Heemskerck
2245:Chancellor
2240:Willoughby
2235:Koch boats
2178:Stefansson
2112:McClintock
2076:Inglefield
1918:J. C. Ross
1825:Resolution
1677:Cunningham
1575:Sagalevich
1264:expedition
1223:Stephenson
1183:C. F. Hall
1170:expedition
1144:J. C. Ross
1107:Heemskerck
1094:North Pole
967:Antarctica
794:, Pearson
776:16 October
720:16 October
696:16 October
671:16 October
650:16 October
620:16 October
571:16 October
546:16 October
521:16 October
456:16 October
397:References
255:IPY Report
249:Permafrost
245:Subglacial
241:ice sheets
221:Robin Bell
150:geophysics
4545:Chemistry
4491:Astronomy
4473:Languages
4389:Mountains
4329:Tolerance
4245:The Child
4209:Education
4091:Tolstikov
3877:Discovery
3847:HMS
3832:HMS
3814:Adventure
3812:HMS
3797:HMS
3733:Tolstikov
3454:Endurance
3239:Antarctic
3224:Drygalski
3197:Discovery
3190:Discovery
3151:Arctowski
3064:HMS
3037:HMS
3031:Abernethy
3019:HMS
2997:USS
2984:Vincennes
2982:USS
2962:Astrolabe
2902:San Telmo
2883:Adventure
2881:HMS
2866:HMS
2861:Kerguelen
2823:Continent
2808:Antarctic
2685:Urvantsev
2643:Vilkitsky
2496:Jeannette
2494:USS
2486:Jeannette
2450:Weyprecht
2428:Pakhtusov
2378:Chichagov
2371:D. Laptev
2314:Permyakov
2289:Stadukhin
2284:Perfilyev
2261:Mangazeya
2199:H. Larsen
2164:Rasmussen
2119:HMS
2090:USS
2039:HMS
2026:HMS
1990:Collinson
1980:HMS
1972:HMS
1950:HMS
1898:HMS
1883:HMS
1868:HMS
1853:Mackenzie
1840:Discovery
1838:HMS
1823:HMS
1795:Discovery
1774:Frobisher
1737:Rasmussen
1650:Gunnbjörn
1596:Greenland
1525:USS
1516:USS
1388:Ellsworth
1330:Roosevelt
1260:Nansen's
1217:Discovery
1215:HMS
1202:HMS
1149:Abernethy
1117:Marmaduke
997:from NOAA
959:Questacon
566:iasc.info
146:telegraph
113:Antarctic
74:SodankylÀ
4719:Camelids
4515:Seafarer
4293:Literacy
4103:A. Fuchs
4060:V. Fuchs
4040:McKinley
4003:E. Evans
3962:Bjaaland
3957:Amundsen
3907:Marshall
3820:Furneaux
3672:V. Fuchs
3636:E. Ronne
3631:F. Ronne
3570:Ritscher
3424:SY
3412:Filchner
3356:Framheim
3350:Amundsen
3156:RacoviÈÄ
3141:Amundsen
3136:Lecointe
3005:Ringgold
2999:Porpoise
2889:Furneaux
2725:Shevelev
2680:Begichev
2659:Amundsen
2621:NagĂłrski
2599:Brusilov
2593:Sv. Anna
2507:Melville
2477:Palander
2433:Tsivolko
2393:Sannikov
2388:Billings
2331:Chirikov
2250:Barentsz
2192:St. Roch
2183:Bartlett
2157:Amundsen
2141:Sverdrup
2041:Resolute
1930:Franklin
1858:Kotzebue
1725:Sverdrup
1708:Scoresby
1682:Lindenov
1533:Plaisted
1518:Nautilus
1463:Shirshov
1437:Belyakov
1432:Baydukov
1406:Nautilus
1368:Amundsen
1328:SS
1287:Sverdrup
1282:Johansen
1252:Brainard
1247:Lockwood
1102:Barentsz
981:Archived
920:Archived
892:Archived
869:Archived
766:apecs.is
638:and the
593:Archived
315:Montréal
237:glaciers
117:Neumayer
4707:Millets
4539:Forests
4485:Gorilla
4425:Physics
4197:Tourist
4108:Messner
4055:Hillary
4035:Balchen
3983:Polheim
3977:Wisting
3855:Crozier
3827:Weddell
3805:J. Cook
3775:Kapitsa
3756:Fiennes
3698:Klenova
3667:Hillary
3617:Ketchum
3543:BANZARE
3518:·
3363:Polheim
3329:Shirase
3315:Charcot
3125:Belgica
3044:Crozier
2956:Morrell
2951:Weddell
2929:Lazarev
2874:J. Cook
2828:History
2778:Arktika
2754:Krassin
2739:Voronin
2711:Schmidt
2697:Ushakov
2636:Vaygach
2604:Albanov
2573:Rusanov
2554:Kolchak
2549:Matisen
2523:Makarov
2502:De Long
2403:Wrangel
2383:Lyakhov
2336:Malygin
2294:Dezhnev
2121:Pandora
2092:Advance
2059:Kennedy
2054:Belcher
2047:Kellett
2034:McClure
1958:Beechey
1952:Blossom
1945:Simpson
1913:Crozier
1906:Hoppner
1863:J. Ross
1831:J. Cook
1779:Gilbert
1672:J. Hall
1638:IngĂłlfr
1628:Naddodd
1622:Vikings
1609:Brendan
1604:Pytheas
1592:Iceland
1546:Arktika
1538:Herbert
1503:Badygin
1473:Krenkel
1458:Papanin
1427:Chkalov
1413:Wilkins
1378:Wisting
1322:F. Cook
1228:Markham
1188:Bessels
1177:Polaris
1168:Polaris
1139:J. Ross
1122:Carolus
1070:History
219:and Dr
4763:(2027)
4757:(2026)
4751:(2026)
4745:(2026)
4739:(2025)
4733:(2025)
4727:(2025)
4721:(2024)
4715:(2023)
4709:(2023)
4703:(2022)
4697:(2022)
4691:(2022)
4685:(2022)
4679:(2021)
4673:(2021)
4667:(2021)
4661:(2021)
4655:(2020)
4649:(2020)
4643:(2019)
4637:(2019)
4631:(2019)
4625:(2017)
4619:(2016)
4617:Pulses
4613:(2015)
4607:(2015)
4601:(2014)
4595:(2014)
4589:(2014)
4583:(2014)
4577:(2013)
4571:(2013)
4569:Quinoa
4565:(2012)
4559:(2012)
4553:(2011)
4547:(2011)
4541:(2011)
4529:(2010)
4523:(2010)
4517:(2010)
4511:(2009)
4505:(2009)
4499:(2009)
4493:(2009)
4487:(2009)
4481:(2008)
4475:(2008)
4469:(2008)
4463:(2008)
4445:(2006)
4439:(2005)
4433:(2005)
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4421:(2004)
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4409:(2003)
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4373:(2001)
4367:(2001)
4361:(2000)
4355:(2000)
4349:(1999)
4343:(1998)
4337:(1996)
4331:(1995)
4325:(1995)
4319:(1994)
4317:Family
4313:(1994)
4307:(1993)
4301:(1992)
4295:(1990)
4289:(1987)
4283:(1986)
4277:(1985)
4271:(1985)
4265:(1983)
4259:(1982)
4253:(1981)
4247:(1979)
4235:(1975)
4229:(1974)
4223:(1972)
4217:(1971)
4211:(1970)
4205:(1968)
4199:(1967)
4193:(1966)
4187:(1965)
4181:(1961)
4018:Bowers
4013:Wilson
3972:Hassel
3967:Helmer
3936:Mackay
3926:Mawson
3891:Nimrod
3849:Terror
3834:Erebus
3761:Burton
3556:Rymill
3432:Mawson
3426:Aurora
3405:Lashly
3390:Wilson
3293:Nimrod
3270:Scotia
3077:Murray
3052:Cooper
3039:Terror
3021:Erebus
2990:Wilkes
2941:Palmer
2909:Vostok
2856:Bouvet
2780:-class
2760:Gakkel
2628:Taymyr
2609:Konrad
2578:Kuchin
2516:Yermak
2423:Lavrov
2341:Ovtsyn
2326:Bering
2304:Ivanov
2267:Hudson
2229:Pomors
2206:Cowper
2171:Karluk
2070:Isabel
2064:Bellot
2014:Austin
1982:Terror
1974:Erebus
1870:Griper
1846:Clerke
1806:Baffin
1789:Hudson
1720:Nansen
1633:GarĂ°ar
1554:Barneo
1421:ANT-25
1397:Italia
1373:Nobile
1342:Henson
1301:Amedeo
1277:Nansen
1242:Greely
1112:Hudson
1050:Arctic
798:
429:
356:TromsĂž
109:Arctic
94:Arctic
76:(1894)
4689:Glass
4611:Light
4533:Youth
4455:Polar
4341:Ocean
4299:Space
4281:Peace
4269:Youth
4233:Women
4098:Crary
4045:Dufek
4008:Oates
3998:Scott
3931:David
3912:Adams
3883:Barne
3704:Mirny
3693:Somov
3503:Quest
3400:Crean
3385:Scott
3264:Bruce
3218:Gauss
3211:Gauss
3085:Jason
3072:Nares
2946:Davis
2923:Mirny
2896:Smith
2851:Roché
2771:Lenin
2691:Sadko
2616:Wiese
2561:Sedov
2532:Zarya
2455:Payer
2418:Litke
2413:Anjou
2346:Minin
2309:Vagin
2299:Popov
2272:Poole
2127:Young
1940:Dease
1885:Hecla
1876:Parry
1801:Bylot
1784:Davis
1759:Cabot
1732:Peary
1714:Jason
1701:Egede
1615:Papar
1527:Skate
1508:Wiese
1488:NP-37
1481:NP-36
1361:Norge
1349:Sedov
1337:Peary
1295:Jason
1210:Nares
1204:Alert
1159:Hayes
1127:Parry
1065:Ocean
715:(PDF)
4605:Soil
4413:Rice
4030:Byrd
3951:Fram
3902:Wild
3584:Marr
3550:BGLE
3537:Byrd
3465:Wild
3344:Fram
3146:Cook
2667:AARI
2652:Maud
2539:Toll
2464:Vega
2150:GjĂža
2135:Fram
2098:Kane
1935:Back
1900:Fury
1891:Lyon
1813:Munk
1452:NP-1
1354:Byrd
1271:Fram
1262:Fram
1154:Kane
796:ISBN
778:2019
748:2016
722:2019
698:2019
673:2019
652:2019
622:2019
573:2019
548:2019
541:SCAR
523:2019
487:2016
458:2019
427:ISBN
338:The
295:Oslo
180:See
40:The
36:Logo
3727:3rd
3713:2nd
3687:1st
3520:IGY
3516:IPY
2106:Fox
2002:Rae
1568:Mir
1544:NS
963:ANU
419:doi
46:IPY
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